Energy development in the countries of the East African sub-region

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOM ic

AND _~

SOCIAL COUNCIL ~~J~

Distr.

IJMI'l'i:D

E!CN .14!INR!104 22 October 1965 Original, ENGLISH

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

Conference on the Harmonization of Industrial Development Programmes in East Africa

Lusaka, 26 October - 6 November 1965

ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EAST AFRICAN SUB-REGION

1

1465-261

•

..j .

E/CN.14/INR/l04

Contents

1.

INTRODUCTION

1

•

II. ENERGY SURVEY ON A COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY BASIS

1 •

Ethiopia

2. Somali Republic 3. French Somali land 4. Uganda

5. ^Kenya 6. Tanzania 7. Malawi 8. Z..lmbia 9· ^RhoJ.esia 10. Madagascar

11.

Mauritius 12. Rwanda 13. Burundi III. SUMMARY

IV.

RECO!~CENDATIONS

APPENDICES

2 - 1?2

2 - 15 16 -

22 23 - 28

29 -

40

41 - 54

55 - 65

66 - 77

78 - 87 88 - 95

96 - 110 111 - 114 115 -

120 121 - 122 123 - 131 132 - 133

1.

Primary energy

m~p

2. Electric energy map

3. List cf larger pcwer plants and transmission lines over 70KV

E/CN .14/nm/104,

1. INTRODUCTION

The present Energy Paper for the countries of the East ~frican

sub-region is based on the draft country'p<l,pe:r:l'!~ell energy,_ptJllla;t'ed in May this year and sent to the respective governments for checking and completion of data.

In the final version of the Energy Paper, the answers received by the gove;nments (seven out of thirteen) and other additional informa- tion have been taken into consideration.

This Paper deals with primary energy, resources and their production, trade.and consumption for the period 1959-1963. In the part dealing with electric energy, the existing power installations (capacity,

production, trade and consumption), and generation costs and tariffs are discussed in so far as particulars were available. Only a few official data are known on the future development in electric energy.

c

In the summary for the total of the sUb-region, the future consumption ~f primary and electric energy Up to 1915 is estimated mainly on basis of the foreseen industrial development, taking into eonsideration also the past trends in energy consumption •

•

The ~uestion of cOVering the future estimated energy demaxds has not been dealt with in this paper to the extent that would be desirable.

With the exception of some new hydropower projects which are mentioned in the country papers, there are no da-',a on new projects for produc-

\' t~on primary energy~

For the same reason it was not possible to deal with the, financial

~uestions

•

of investments necessary for the new primary and electric energy projects.

..

^{. ~}

At.the end of the paper, recommendations are given for fU~Ure work' in the energy field so that energy as a constituent factor in the

economy would be able to contribute its share to the harmonization of industrial development in the East African sub-region.

~IO maps are attached to the paper, one on the primary energy resources and the other on the existing electric energy installations and the known hydropower projects under construction or in plan.

E/cn.14!INR/I04 ' Page 2

II. ElffiRGY SURVEY ON 1l. COill,TRY-BY-COUNTRY BASIS 1. ETHIOPU

I. Prim~y Energy Resouroes (1, 3) (1) Hydropower

Ethiopia is extremely rioh in hydropower resouroes, the full potential of "hioh is not yet known. The Blue Nile between Lake Tana and the Sudanese border has an exploitable hydropower potential of 25 T"h per annum. This is reported to be about half the total hydro- power pote~tial of Ethiopia exoluding Eritrea which is estimated at

45

Tvlh per annum. Present installed capacity' is concentrated in a few plants, m?s~ of which are located on the Awash River and its tributaries in the region of Addis Ababa.

(2) 'Hydrocarbons'

Twe regions of the oountry are regarded on geJlogical grounds

as having prospects of containing eoonomioally exploitable aooumulations

"f petroleum, the se being the zone of shallow "ater off the Eritrean ooast, including the Dahlak archipelago, and the Ogaden province in the eastern part of the courit.r-y , 'rlielatter has been mere extensively explored than, the former and several exploratory wells have ,been

drilled ,,so far, "i tllout SUCC(3SS.

(3) Geal (3,1)

No coal deposits of economic significance are known i~ Ethiopia.

Lo,,-£rade lignites oocur in the southern part of the country, but the beds are thin, of the order of 1 metre thick, and laterally discontinueus.

The calorific ,value is low, of the order of 2,000-3,000 calories/gramme, and the reserves of individual deposits are small, of the erder .f

10,000 metrie tons. In vie" of the small amount of systematic geolegical survey work whioh has been done in Ethiopia it is possible that larger undiscovered reserves may exist.

.

^,

E!CN.14!INR/I04 Page 3

In the doc. (4), the following information is given:

.Calorific Reserve

Coalfield Type of ooal value Ash content million

cal/fJ

^..

% ^tons

1'fejo ••••••••• Non-,eoking 10

Deb~''Berhan

• LignIte 4,000 35 1

_.:; c

Chelga

• ' __I • . • _._, •

Lignite 4,500 6

2

. (4) Non-conventional sources of energy

(a) Radio-active minerals: No deposits of uranium minerals are known in Ethiopia at the present time, but these might' exis.t, given the geological' constitution of Ethiopia.

(b) Geothermal: On geological grounds it seems likely that

Ethiopia possElEisei."considerable ge<>thermal potential. Numerous hot springs and "fumaroles occur in the basin of the A.wash River, notably near Mounts Fantale and Dojan, and near Laks Abbe.

I I .

Produotion,

_Trad~

and Consumption of Primary energy (2, 4, 5,

Sa,

6) (J) Production

HydrJelectric energy is the only kind of primary energy produced in the country.

Hydroenergy

1959 1960 1961 1962 1963

· ..

^"

.

•

••••••••••••••••

· ..

...

...

in OWh 27.8 46.7 68.1 92.1 108.8

in 1,000 toe (rounded)

13.9

23.3

34.0

46.0

54.4

Conversion ratio: 1 OWh

=

500 tee

E/CN.14/INR/104

Page 4

ImIJ()rt:c of prin&J:'Jr encrp;y in-the form of liquid anQ.;s6Tidfuels···

are given beLeu in 1,000 t(e {roUnued):

--~''''''''.'-'

--_ _,_ -.. ---.-

_,---_._-~=='-=--'----

Net import··, ...

IIr.pcrc Bunker,,'

soE-cf'Li'l.uid.

'Total

_ _ _,._._~_. .._. . fl¹.e l "!.-ft'.::.31",?",--,,"---,-,--,--,,--

1959.p "...•

., ·'1'9·60'•.••• :.::.•..•-::: ••

1961 .

