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Unbounded Volatility in the Uncertain Volatility Model

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HAL Id: inria-00072571

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072571

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Unbounded Volatility in the Uncertain Volatility Model

Matthieu Leblanc, Claude Martini

To cite this version:

Matthieu Leblanc, Claude Martini. Unbounded Volatility in the Uncertain Volatility Model. [Research Report] RR-4065, INRIA. 2000. �inria-00072571�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--4065--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Unbounded Volatility in the Uncertain Volatility Model

M.Leblanc, C.Martini

No 4065

Novembre 2000

TH `EME 4

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