(1)

ﺔـــﻤﺩﻘﻤ :

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺃ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻠﻜﺸﺘ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﻥﺎﻬﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﺔـﻅﺤﻼﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﺩﻝﻭﺘ ،ﻪﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺴﻤﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ

ﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﺎﺨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﻡـﺜ ﺭﻭـﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﻗﺩ ﻰ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻜ

ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺭـﻬﻅ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ،ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻰﺘﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺎﻨﻝ لﻜﺸ ﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺕﺴﻜﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻪـﺘﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺀﺎـﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴ

ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ .

ﻰـﻝﺇ لﻭـﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻪـﻓﺩﻫ ،ﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺎﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻪﻨﻭﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ

ﻨﺈﻓ ،ﻪﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻪ

ﺎـﻬﺤﻤﻼﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺇ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴ ﻻ

ﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﻭﻁﺨﻭ ﻩﺭﻴﺎﺴﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙ

.

ﺍﺫﻝ

ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ

ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ، ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ، ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺙﺤﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭ

ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺄﻜ ﺩﻭـﺠﻭ ﺔـﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﻥﺤﻨﻭ ،

ﻲـﻨﺒﺘ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀـﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ، ﺎﻫﺭﻀﺎﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻀﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺎـﻬﻤﻴﻴﻘﺘﻭ ﻲـﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻰـﻝﺇ لـﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ، ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺠﻤﺩﻭ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺘﻘﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻲﺘﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻠﺴﺘﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ :

ﻡﻫﺃ - ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ .

ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ - .

ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﻷ ﺩﺭﺴ -

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ - .

ﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻬﺒ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ - ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺎﻬﺒﻹﺍ ﻊﻓﺭﻝ ﺔﻴﻠ

.

-1 ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺩﺭﺴﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻨﺴ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺢﻀﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ :

ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ :

-1 ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ 1 :

ـﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻪﺒﺸﺃ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺼﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻁﺎـﺴﻭﺒ ﻑﺭ

ﻥﺃ ﺩـﻴﺒ ، ﺔـﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻭﻬﻓ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ

(2)

ﺓﺩـﻋ لﻤﺎﻜﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻊﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ .

) لﻴﺠﻨ . - ﻙ لﺌﺎﻤﺸﻭ ﻉ .

- ﻡ - ﻭ ، ﺩ (2008

.

-1 لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ 2 ﺏﺴﺤ لﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﺘ :

) ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻨ . ﻉ - ﻲﻨﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕ .

، ﺱ (1997 ﻲﺘﻵﺎﻜ

:

"

ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎـﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙـﻠﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻁﻭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ :

ﺔﻴﺤﻁﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍ )

ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ،ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ،لﻜﺸﻝﺍ (

ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍﻭ )

ﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ لﺘﻜﻝﺍ،ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻔ (

ﺎـﻤﻜ،

ﺔـﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺎـﻌﻤﻭ،ﺎﻴﻏﺍﺭﻓ ﺎـﻬﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﻴ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ )

ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ (

ﺀﺎـﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻭ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻴﺴﻨﻝﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴﻝ ﺩﺘﻤﻴﻭ ،

ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻭ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ (

.

-1 لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ 3 :

لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﺏﺴﺤ

) ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻨ . ﻉ - ﻲﻨﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕ .

، ﺱ (1997 ﻲﺘﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ :

-1 -3 ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻴﺴﻨﻝﺍ 1 :

ﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺢﻤﻼﻤ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ

ﺍ ﻊﻁﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﺴﻨﺃ لﻤﺸﻴﻝ ﺩﺘﻤﻴﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﻁﻁﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﻷ

ﻪﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻪﻴﻭﺘﺤﻴ .

-1 -3 ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ 2 :

، ﻪﻨﻴﻌﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺯﻴﺤ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﻕﺎﻁﻨﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ

ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﻼﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻭ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻩﺎﻴﺎﻨﺜ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻀﻴ .

ﺭﺍ ﻪﻝ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﺘ

ﺎﻬﺤﻤﻼﻤﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﻤ ﺍﺭﻬﻅﻤ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ .

-1 -3 ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ 3 :

ﺭﻤﺘﺴـﻤﻝﺍ ﻕـﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕـﻘﺤﻴ ﺙـﻴﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ

ﻝ ﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻼ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻐ

) ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ .

ﻲﻝﺩﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺱ .

ﺥ - ، ﺯ (2002 "

ﺭـﻴﺒﻌﺘ

ﺔـﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱـﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻰﻨﻌﻴﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ

ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻺﻝ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ."

-2 ﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻁﻴﻁﺨ

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ :

ﻑﻨﺼ )

Golding (

ﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻻ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻁﻴﻁﺨ

ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ

ﺏﺴﺤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ :

)ﻨ لﻴﺠ . ﻙ لﺌﺎﻤﺸﻭ ﻉ - .

ﻡ ﻭ - ، ﺩ - (2008

(3)

-2 ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ 1 :

ﺭـﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺘﺤﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺠ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺼﺘﺘﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻨﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻏﻭﺒﻭﻁ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻓﺍ

:

- ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻝﺍ .

- ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻝﺍ )

ﺀﺎﻨﻔﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻤﻭ )

ﻕﺎﻗﺯﻝﺍ .(

ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻁﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ .

-2 ﻲﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ 2 )

ﻴﻭﺎﺒﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔ

( :

ﻭﻫﻭ

ﺎﻴﺎﻨﺜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩ

ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺼﻔﻨﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ .

ﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺭ

لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻝ ﺩﻘﺘﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻥﺇ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻻﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ

ﺔـﻬﺠﻭ ﻕـﻓﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻤﺼﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ، ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺠﻤ لﺤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﺭـﻅﻨ

ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ، ﺔﻴﺩﺍﺭﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﻤﺼﻤﻝﺍ )

ﺔﻠﻀﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ (

ﻭ ﻲﺒﺍﺭﺎﻔﻠﻝ )

ﺔﻠﻀﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ (

ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﻥﻭﻁﻼﻓﻷ

) ﺱﻭﻴﻓ ﻭﺭﻨﻴﻓ (

ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻘﻨ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺤﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ )

ﻭﺃ ﺕـﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺩ

ﺔﻌﻠﻀﻤ ( لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ

ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻁﺎـﻤﻨﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼـﺘ ﻲـﻓ

ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

-2 ﻥﻭﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ 3 :

ﺔـﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ لﺠ ﻥﻭﻤﻤﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺃ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻭﻫﻭ

ﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﻴﻌﺴ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝ

لﻭـﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺒﺴ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ، ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺽﻗﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ )

Hiller ( ﺔﻨﺴ ﻪﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺙﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ) 1989

ﺔـﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ

ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻠﻝ ( لﺎﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ

":

ﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺝ

"

ﺍﺫـﻫ لـﻜ ﻥﻤ ،

ﻠﻋﻭ ﻰ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﺠﺭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺎﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺒﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻜﻭ ، ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﺒ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤ لﻜﻓ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ

ﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺘ ﻲﺌﺎﻀ

.

(4)

-3 ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ :

ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺎﻬﻤﺤﺘ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺇ )

ﻭﺃ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ (

ﺍﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺓ

ﻥﺃ ﺙـﻴﺤﺒ ، ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ

ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺕﻨﺯﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ

.

ﻤﺘ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﻭﻋﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺫﺠﻓ ﺘ

ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩ :

- ) ﻲﺒﺎﺜﻴﻝ ﺩﺭﺎﺸﺘﻴﺭﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﻭﻤ ﻡﺎﻴﻝﻭ ﻭ ﻥﻜﺴﺭ ﻥﻭﺠ (

ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻨـﻤ ﺩـﺤﺍﻭ لﻜ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻩﺍﻭﺤﻓ ﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﺍﻭﺤﺭﻁ :

- ﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺭﻴﺴ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ لﻫ

؟ﻪﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝ

ﺃ - ﻥﻜﺴﺍﺭ : ﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻋﺩ ﺒ

ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻕﺴﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﻨ .

ﺏ - ﺱﻴﺭﻭﻤ :

ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺘﻨﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺘﻗﺍ

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺕ - ﻲﺒﺎﺜﻴﻝ : ﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻫﺫ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ لﺎﻤﺠ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻋﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩ

ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ .

ﻥﻤ لﻜﻓ ﻥﺫﺇ )

ﻡﺎﻴﻠﻴﻭﻭ ﻥﻭﺠﻭ ﺩﺭﺎﺸﺘﻴﺭ (

ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺍﻭﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ )

ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ( ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﺎﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ .

ﺒﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻭ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ

ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﺘﻘ )

ﻙـﻴﺭﺘﺎﺒ

ﺱﺩﻴﺠ ( ، ﺓﺩﻨﻠﻨﺘﻜﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ )

ﺕﻴﺍﺭ ﺩﺒﻭﻝﻭ ﻙﻨﺍﺭﻓﻭ ﺭﻝﻭﻓﺭﺘﺴﻨﻤﻜﺒ (

، ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ )

ﻲﺤﺘﻓ ﻥﺴﺤ (

، ﺭﺼـﻤ ﻥـﻤ

ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺄﺒ ﻥﻜﻝ )

ﺕﻴﺍﺭﻭ ﻲﺤﺘﻓ (

ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﺎـﻤﻫﻼﻜﻓ ﺎﻔﻝﺎﺨﻤ ﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺍﺫﺨﺃ

ﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺙﻴﺩﺤ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﻋ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻓ ، ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ

ﺔـﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻠﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ .

-4 ﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ

ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ :

ﻠﻁ ﺔﻴﺩﺠ لﻜﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﺒﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺩﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺩﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﺒ

ﺓﺩﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻓ 21

:

-4 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ 1 ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻴﻭﺴﻝﺍ

:

ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻲﻓ )

Zurch ( ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴـﻁﺨﺘﻝ ﺔﺒﺴـﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔـﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ

(5)

ل ﺔﻤﻴﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ )

Zurch ( ﻲـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ

ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻪﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻡ 2000

ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﻋ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

:

ﻱﺭﺴـﻴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﺭﺩـﻔﻝﺍ ﺩـﻬﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﺒ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻑﻴﻠﻜﺘ -

) ( IRL ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ )

Zurch . ( ETH

ﺕﺎـﺸﺎﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺯﻴﻤﺘ لﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﺸﺭﻭ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺩﻘﻋ لﻼﺨ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﺒ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻠ

) Zurch ( ﻕﻴﻗﺩـﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻁﻋﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ):

ﺭ . ﺱ ، ﺏﻴﺩ .

، ﺎﻨﻬﻤ ( 2002

ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ • )

ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ . (

ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ • .

ﻴﻤﻭﻗ • ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻡﺎﻬﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﺔ )

Zurch ( ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻬﺴ • ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻬﺴ • .

ﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ • ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎ

) ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ (

.

-4 ﻝﺍ 2 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﻭﺭﻨﻝﺍ :

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤ

) ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ( ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ )

ﺀﺎﻀـﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺎﺒ (

ﻑﺭـﻁ ﻥـﻤ

ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺈﻜ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ :

ﺎﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﻝﺁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ •

ﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺠﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﺘ • ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻬﺠ

.

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻡﺜ • .

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ

ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺘﻗﺍ

ﺭ ﺎﻬﺤﺍ . ﺔﻨﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ 2003

ﻊﺒﺭﺃ لﻜ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻡ 2014

) ( 04 ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ .

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﻠﺼﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ

:

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ • ﻨﺒ

ﻰ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻏ ﺔﺒﻀﻬﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺀﺎﻗﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻀﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﻲـﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻴﺴـﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺭﺠﺘ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺤﺒ ﻭ ﻕﺌﺍﺩﺤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻀﺨ ) .

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ . (

ﻥﻷ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻗ ﺙﺎﻌﺒﻨﺍ • ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ

.

(6)

ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﺎﻌﺒﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺤﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ • .

ﻡﺘﻴ • ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ .

2 • / ﻲﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﻘﻨﺘﻴ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ 3 .

ﺍ • ﺎﻬﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻼﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻓﺭﺸﻴ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﺒﺨﺘﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ لﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺔﻌﻁﺎﻘﻤ 25

ﻭ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻘﻠﺒ ﺕﻴﻀﺤ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﻷ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺜﺒ ﻰﺘﺃ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ

ﻡ 2003 .

ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ

) -III (1 : ﺌﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺩ ﻊﻤ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﻴﺴﻨﺒ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋﻭ ﻕ

.

ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ):

ﺏﻴﺩ . ﺎﻨﻬﻤ ﻭ ﺭ .