1962 ;

'"'.'.~~

1-96..3-,

^{1> .. "} . ' . . . . •j . . . .

190 180 190

220 230

~.--_.

10

"

30

..··30· ...

'30 30

10 10

-"To"

10

.1-10...

_..180··--' 150.. ;· 150

150 160

181' 190

'190 200

-~;...._._--_

.. _

...;.'---

Remark: Quanti ties monti onod und.e.r "Bunkers" are these supplied 'to

, .

forei;p]··bo;.rarl sui

eel

and aircraft " irrespeot.ive of, :the flag of ..." :",

tn.!) '~9"asf;el ^{02."-- p:.2:18}~ llBunl:er81~ ar c not cons i.d er-od as "Export" •

..

.

_._--_._--_._.- ---_

^...

_---

1960 1961 1962 1963

.... " .. c ~ .... ~- . . .'<l , c

...

^".~

^..

^"

^..

180 150 160 190 200

,Total

-.•.^~.•...

_

^{..~ ._--}

. "",193.9

'---

-- _.-

^_.-

173.~

194.0

236.0

254.4

- - - -

COn,SUffiptj.C;'i"'t(ll-

Cc;Pita.:

,. ^,,'

.

"--"~-'-

"

"

...

^'

907

kg cca:requiva:l.ent

7

~

7 . ...

^{i, . , ..II}

8.7

"l.l~.,U

10 .. 6 'Ii" ',i

11',5' ."." .

^{I f}

.. It , .

• " '0' • '"

...

^".,

...

"""

1~59

1960

1961

1962

:1.962

E/CN.14/INR/I04 Page

5

III. Electric energy (2, 4-10) (1) . Existing pmler sys-tems

In Ethiopia, electric power is ·provided by:

~The Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority (EELPA), which has electric power installations throughout the country and whose present production is more than 75 per cent of the country's total.

The Societa Elettrica dell'Africa Orientale {SEDAO), which is a private enterprise and is responsible for supply of electric energy in Eritrea.

- Also some industrial enterprises have their own power installations.

Cal installed capacdt Lea (10) : I n _doc~(lO), capacity is quo't ed in kVA (and not in kW). To get capaoity in kW, we suppose an average generator power factor of 0.8. In addition to the stations mentioned in (10), the hydropower station of Tis Abbay went on stream in 1964 with two units ~~d a total capaci ty of" 7,700 kif. In this way we get the present capacity:

Hy-dro " ••• _,,"~.•_~.•

Thermal """" .. """

Total ,

72.862 TWA 60.0 MIT 32.489 !WA 26.0 MIT 105.351 !WA 86.0 Mvl

The above figures include not only the capacities of EELPA and SEDAO, but also of the private industrial enterprises.

EELPA has an inter-connected system, with the Koka hydro- power plant as nucleus, and 11 self-contained systems. The existing power plants in these areas have the following . characteristics:

E/eN .14/INP/l04 Page 6

Inter-connected system

- , - _ . _ - - - - _ . _ - ~ _ . -

HE Koka <> .. O~'~~~e 54,000 45,000 ;:>3,000 120 110 80

Aba Samuel • 0 0 8,250 6,600 4,75° 27 23 18

Oursc .. c • " . . . ., 525 400 250 2 2 2

-_._- ^--'---,_

^.._~-,,---

HE Su"b-tota:l

,

^. 62,775 . 52,000 28ⁱ 000' 149 135 100

----,,~._--

SE Acldis Ababa

..

^{6,250 5,000 .5,000 30 30 30}

DE Alemaya " .. e . . . . . 2,910 2,000 2,000 10 10 10

-~---

TE SUb-intal : 9,160 7,000 7,000 40 40 40

_.~~-_

.... '--'

HE

&

TE Total 00 • 71,935 59,000 35,000 189' 175 140

- - - -

* -

^Estimated,

Self-contained systems

- - - -

Loc ati or-

Installed capaci ty in kVA

______. D-ie~~l --BydTo

_-=-__

Fi~m Prnducibility oapacity in

GHh

kI:..' ..::D",i",e:.::s:.::e:.::;l_ --::H""y""'dT-o- .Timma . . . o • •~~~" 1,125 1/0 600 2.4 0.3 Dessie ^{• •.., .. ~} . . . ", ..^{'-,' .. -.}c ..^--.. 1;]25 . 600 2.4

Hagere Hiwot ^{c Q .~ < .,.} 210 100 0.35

Ghic," ~ . . . . u • • '" . . . .'" 40 30 50 0.1 0.5

Debre Berhan <'.. '" • ~ 125 10el 0.3

Gondar ".''' •• ~'''07•• 200 100 0.4

Yrgalem

...

^,

^.' ..

^{~ ,}

^no

^{80 0.3}

Delire M2rk0S

....

^'

^.

^{60 40 0.15}

JigjiGa 4e.,.".~."'. 40 30 0.1

Neghelli . . . . ,?'?~ 150

50

^0.15

Tis Abbay ~~

...

^{9,600- 2,400 . 25.0}

TctaI

..

^{~850 - 10,135 '4,150 - 6.0 26.45}

Grand total ^{• , • ~ ';I ..,} 1'2,985 32.45

--_..

_-

E/cN .14/Ilm/1.'04

Page

7 '

- '

Shasham?-ne , "..

'" Debre

·l~a.rkos

(additional);;;;

j;.

-._{-~-_}.._. - Asaa·b-····.-.·.·;·.-.··.·;~ -.·.-••-.·•••-'ii- . .·-,;·.. -s-s-,---

,'" '::Bahar DaJi ... "" ~'... " .. "" .. ,,, ...

__

~..;;....~.~_Is~~

.

.p.~.~.

__.

~_!_^..•~^..!..!_~_~^._.!...~!".. " .. " " ... , " .-.

Assella •••••••••••••••.••••••••

..~~-_...:.:-.~_..^,..~-._,._.',~..-...

_-_

..

-_

^..----.:_"--

Total'i' - _{4080 kVA}

3260

~

" -." ._,. ... .' :~;- ,I

systems, at the end

_~f

1964,

-.,-, , . ,- ' , ' ". -::' J..:.£

are estimated as follows:

For the

_{, - • . .}EELEAts.sel£-conta~ned_,- .,', -"-J..( , ;-.;'" -,

the tvtal installed capacities

Installed ....

~..

...J:,",£a.-Yl:£!l .. __ .. . _ ... _.___

?a~;~ity

2ff30

865

····190 500 250 250

H;ydr" "" ..

.. -.---... ".-

i5iaseI~.=7~·.-

..:: ,

- " , c'.", _. .... '.

