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Finding the Collineation Between two Projective Reconstructions

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HAL Id: inria-00073222

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073222

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Finding the Collineation Between two Projective Reconstructions

Gabriella Csurka, Radu Horaud

To cite this version:

Gabriella Csurka, Radu Horaud. Finding the Collineation Between two Projective Reconstructions.

RR-3468, INRIA. 1998. �inria-00073222�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Finding the Collineation Between two Projective Reconstructions

Gabriella Csurka and Radu Horaud

No 3468

Aoˆut 1998

TH ` EME 3

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Unit´e de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technop ˆole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS L ` ES NANCY

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex

Editeur ´

INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)

ISSN 0249-6399

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