، ﺱ .( 2009

-5 ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ :

ﺱـﺴﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻘﻠﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺢﻤﻼﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎـﻴﺭﻅﻨﻭ

ـﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸ

ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻜ

ﻤﺜ ﺓﺭ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝ

ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ :

(7)

-5 ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ 1 ) 1999 , H . (Frey ﻭ ) 2000 , K . Williams ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅـﻤ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻲﻓ (

ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ :

* لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ :

ﺩﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻍﻭﻠﺒﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ

* ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ :

ﻌﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻴﻨﻁﺎﻗﻭ ﻥﻜﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻨﺍ ﺭﻴﺼﻘﺘﻭ لﺎﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﻁﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻀ

ﺞﺌﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻗ لﻴﻬﺴﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ .

* ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﺍ :

ﻥـﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻱﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﻤﺩﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺞﻴﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ

ﻲﻫﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ :

- ﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕ

) ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ، ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺍﻭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺱﺭﺩﺘ (

- ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ :

ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ

- ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ

- ﻥﺎﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ )

ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ( ﺓﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍﻭ

- ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ

: ﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷ

- ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ

-5 ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ 2 1999)

, H . Barton :(

ﺭﻴﻴﺎـﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺔ :

- ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﺘﻜﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ

- ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ

- ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﺎﺤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ

- ﺸﺘ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻜ

- ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ

- ﻲﺤﻠﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻜ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺎﺸ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ

- ﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ .

-6 ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘ :

ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ

ﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔ

ﻭﺃ

ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ . ..

ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺦﻝﺍ

(8)

ﻪﻝﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺩﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻡﻬﻓﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺄﻜ ﻡﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺩﺼﺭ

ﺤ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥ ﺏﺴ

) ﻡﺎﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺤ .

، ﻉ (2004 ﻲﻫﻭ :

-6 ﺕﺒﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ 1 :

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﻪﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ ﻥﺎﻴﻜﻜ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ

ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻤ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ

ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺴﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ، ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻻ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ، ﻪﺘﺠﺘﻨﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﺯﻜﺭ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ :

-7 ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ

:

-7 ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ 1 :

ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘ

ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﺒ ـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺔـﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔ ﻑﺩـﻬﺒ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ

،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ....

ﺦﻝﺍ .

ﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘ ﺙـﻴﺤ ، ﻪﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻤﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻪـﺠﻭﺃ ﻥﻴـﺒﺘﻭ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻜ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡـﺘ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ لﻀﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝﻭ ، ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍﻭ ﻪﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬ

ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﺒ

158

ﻡـﺘ ﺩـﻗﻭ ، ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ لﺎﺜﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ :

ﺯﻨﺒﻭﻫ ، ﺭﺴﻨﺒﺴ ، ﺕﻤﻭﻜ ،

ﻥـﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ

ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻡﻴﺎﻜﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇﻭ

ﻲﻓﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ .

-7 ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ 2 ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ :

ﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘ

ﻑﺩﻬ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀـﺘﺘﻭ ،

ﻭﺃ ﺩﺎـﺠﻴﺇ

ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ :

:ﻻﻭﺃ ﺡﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ .

ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﻥﻴﺒ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ

، ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻴﻓ

.

ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ :

) ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺤ ﻡﺎﺤﻠﻝﺍ

.

، ﻉ (2004

(9)

-7 -2 ﻲﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ 1 :

ﺕﺀﺎﺠ

ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻠﻋ

ﻰ ﺭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴ ﻲﻝﺎـﺜﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺭﺎﻘﻴﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﺭﺒﻴﻓ

ﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻨﺒﺘﻴ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻰﻌﺴﻨ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ

ﺎـﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،

ﺎـﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻊﺌﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻘﺘﺸﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺩـﻌﺒ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﺓﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﺴﻭﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺔ

.

-7 -2 ﻲﻘﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ 2 :

ﺕﺀﺎﺠ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻴ

ﻙﺭﺎﺒ ) (park ﻥﻤ ﻤ ﻭﻏﺎﻜﻴﺸ ﺔﺴﺭﺩ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﺎـﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ لﻜ لﻜﺸﻴ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻤﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻥ

.