~'..~-j_;_ ~::'-i) C " .'

about 8,000 kW - - - - . - .

--ab(;ut~5;bci(n?i,:-·---:-:--.-.-

~~. " - .

.--.-_.--. -..---:--

T~tai-::-;.

-;; . "'about-'n; 660iiW" -._-. --'--"-"'---

.. :.1 , . . . '.. • • _ • • • • • • "

SED40' has a.

t

c

t

a.L capacity

Qf16,525ikVA

or,.

"s~iUlated

13,500

kW.

The main SEiUlO's pb10ler plant", :,are the.

f611owiJ:lg~

• . " ' , . - . - :: bfesel

pow-;;r,~piap:C;atGh;rar :~-::~-.-::'-6,000

'.

^{- '}

^.

^{\ . , ,}

.

kW,

. -..-_··_--·---Die-a·el····pe..er--pl

_tat·

·Asmara· .••..••..; •.•. " . -

550~-·--·---··-

.\c-)'Yd,rqpower:pLantat

Dorfu 1,100 kW

- Steam POi/.ex plant: at BeLea a ••.•••••• " 5,000-

klt .

In the final stage; this

_p~wer

station'

_i~

planned

_t~

have 30,000

kW

capacity •..

Thes@~ond

set of 10,000 kW oapacity was foreseen.to

sta~t.~peration

in 1965. The

p~wer

house is oompleted.to aooommodate.the)O MW capacity referred to

above.

In Eritrea, the private company CONIEL is also active in the

electric utility field, but no detailed information on its

activity is available. !_ndustrial diesel power stations have

a capacity

'If

3,954 kVA

01

3,200 kW (estimated).

. _ • ...:,,;;;"""''i.--e;;,i...-;o'.

EjCN.14!INR!l 04 Page 8

A summary of installed aa'Paci ties wi t,hrega;i:d t:q;the owner- ship and type of power plants gives the following picture

(in MW) , - --,- ---

EYdro---Thermal - Total

. ,

Industry EELPA

Slilli.A.O

...

...

60.0' ..

.-

60.0

, '12.6 13.5 , " .. 3;2 , 29.3

7

^2.6

13.5

- 3.2

.•With the exceptio!' of,:the steam power,p1ant in Addi,s Ababa,

,. :"

--

^{' -}

. all

the thermal powerp1ants are dies\"l plants.

(b) Production in GWh

,_

Ownership

1959---z:t60--

~

.:

1961 1962 1963 EELPA

...

^47:1--.L55 • 4 71.4 96.5 117;0

-

SEDAO ...

^'

.. ^-

^-

^.

_24;1 ^{.. 27.3} ₃₁₀₅

_38.1

_37;8

Industry

...

^..

:'"17.3 _.

19.0 19.0

20.0

?

-

^....

"

^-

Total : '-\',. 88.5

....

101.7 121.9 c152.6 ?

1964 145.5

?

?

?

,

..

^~..

" -^\

The reDiiive 'i'mpor-t'ance of theEELPA in supplying -'the with electrfceriergy is steadilygrowin@.

EELPAt s share: in the .to.tal production : 1959

· ...

^53.5%

1960

· ...

54.4% ^',-,'-,

.

,

58;6%

1961

· ...

^.:

1962

...

63.1% ^,~".r-,

., -";',j

country

.

^.

_.

^~

,---

EI ex .:1.41

^INRI1.()4

Page 9 \

With regaxd to che type of energy, we have the following

" - '

-

^,--

. - - - _ ..

-~.

---,.----

---,---

.'

^.

"

.. ,;>.

Hydro ..-. '" ^{If to} ~ ^'I

Therm.:;l:J,·~~~~- ^'.~

1959 27,8

" 60.7

'J960 1961 68.) 59.8

1962 92.1 60.5

1963 108.8

'?

1964

137

? ...

_--_

^•...

_---_._. __

^..

__ ^{._--- - -}

10).. 7 127,9

^{? ?}

---_._-_._---_ ... __ ._.-:..:.--_.,._-_._-_._---,---

Hydro in

%

of total,;'•••••

31 46 53 ^60.5

^{? ?}

._---_._~

..

-<---~-'~_.

-'

-~.:._-

(c) Sal~..'!E.~.l:~:'£~.in GHh :

For the two Utilit<1CC EELPA and SEDAO, the followIng tables show how much of the.Tlrccluce:i energy l,-as sold and

'.

^{.-- .-,,--} ..

TOo':F,

,..-.;...-,

lj60

1951

--.__.-~,_._-"'---<,.;._._-_._-_..__._-,- "'"- - - _..

,S.alcG "'."""""""." .. " ....'⁰ . . . . '" .. ., " . . . " .. CI

EELPA

Production

^{O. . ." . . . . .}I>.~ • • • O. . . ." • • 4 ..

,.\ ~

...

^"

. ^...

^{:,',.;\\- ,.}

96·5

1l7~0, ,"'.

83:5" . ^'98.0

__.•_~.. .~ ~_.t....'-.-'.'.:.. _

Pow.er-plal.1to G011;31lIJption

and .10.3s2:-': " 0 0 " " " 0 0 . " ".""~",," t • • (>"" ".':)"

In

%

^{of prcducti}O~1

22.6

,

...

^~

-

^,-~

13.0 19.• 0 13:4' " '16.2

, "."..",.,

J.962

-_._-_

^..

_

^..

^__

^.

__

^.,,---

^{---_ ...} _-_

^..

SEDAO

Production . . .(> . . . . ." . . ." .. " . . ." " .. ~ " (\ • •~ .'0 C)'= ""'r l " " " '" 0 .. ., ....

Sales •. , 0" .. ' " ."."~"e ^"~.. ,. " c" ..

Power-plants consu1:.ptiol1 and. Lor-r.c s G'l'lh ('_{• , > ' •} ^{I'e ('. ..} ~ ^..

E/CN.14/INR/104- Page 10

There follows a rough br-eakdown of electric power consumption

The average rate of grc,rth of production for

expressed in percc~tagGs of the total production, for

1962:

Economy •• "<>" " ".".110."".<> .. " " " " " """ " , .. "" " " " .... o!I " " " " 42"

5%

Public consumption and illumination of towns 40.0%

Power ll'ant consumption and losses ••••••••

.11.5%

100.0%

for EELPA " .. " "_~ " " " " "

the period

1959-1962

wac'

- for the country ~s a whole " " "

..

^about

^20%

about

26.6%

(d) Transmission and distI'i bution

Only information for EELPA in available Transmission

lines in In

132 kV 35 KiT

Foeders in kta

15 kV

Number of consumers

32,435 37,930 44,184 52,391 60,190 380/220

V three- of these networks

28,100

40,463 47,998 62,798 71,463

net1Vorks employ a phase system with a neutrJ.l wire. The lengths are not known.

1960

. . . co .. "

418 129 310

1961 ... , . ^{418 159 408}

1962 ... 418 J59 468

1963

^{. ."} . . . .Q

418 J59 595

1964 ...

^"

... ⁴¹⁸ 159 662

The low-voltage distribution

(e) Tariffs

1. General tariff

First

100

kHh per month

....

^"

..

"

..

^"

.

^{Eth. cents}

¹⁵

^{per kHh}

Exceeding 1'00 ktlh ."p8r month " .. <'l.. Eth. cents

10

per kHh

-, "

..--.

Service charge, single- -phas s _••• Eth. <ioll.

1

per month three-··pha3c

...

^{Eth. doll,}

5

^{per month}

E/CN.14/INR/I04

Page 11

2. Commercial and industrial tariff Firstl'bobkWh per month .; .-••• '.' ••

Exceeding 1000 kWh per month ••••••

Jilth. c'mt.s 10 per kWh

...^,-...^-~-^~,.. .,.-.. ^"...

. _Eth. cents 5 per k1Vh Rea.c·ti

VEl-

conaumptd on, be.low

cos phi = 0.89 ,....••.•.,· .••

.

··-M~:;;Jinum·aema.ni:t

Cliarge, per month-.·.·

S~~vice charge, three-phase •••••••

Rebate on total charges

Eth. 'oen1:--1' 'Per-k'lTArh Eth •..doll •.. 5 pez: kWh Eth. dol1"'5 per 'month

II

"

.. ---'EiceedingIOOfOOO kWh per month

_.

·5%

....___.11.. -._ .

400,000 kWh " "

^~O%

"} .-.~

,t _700,000

" " " ^15%

" ^{1,000,000 " " "} 20%

3• .

^~

Off-peak tariff

All

corieumpti on .... " . ' . . . to'. . . - . . . .

Eth. cents 5 per klfh Reactive comlumption,below .

cos phi

^~

0.89 ...

^"

... ^{Eth. oent} 1 per kVArh Service oharge,

^-

three-phase ... Eth. doll. 5 ^per month Rebate on total charges

Exoeeding 100,666' kWh per month: 10%

" ^{400,000 •• "} " ^20%

" ^{7 00 , 000}

^{' u :}

" " ^30%

" ^1,000,000

tt " • ,. "

" ^40%

:~.;.

.

The supply of this tariff is' subjeotto speo:i.al negotiations and to conditions of discontinuance of supply for certain

·..periods·.··· ..

Tn

'Pi-fce-iii" of

Iuel"r'or' poweTgeneration:

- .ruel oil for the ste am power plant at Addis A.baba

~.·120E·S/ton -<Diesel oil in the o~?-stal zone •..•••••-II • • • . • . • • •~'~^{. ,}~^{• .} 103

-<Otesel oil far away from the coast 350

< - • • • , " ,

On

this basis it can be estimated. that,"energy :from the diesel

powex .. plants._iD..tbe. s$;Lf,.,.gontained areas' costs about :Eth. oents

1~30

per kWh, depending, of course, on. the. amount of energy

;;~;;c~d.- I~th~'~e'fig';'~s~ ·all ^expenses are

fiiCluaed';" 'e';g;-"'-

fuel, operation, depreciation and interest for the power plant

8s well as the distribution system.

EI

^eN.1.4/~104,.

Page 12 '

1.963-1.967 are given in Future

devel~me~

P:1'oduotiontargek. :f,?r .the period . ... doc •. (8)

11-8

fol+()'!"SL (i(1 GWh) (2)

(a).

- - ~

1963"'1964 . 196!5. , . 1966 1967

-

^{. ,}

225 260

EELPA ....

^"

^{... 134 143 175}

'55

^..

60 65 70

SEDAO ... ³⁵

Industry ... ^{21 22 22} 25 25

-~-_...

_,---_.-

Total , _{190 220 257 315 355}

The average rates of increase

for~cast

for this 4-year period

axe'

for EELPA

_"

...

^"

^....

^"

^..

^"

^{.. 18.0%} .~

fo:t.' i:l}iDAO

. . . <> '" .. " .. " .. _~8.8~

Tctai' 17.(\%

~

~

..

^"

^.

^{, ,}

f0r Industry

. . . .~ " .. 0 " ..

7,05%

. .

.

^.

SEDAO's

producti~~'in'aJh;

'taken'from its own documents,

,

seems to be rather'different, 1964

1965 1966 19 67

"

...

^"

.

^"

^....

^"~

..

',l'l>." •• ~."••

38 41 49 51

(b) Invel'tments in

_{oleci~_ic_}

power for the period 1963-1967 have been as follows:

Group

of

investment In 1,000

E$

In %

Industtic!l 'ftrms .;:;; ~:,,".... ~ ,," ...

Tis Aboay 'system'; ~:;.;s , i «, ." ••o'

Self':corltain·ed.

ayst

ema: ••

~

••••••

..•• :ja¥5

23.8- .7.I.

0.5

". '32,000' . 1'9,900

. 5,9

0 0

450

"

...

^{~ "}

^....

^"

..

Interconnected system

.Transmission lines •.

sUbstat~ons

..and.

.

d;;i,stri bution^{' "} , " ""^rJ

25,200

Total 83.450 100,.0

,.

-, ...

E/CN.14/TNR/I04

Page 13

Technical. .:pam:ti.culars aboUct ,the inves'tments·

;

..'

. , :" "': .., ':v, ,;... "," .,

19'67' . •

~'

•.

~

'... 25

^m·ih

. .

'tinal .~ .• ~. • • • • • 56 OW h

J'Phk'

Tis· Abba.y hydropower plant went on stream in

1964,.

wi th the following producibility:

is now Linder <construCii on.

In the interconnected system, one mere ~yd~opowerplant,,Awash II,

,. ',. ~. ~.~ . "

Its installed capacity will be

32

~lli

and its produoi bili ty as follows:

1967 •••••••••••

...

^{, .}

- .

,}.5, ,G'ilh.

final •••.••. '... ...-. 182 GWh

.

,

.

^,

.

^{, '}

' r

The Awash ITC'project is, a Lso included in the expansion programme

~';/ . !

for the immediate future, and will have outPU~$ idelftical to Awash

fr.'

.,',.,;..~ .