-7 ﺏﺎﻁﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ 3 :

ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﺢﻴـﻀﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﻓﺩـﻫ ﺔﻠﻴـﺴﻭﻜ ﻥﻴﺒﻁﻗ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻁﻘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

،ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻜ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ

،ﻥﻴﺒﻁﻘﻝﺍ ـﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ

ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻕـﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﺘ

ﻲﺘﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ :

-7 -3 ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ 1 –

ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ :

ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ

ﻲـﻓ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﺩﻨﻋ

لﺎﺜﻤﺃ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺱﻜﺭﺎﻤ

ﺕﺭـﻬﻅ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻴﻋﺩﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻀﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﻨﻹﺍ ﻁﻤﻨ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻊـﻤ ﻙﻝﺫـﻜ ﺕﺀﺎـﺠﻭ ، ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻭ ﺝﺎﺘ

ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻠﻴﻓ ﺩﻴﺭ )

Redfield ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﻥﻤ (

ﻭﻏﺎﻜﻴﺸ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ .

-7 -3 ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ 2 –

ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ :

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺒﻴﻓ

ﻡ 1905 ﻴﻓ ﺯﻴﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻪﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻪﻴﺃﺭﺒ ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺒ

ﺭﻭﺼـﻌﻝﺍ ﺔـﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺹﻠﺨﻭ ، ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕـﻨﺎﻜ ﻑﺭـﻅ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻏ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺎﻤﺃ ، ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ لﺎﻤﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻜ ﺍﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻤﺯ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎ

.

-7 -3 ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ 3 ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ –

ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ –

ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ :

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘ

ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ

ﻡﻴﺎﻜﺭﻭﺩ )

Durkhem ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻜ (

ﺃﺭﻁ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺍﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭـﻴ ﺙـﻴﺤﺒ ، ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ

(10)

، ﺔـﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻌﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﺤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺤ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻥﺭﺎـﻗﻭ

ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﺤﻼﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺹﻠﺨﻓ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ

ﻡﺤﻼﺘـﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼـﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻕﻼﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ

، ﺱﻴﻨﻭﺘ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ Toennies)

(

ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ -1855

.1936

-7 -3 ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ 4 –

ﻠﻴﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

:

ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺃ

ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻜ

ﻥﺴﺭﻔﻴﺠ )

Jefferson (

ﻭ 1939 ﺯﺘﻠﻴـﺴﻭﻫ )

Hoselitz (

1955

ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺴﺍﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﻨﺎﻜ

ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺩـﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﺼ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﻪﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻔﻁ ﻥﺩﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺀﻼﺒﺭﻜﻭ ﺔﻤﺭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻤ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﻓ لﺜﻤ .

-7 ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ 4 :

ﻡﺘﻬﺘ

ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﻪﻨﻋ ﻡﺎﻬﺒﻹﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺽﻤﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﺒ

ﺔﻴﺭﺍﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻬﻓ ، لﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻁﺒﺭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺽﻤﺎﻐﻝﺍ لﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺘﻴ لﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﺩﻌﺒ لﻜ

ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ لﻜﻝﺍ :

-7 -4 ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺤﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ 1 :

ﺕﺎـﻓﻼﺘﺨﻼﻝ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺤﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺭﺒﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ، ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺨ لﺒ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻊﻤﺘ

ﺎﻫﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ،ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﻫﻷ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﺨﻴ ﺭﺒﻴﻓﻭ ﺱﻜﺭﺎﻤ

ﻊـﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻥﻴﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﻜﺭﺎﻤﻓ

ﺎﻤﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﺤﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭ ﺭﺒﻴﻓ

ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭ .

-7 -4 ﻕﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ 2 :

ﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﺽﻴﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﺩﺍﺭـﻓﺃ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻕﺎـﻔﻨﺇ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﺤ

ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ

ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻱﺩﻜﺅﻤ ﻡﻴﺎﻜﺭﻭﺩ

، ﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻕـﻴﺭﻁ ﻥـﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﺯﻨﻭـﺴﺭﺎﺒ

) Parsons . (

-7 -4 ﻴﺭﻅﻨ 3 ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔ :

ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ

ﻙﺭﺎﺒ ﻭ ﻱﺯﻨﻜﻤ Mckenzie)

( ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻏﺎﻜﻴﺸ

ﻡﻭـﻬﻔﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ

ﺔـﻴﻝﺁﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺅﻴﺒﺘﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺃ ، ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴـﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