- In the self-oontai.ned sy,;

tern.,; , _(besi'q.~;

Tis Abllay ), new power

.. c,,' , . . ' '. - ,

plants will be built in 'Diiia; 'l~a:l~a:lle, Axum, Asb

e

Teferi, Bonga , Debre Tabor, Adua a~d'Dembidollo.

EEpansionof the existing ·p01,er plants is planned. in '. Jimma, Dessie, Hagere Hi.;"ot, Debr~ Berhan, Gondar, Debr~Markos,

Yirgalem, Negellie

Bo~ana,

Assab, Jigjiga,

l'r01a~('l',SDdl!",

^{. Assella,}

Lekempte and Shashamane.

Production in the self-oontained systems will increase from 9 G\lh in 1963 to 25 GWh in 1967_

During the same period, the following new power capacities will be installed:

9,200 kW diesel electric power, 200 kID distribution feeders 15 kV

18 MVA distribution transformer capacity.

by construction at Beliesa.. .:

SKuAG will expand i,*s"el!'ie,t'in,t,' gene:t:·iJLjc:j.,ng PaY/erby 5,000kl-l_•. • . . . : _ - - _ . ,>~. . . ._ " , •~

of the first st"{ie of the" t4ermal powe~ plant

Industrial enterprises will build power Rlants only in these_.

, " .

oases when the faotorysites render it impossible for them to_{. .}

. .

06 supplied by electric power from the public network.

L

'-'By196i,th~

following il32-kV transmission lines wiJ,l be 6ozistr'ii'dted'i' .

From Akaki to Sabata and Gafarsa' :::.~••

From Koka to Akaki "" _~'•• " .. •·If". '.",,",,". "'.",,.~.

Total : From Awash II to Knka double circuit

.r, ".

...

^{25 km}

75 km

25 kIn 125 km

Ther~';;ili'b€ installed in the interconnected system ,also:

" J]i~·tr:i1iuiAori' transformer capaca ty • about

45

kV transmission lines,

"f'§'kV' distr'lbutLon feeder

-."

""",'

..

^"

... ...

" "

about about

80 kIn 400 km

56 MY'A

- US AID financed the f'e asib.i Li, ty survey for a hydropower station oith;' Fin~iar River, the Blue Nile, tri b!1tary. The

94

MW

projectryreQUires an investment of _E~70 million or _US~28 million.

~ ^{. , . ' ,} ~,. ^{- ' , ' O A} " . - , . : : , c,': - ' .

Specific' investment is USS296 per kif.

Ej

CN';1'41nmjl04 Page

15

Ethiopian Electric Light ana Power Authority: Report - Past activities and f~t~e programme, Addis Ababa

1962.

-Report of the Preliminary Assistance Missicn to Ethiopia,IAEA, Vienna,

1962.

Imperial Ethiopian Government: Seccnd Five-Year Development Plan 1963-l961~ Addis Ababa

1962.

Electricity in Ethi~p~a, Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority, Addis Ababa

1963.

Imperial Ethiopian Government: Statistical Abstract,Addis Ababa

1964.

D'eve'loprnent of the':Steel industry in East and Central Africa, l!.S.

Atki:nB and Partners, Preprint,

1965. '

DOCUME}rrS USED

"Industries et travaux World Energy Supplies,

\,:::<:Jj^l ;~I.' ,;',.'

Meeting, Addis Ababa, October

1963

d^toutre-mernc~'Januar;r

1964,

No. 122.-

1960-1963, UN,

New York

1964,

No,8.

1959-1962" " 1963, Nc.7.

"

II

"

African Electric Power

EjCN.14jEPj3

Part I.

Di tto, Part II.

Ditto, Add. L 2.

5.

5

a •

6.

3.

4.

10.

11.

AbbreViations and,,sYlllColll usesh MW Megaw'a

t1:

1

,000

kVl

MVA Megavoltarnpere

= 1,000

kVA GWh r,igawatthour d'l,OOO,OOO W,h TWh Teraw.a.tthoUl',= 1,000 Gllh,.

tee tons (metric) of coal eQuivalent HE Hydroelectric power plant

DE "Dies~l' e10ctrio power plant SE 'St~arn electric power plant TE Therrnalelectrio power plant

EICN.~4/INR/I04 Page 16

2. SO~~I REPUBLIC I, Primary Energy Resources (3,6)

(1) Hydropower

Scmalia has cnly twc perennial rivers, the Debi Shi beli'arid the JUba. Nei ther has very great potential wi thin Somalian terri'tory.

The tot'alhy'dro-'pot~ntial is e'stima-ted at

200 -

l,OOO GloIh, but it' seems that the speciiid investm~ntswould be considerable. According to Associated 'Consulting Engineers, the Northern Region has a hydro- electric potential of over'

300

l\I\f firm or over

500

MW peak load capaoi ty.

For the Shebeli,river, no figures are given.

(2) ~ydrocarbons

Much 0f the territory of Somalia.is underlain by sedimentary rocks, pri-ncipallycaJoareotU! a:t;ldevaporitic in nature, and oil seepages occur at Daga Shabel in the Berbera district. 'There has be'~h a' cons i.der-ab.Le amount of exploratoryactivi ty and a riumber of deep

'wens

have "been drilled, mainly in the coastal regions. Shows of oil and gas have been observed in a number of wells but so far no economically exploitable accumulations have been discovered •

. •. _ •. . ' "'·"l.,j" ,

Exploration continues and may ultimately be successful.

(3) Coal

Low grade coal is reported to occur at Durbd, in the northern mountains near the Gulf of Aden. The bed is reported to be about 2 metres thick, but to be lenticular. The coal has the following characteristics, moisture 16 per cent, volatile matter

39.4

per cent, ash cont ont 6.4 per cent, calorific value

5,719

calories per

gramme. No estimate of reserves is available. This' deposit is reported to have been worked prior to

1939.

(4) Lignite

Lignite is reported to occur in the territory of former British Somaliland, but it is stated that it is uneconomic to develop these deposits.

Geothermal, Hot springs with a temperat~e of around 40oC .

~~. .....-~,._---. .".:._;~..-._::-

..

^~.

Non-conventional sources of en ..:se¥.~.;:~':

... ; ...

E/GN

.1,4/;I:NR/1P4;

Page 17 . . "'.--

.

..

^{'...'"~ ~,}. ._--,--.~~.,.

are,known to occur int4e north-eastern part of Somalia.

Given the occurrence in this area

or'maj~r

^fa;U

ti~~:

^along'

.

th~

^.

so~ther~ si~e

^{of the}

'G~if

^{of Ade'il,'J.}

tis'P~Sf"i ^bia

^that

geothermal fields might exist in this area •

. (b) .Solar: Much of Somalia is suitable for the utilization ?f

solar energy if, this could be developed on ah"e,conomic_.

.

^{, : ,}

^..•

^{. : , " . '.,}

1)a~is.

(c) 'Wind: Phe northern mountains _provid~. many _site~ which would . be suitable for the development of wind power, were it not_{- . '} " .

f,?r .the fact that the winds in this., ,,-,.,~ ,

a~ea ai-~a~aifoila;l.

^Power

. cpuld undoubtedly be developed during the season of the north-_{., .} east monaoon, but the potential during the remainder of the

ye~,i.s dubaous ,

II. Produc'tion; Tl."adecand Consumption of Prima.ry Energy (5, 5a)

,-,' .".. ,. ,." ^,-

Withexcepti6r;

of

wOdd arid wood

charcoat ,

largely for domestic consumption, there is no production of primary energy in the country and only

import~denergy

^{in f'or-m} of liquid fuels is used.

In the period 1959-l963,'the following quanti ties of liquid fuels were imported and consumed','

1959

·"t

1960 1961 1962 196).

• • • • • • • • • •Of • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •10 • • •

• • 0 • • • • • • • • • •,) • • • •

.~

_.

, ^' .

.

50,.000 -tee (rounded).

40,000 tee . "

50,000 tee "

50,000 tee I f

50,000 tee "

.~;...:-,.,:.: .

Specific consum'ptionper capita,:was about 23 kg coal ..quivalent.

E!CN.14!INR!10 4'

Page

18

IlL Electric Energy (2, 4, 5, ,6) ( 1 )

Ens

ting power-Plan ts

(a) There are only diesel powerplarits in

_th~

country, the total installed capacity being 7,900 kW in 1962;' Self-producers are not included in that figure and their capacity is not known.

(b) Production of

e~ectric

energy amounted to

somewh~t

more than 10 [fllh per annum in the period 1959-1963. In 1961,

i t

was 12 GWh'. For o-ther years, exact figures are not known.

(c) Conslunptiom In 1961, the total amount of units sold to con- sumers was 11 9Wh.

Power~station

consumption and distribu-

.: l

tion losses were about 1 GHh or some 8.3 per cent of the total generation.

Only 3 GWh or 27 per cent of the total oonsumption were used

. •,.' j " , - .'

-'-bY..,]onGusky. 'In

the peri ad 1956-1961" the

av~r.'lge",:,,,,te

of

g~th

of consump1;ion was, about 6.2 per

ce~t,

which is .. rathllr low.

In the. peJ1iod 1959-1963, ,specific consumption of electric energy

~as

about 6 kWh per capita.

(d) Transmission: No lines eXisting.

(e) Distribution:networkq. ,In 1961,

_fiftee~.

twons were electrified.

No details areknown,?bout the distribution system in the

, .^{~ ,}

.

country.

(f) Generation costs. No' data available.

(g) Tariffs: No data avai'rable: ' "For 'ind'tis"fiial "purposes, the s"eragePricesof

elect~ic

,energy

^amount,

to.

•

In the Southern Region, So.Sh. O.60/kWh

=

8.5 US¢ 1 kWh In the Northern Region: se.su, O.45!kYlh

=

6.3 US¢ 1 kl,h

.

^,

E/CN i14/ntR/I04'

Page 19 '

(h) Fuel costss At ,Mogadi~cio, :{:or gas oil' :

Somali cents per litre Import cost c.i.f. Mo~adiscio •••••

Government taxes .

. ~"-D:i:"stri buf.i.on costs .... :,':. -. ',...t - • • • • • • • •

'. S~l~" ^cr-Lco

..

~ ~ ^{" . 80.0}

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

C2r·fut;.;;:~'de~elo1Jmen.!j

^{6) "}

The eXisting and pote~tial demand for electricity in the near future is of rather modest dimensions.' Beside8,the eiisting ce~tres of consumption are very fa~ from the possible sites for the generation of hydroel~ctric power. Thus the very large investments in the genera- tion of hydrc,-electric power and its transmission over long dist,ances

,

cannot be justified QIl.:the ba-sis of the foreseeable demand for electri- oity. The ~ountry will therefore have to depend on theTma~'Btations

for 'luite.s.ome time to come. However" the hy~T'OBlectriopotentialities nee9.-t-horough'irr<rcstigation,_"

for demand

for the utili2'ation of this

.

^{, '} .

.

^{' , ,}

hydroelectric power may arise ,as _"'c, .resul t of c,e;c-tain future ,developments,

pa:r'ticularlyi~;e~;~ct'

of mineral resources, which it ie net possible'"

to fores~e at .. pr<;lsent.

The establishment of a national grid system is not feasible, due to the long distanccsseparatirt~the various centres of consumption in th,etrMsmission s,y$tcm w:Lll nave to be very high;resliIting in' high tranemiGsion costs. This would tend to raise the unit cost of electrigity to the consumer. Tho country will therefore have to rely on separate thermal power stations for each maip, p~ntr~ of conaumpt Lon ,

Therp is no sta~dardization in the eleotric supplies of the country. It is pr opos ed that, unless otherwise nece ss Lt-at ed- by the"

requirementl;of the'existing sets, 'new generating s~t~'^should

'be -

standardized and should" be designed tc supply 3-phase 230 volts 50 oyole. per second alternating current.

E!CN.14!INR!104

Page 20

In the First Five-year Plan, the following development of electric power is fcreseen:,

,Existing,

Locali ty power

kW

New pcwer kW

Investments 1,000So.Sh.

Kisimayo ,;'e .. .. • • • 310 25 other small towns... ?

Hargeisa BoO

Berbera 360

Mogadiscio •.•••.•••••••••• 2,744 a) Purchase of existing

installation b) Development

Campo Bottegoand Afgoi'

?

5,000 5,800 500 600 1,800

1,800 9,500 25,000

?

75°

1,420 1,920

Supply from Mogadiscio

1,200

4,214

...

Total Remarks :

Hargeisa •••••••

Berbera

...

The demand for electricity is expeoted to inorease in future at the rate of

20

per oent per annum. The distribution system will be expanded and improved.

The distribution system will be improved and expanded to take care of the demand cf the new port and of the growing demand of the town.

Mogadiscio ••••• The existing power installations owned by , Elettro-Industriale Italo-Somala (SEIS), will be purchased by the Government.

Campo Bottego

and Afeoi ••••• : The local gener"!'tion will be discontinued.

A hig4 voltage supply feeder will bring power from Mogadiscio and the local distribution system will be imprnved.

Kisimayt::! ." ••••••••

E/CN.14/INRjlo4 Page 21

As a result of the building of the port, the demand for

,"0 'substantially.

will be removed be added.

electric power will increase The old two

')O',kWh

units and two 600

kW

units will

Other t~ns ••••••• Impr~vement and/or installation

of'

new

"oapacity,_,~d di,i>tributi ox! ,sy!?j;g!!1,j,n twenty five towns is foreseen.

. .: -,-.~'I .

---.-

E/CN.14/INR/104 Page 22

DOCUMENTS 1JSED

1. African Electric Power

M~eting,

Addis Ababa, October 1963 E/CN.14/EP/3 Part I.

2. Ditt0, Part II.

3. Ditt0, Add. 1.

4. Industries et travaux d'outre-mer, 'January 1964, No. 122.

5. VI orld Energy Supplies, 1959.,.1962', tnr; New York 1964, No.7.

"

ⁿ

" ^1960-1963, " " 1965, No.8.

6.

Somali Republic First Five-Year Plan, 1963-1967, Mogadiscio 1963.

Abbreviations and symbols used : MW - Megu.watt = 1,000 kW

GWh - Gigawatthour = 1,000,000 kWh

tce - tons (metric) of coal equivalent

E/CN .14/rN.li/104 Page 23'

3. FRENCH SOMALlLAND I. Prlmary Energy Resources (1)

There are no known energy resources,

exc~p~

TIake Aasal'for hydro- e Lactr Lc power.

There are no data available about the hydro-potentlal of the country.

I I . Produo ti on, Trade

a;'~Consum;ti

on of Primary fuQrg:\"

.,\5J

There is no local produotion of primary energy in the country.

Prim~.)1'.~~;~;Y:;-i';-im:ported'In

_.. rel-a"t1vely large- quant-Hies".in . the. ,__... _

,,~

...

^{_~_._._-- ..}

_. -- ...

^----,-~

- - '

^"

fcrm of liquid fuels. Only.a smal L port~(),nof that energy is consumed in theco~try; whereas-tlie-largeert'· pa:rt· o'f it- goes ·to., "Bunkeza".• _, meaning th~t it is supplied to foreign-bound'ships i1r:!'d 'aircraf1!, 'c irrespeot,i,ve of the flag of the vessel or plane. "~urtkers"^'Me not':

,".

.. ,.

L

In the period expressed in 1,000

- - "1"·

1959-1962, trade and consumption of primaE¥ energy,

-~-- ._,.,

tce (rounded) were

1959 1960 1961 1962

• t • • • •

• 0

· ^..

Net import 1,460 1,460

1,860

l,9l.9

Bunkers

, ~

...

^'.

.

^{~ ,}

" 1.,440.,

.L 1..44° , , . 1,1->840 1,890

Consumption 20 20 20 20

Consum~tion per capita was:

1959 •^{.. _"t ~}..

.

^-~

..

^'

...

^':'

²⁷⁸

^kg coal equivalent

1960 ^{•·liP • • • ' • • -.. • •~__ liP'}

,'·278 " ^{" "}

^{r.: ,}

1981

·

^,

. . .

^..

.-,.",- ...

^:.;

278 " " "

1962

^,

•

^.'"

^....•

^~

.

^-

.. .

^{..- '}

...

1-- . . . . .^..

_.342 " " "

E/eN .14/INR/I.04

Page 24

III. Electric Energy (4)

(1)

Existing power plants

...^~

The:rE1,

are only

two

diesel plan

tSI

,

"

- DE Djibouti with an installed oapaoity of 8;800 kVA (about 7,000

~r)

; - DE

~ta, i~

a oattle-breeding oentre, some 40 krn from Djibouti.

The capaoity is 400 kVA.

(a) The inztalled capacity of the DE Djibouti has increased gradually since 1953:

in kVA

Total Capaci ty in kW

1963 .. "" .... """ .... "

1961 " .. f • " ".IIl " " " " "

3,600 . 2,750 2,450

3,600 6,350 8,800

"

. 2,900

"

5,100

"

7,000 (b) Produotion

DE Djibouti

196.3 " "'".' 1964 " ~ .

1953 .•-...

.2.8

Glih

1962 ••• : .••• 12.6 mlh

- -- - " ' - ' - " - ---._-~' -..

15.0 GWh

(esi;i~a.tion)-_{, . ,} 19.6 GWh

In the II-year peried 1953-1963, the rate of

increas~

of IlX.Q.ductigp ..averag:ed '18.

_~per

cent.

(2) Transmission and distribution

As

th~ DE·Dji~outi

supplies,Pnly the town of Djibouti and its suburbs , there are' no transmissi.on. line,S..in the. country. The genera- tion voltage of the DE

DJi~outl,

l$,

~,500

v and at that voltage electric energy is fed to about '40 '5.5(0.4 kV transformer stations.

" - Estimated.

E!CN.<l4!INR/I04"

Page 25 ' .

The installed capacities of these stations range from 13 to 750 kVA.

The lengths of the,5.5 kV feed&Ds .are.

- 30

km

- 10

km

unde

rg.r

ound_{. ,-}

cables in the .tow,n.

_.

.

overhead

l~e"

ill the )'l,uburbs •

The 220/380V

low-voltagedi~t~ibution

system is led mainly as over- head lines.

(3) Consumption

The consumption of the DE Djibouti itself and the distribution lOilsesamOunt to about 10 pef'oent cftha total production. Therefore, net consumption is

90cper'ce~t

of gross

prod~ction.

About one-third of net consumption falls to·the

5.~kV net~ork

and two-thirds to the low-voltage network.

In recent years, consumption in the Djibouti area has been as

., ,

....

follows.

1963 1964

· ^.

· ^{. 1.7.5 14.4}

^mihGWh

(4) Tariffs

(rate' 6f exchange, fro CFS 1,000 - Ffr 23

=

US$4.6)

It is very significant that the electricity tariffs have been dro,p.pJ,llg:, constantly and' quite noticeably. So, for instance, the domestic tariff

pe~ ~ih (lo~7voltage, l~t

rate) developed as follows.

1955 1963

• • • • • .it, ." • • • • • • • •' .'

• • , I • • • • • • • • to • • • •

'aboutUS¢12.4 about US¢ 8.3

. .

...

^~

^.

that is to say,a reductioll qf 33.per cent.

In 1963, the tariffitructure 'in fr CFS!kWh was as follows.

(A.) Low voltage

(a) General tariff fr 22/kWh

E/ON.14/INR/I 04 Page

26

( b) Indus try,

1st rate (150 h)

... ^.

^'-.'-.:

^...

^{fr 22/kWh}

2nd rate (next .175 h)

...

f1' 20/kWh 3rd rate (next 200 h) .. .. e'. . . . fr 11/kWh 4th rate (rest)

... ...

fr 13/kWh.

C'.!:

The oharge is based on the maximum power demand and the corresponding hours per month.

(c) Domestic use,

The tariffs decrease according to the number ,of rooms •.

F6r a three-roomed apartment, the t~:rifrsare, rst'rate (110 kWh/month)...

18

fr OFS/l?"Ih -2nd rate

(';~xt

140'!C<ih/month)

17 "

3rd rate (next 160 kWh/month) 15 "

4th ra:if8i\rest) 13 ¹¹

(d) Power, fr OF'S 18/kWh (e) PUblic lighting' ',' ...

. . .

^.

. . ..

1st rate (till midnight) •••••

18

fr OFS/!C<lh 2nd rate (from midnight to dawn)14.5 fr _OFS/~lh

(B)

Medium voltage (5.5kV)

(a) Peak tariff (from 6 p.'!'. to miQ.nig1;l');) , 19.5 fr OF'S/Mih.·

(b) Off-peak ta1'j,ffs (±';ram midnight ,tot> p.m.) For a two-month conaumptd.cns

·from

°

^to 20' "'lfl1

'", ..: ... 13.0

fr OFS/kWh from 20 to .60 ^{M\j h}

...

12.0

"

from 60 to 140 I®rh

... n.o "

.

. from 140 to 300 MWh

...

9.5

"

^,

_.

_"^.',

over 300 lilWh

....

^,

....

7·5 ^.T

( c) Fixed charges for powe1:'^.\.

,

fr

oF's

5,000 per kW and year, the first 10 kW being free.

(5) Fuel prices ^'i\

Fuel, FD 6,000 per ton; consumption in 1964: 3,320 ton".

Gas oil :

"F1J' 11,

320

lJ~f; t6ri';" clni~cinP't':rok""'l¥i'~ti4

,"2;460:ltons'.

'~ ::.:: ~- '-I - ' .

(6) Future development

.

^,

In the present five-year p.l an.. the following conat.ruct.ions 'and' investments have been foreseen:

(a)

in

1965, a new diesel 'aet wa&"installed in the power plant

. '; :":,~f: Djib~ti.

_{_, _.~,} Anotherdi€seJ. set.with a capacity of 4,200_{.:_',} :._,.'_~.:.!-i,; .. _._._'_

kfi

• witl

ⁱ l t ' i h s'i ;'ll:fd:Tt; '19 67- 1 9 68 . At the same time, the

eluctric installations of the power plant willbe,modifi$il,'F'

~ ....,...'_. ... . .,.-' -",.:::-':':';.~rS:,'·l:"

(b) Distribution network, The medium-voltage feeder!'!. will 'be changed from 5.5 kV tn 20 kV.

will be modified accordingly.

The trans::t'Qxnier stations'

(0)

Investments: The fvllowing sums haV'e:'been earmarked:

FD 150 million 4,200 diesel f;{et;

,

f ..r the

'kW

., ,-,',#

..

^{r '}

FD 30 million for the modification of

th~'''~;'~~r

station of Djibouti;

FD 320 million fnr the modification and extension of the distribution ~etwork.

DOCU/iillITS USED

.African El~otricP()"efMeeting, Addis Ababa, October 196~,

Wc.q

^.141~ 3, PaJ.'tJ:. ," 1:

2.

3-

Ibid., Part II.

.+J;>id·,lIdd.·l. '

. : , .<. ,~,,-,

..

^~

4.

bdustries et travaux d'outremer, Jan~ary

1964,

No.

122.

F

5.

,un'UooNil'l;iCl:hs, lfdi'ltlEnergYI

'1959:"'1962,

New Yor'

1964,

p~.

7.

, • c"\ ' .~

.

,

^-

MW

Gil

MWh

GV/h

TWh

tce DE F1J

"Ml"fawa:t~ ""l,OOO !CW~"

O;iIl"~101'\t~ ~,1,000,oOO kW Megawatthour 1,000 kWh - Gigawatthour 1,00°_1,°00 k'ilh

Ter~;~t:;;ho~ ~

1,000,000,0,00 ,kWl;l ions

(Illll'trio)

of coa1v'luivalent.

;~~;,j';i~~ ~" _ .

- Diesel electrlc power plant - Djibouti f'r-an c s

"'.: T ;,:"", :: ,1::.. , . .

..

.L .',

E/

CN.141 lliR/I04 Page. ,29, ,...-, -^{t '}

.'c . ' -

v'•.

4,UGANDA 1. Primary ener&.,IGsources «3)

There

a~e sever~l

estimates for tte total hydro-potential of Uganda.

They range fromls 'to'45T:;h p^sa , ,'lost of this potential is concentrated alone the Hile belml Lake Victoria. '.\.t Owen Fails tharce

is

^{already a 120-di,}

installation,

"i~t~r'

t'o'be extended to 150 i6. A further'180-}ft' project has been proposed fo;fLlture development at llt.LjagaliFalls,

7

miles down-stream from Owen Falls, and there are seven more sites capable of development on

the Nile 00101; llujagali. In suuth-west'Uganda there,:is a, small hydro- electr;,cinstilllation (1.'2 i41.) at Kikagati and anq'bl'u,rsm"ll plant is to bs erected near Kabe.Le , At'1':t'"sent the total hydr-oeleo ta-a c erier-gy production is about 450 G'ih p.a-.' , or 2 •.1/a - 3 per cent only: ,of the total Lowe st

estimated potantial

of

thdcountry. About one-half of th,is production is being exported to Kenya.

(2) Hydrooarbons

The greater ~art of.U&anda is underlain ,by rocks totally unsuitable tor the for,wa tionand r.ccumuLa tion of petrol e,?m, Only it; the Ri f t Vall ey system of the vopyorn part ef the country isthere any thickness of un- disturbed sedimentary r ocz s , and these c;,pear: to be, entirely non-marine in oharacter. Oil and Gas seepag~s oocur at several localities in the Lake Albert area ,and, ^Sallie cxplorat~cnwork has been done in thc area, including drilling a well. The beds penetrated by the Fell appear to have originated from very young Plio-Pleistocene lacustrine sediments, and include oil shales. Oil-saturated sands

'I~re'

found at shallow depths and the oil may have resul ted from distillation of the'oil' shales by igneous intrusion"

associated with the Rift Valley fault system.

Small areas of Uganda rz-e known to be underlain .by rocks equivalent to the coal-bearing series of south-eastern Africa, butilrilling has not disclosea. any workable coals" ' only' coa.ly streaks having'-been found.