EjCN.14!lNR!104 Page 91 .••

(b) H.ydroenergy ,

Exports to Imports from Net exports

_ -Zamb-i.a Mozambique ...1;000.ioe.

.1

. ·fii·o

wn···

_in

_{GVIh GWh}

(rounded)

193-9

^..

_- _{0·5 61;5 -61.0 30}

1960 801.6 71.2 730.4 365

1961 1,124.4 71.1 1,053-3 527

1962 1,296.0 80.7 1,215-3 608

1963 1,565·9 87.6 1,47803 739

(0)

Ligui~;f)-!"l,,-,'.-:NOdataavailable.

(3) Consumption,

Because. oL ..data for trade are lacking, a summary for consumption. _ . cannot be set up.

III. Electric Energy (4. 8) (1 ).Existinl?ipower plant~,

(a) Installed oapacity of all pr-oduc er-a (in f.W)

Kariba Other producers

Total

·HE TE

Deoem1:>e:r. .:1,959

100.0 509.4 609.4

II

1960 300.0 501.4 801.4

" ^19_61

^.:r-,

^{562.5 501.4· 1,063.9}

II

1962 675.0 473.9 1,148.9

" ^{1963 705·0 483.4 1,188.4}

E/ CN ,14/ INR!104' Page

92

Thermal_

IJ_?,rer

^{plants con_~~,s!__~~inly} of steam power plantsand of only two small9-iEjse~, power plants (pQsition in 1960),

Steam power plants

, .')"c,~,-'iI ,",.. , Diesel power plants Umniati 12CJW M'W'

Shabani :.' 30.0 J\1lJ Hank±e ('18.S 1,IW 1. '1Thl.Ts"liUi,y---'15J:lf )lfH

2.

Bulawayo 148.5 I~

3.

4.

5·

6. Umta'ii

7.--Gwaiiifa---"'--' 12:s~r-

---.--.

SE Total, 499.0 M'iI

(b) Production, net export and conswnption (in

G}Jhf;'··h..

::'J,';Jq[':!s.:t.tv::.. :~-)

Production

TE Other Centr . Afr ican

Power CC:",7;",)?",'.,--_

Inter- producers

connected

HE TE

N.et Con sump-Total '--

'---Export tion

. 1,530.2 1,530:7 -61.0 1,S91.7 893.1 2,387. '7 ~.W.•4--~,65'7 ,:).-2'78.4' 2,781.5 -3.)05303 1,728.2

121.6.

_2.98_9.7.

l,215.3

1,1-74.4--121.8

3,369.2. 1,47803 1,89.o.~9 o.S·

The average rate of .:;rowth of con surnpt i on in the period

1959-1963

was 4.4 per cent.

l!j!~\ i 4/ '1;t'fR/

¹⁰⁴

Page 93 .

(c) Breakdown of consumption (in GWh)

, ,- .. .o' ~.,' :

1959 1960 1962 1963

Agriculture, forestry

=-·~~Fg;·§iafY-~.'~'t:, ^..

_W~ufact~ing ~dustries

_ ..J2Q.m.<ili.tif:-:-consUJm;irs .... ,.. . Others.

.. Sale;s to tal Consumption P<na.r'-4lta'tion ).

consumption ) and losses )

%

Gl'h^of con-sumption

61.5

^69.!. 69.4 76-.8 ·B1.5

3'77.0

390.6 398:7 383·9 389·2 432.0 435.6 442·7 455.8 528.2 388.8 . 406;9 427·9 '430.1 436.7 193.4 211.5 22).3 254.3 273 .4 I,452.7 1,51).7 1,562-,,0 1, 6Q() .9..

J,

709.0 1,591.

7

1,657 -3 1,728.2 1,774.4 1,890.9 139.0 143.6 166.2 173·5 181.9

8.85 8.65 9·6 9·75 9.65

(d) Transmission and distribution

1960

(8):

-330

KV

1,030 ^km (information of

-110

kV

5 km ^tt

"

- 88 kV 925 km . ^u

"

- ^{66 kV}

^{190 km}

_"

^u

- 33 kV 1.580 kIn

" ^"

3,730 ^km

Medium-voltage distribution feeders, in

The circuit lengths of the high-voltage overhead transmission lines are, accoz-ding to information cf different ye<ilI's:·

the

~ea.i'j1964-

^Doc.

⁷⁾

" [:''''''1961'- " 8

'.... .L1 ll.;'

" U 1961 - " 8

" u- 1961i~ ^u 8

" tt 1961 - ,'J':

8 ..

~

In 1960, the length of the low-voltage distribution networks was

L - a_b_ou_t_4_,_80_0_krn (8 ).; _~

::/,Cf.J<~tV,AN,R/104 :'clge 94

(e) Tariffs

(5),

r, "-,,,~,,\'i ",^,7", ,.."...:... ,.:_;.;::.:~..:~.::_'_::"-=,,::,_:,,,:, --~...

-In 1962, the Federal Power Board's tariffs to

- ~ - - - - , - _..._--

---

^...

----t1ie13out.nern Rho\ieslaElElct:rici ty Supply Commission .:I:.o11ow".-,,-._..- . ..-..----..--...- - - - -... - ---.- ...---.- .

were as

~

..

-Basic tariff Growth tariff

Region ^Demand Consump- Price

. tion ' -,'Pence

mlh per kWh

Effective on any growth of'ei'ther demand or con-sumption over basic Central

-.---.---rn--

1962, theaverage-pr'io-es-:u; p;ceper

• . ' ' . " . I ' " _,

of 'consumers were,

::,,,,";',

Hotels, ,Institutions

d "

and pub~ic ligh~ing ,

,".~c.'

.. _... · J:iJ:l.ias----Industry

MtUlicipa1i ties . 'Farming

Total - All cla~ses 1,290 ^II

r :

The price quoted above include the fixed chargeafor power.

(f) Power production costs (2) Future deve1opm~n~,

No dat~ available.

No infnrmation available.

EjCN •14jINR/I04 Page 95

DOCUMENTS lISED

1. African Electric Power Meeting, Addis Ababa, October 1963, EjCN •

14!FJ>h!

^{Part L}

2. Ibid., Part II.

). Ibid., Add.l.

4., Monthly pige~t of Statistics, Salisbury, Deeember 1964.

5. Electricity Supply Commission, Annual Report and Accounts f.r 19q2, South~rn"Rho~;~sia.

6. United Nations, lIorlc!i Eherl'-Y Sul'plies, 1959-1962, New York,' 1964; No·7.

6a.

"

^{._,~4' . II,}

^"

1965, No.8 •

7

.'R~kort'

of the UN/ECA/FAdEbonomio'S1:!rVey MissiO!) qnc the.Economic Developmentof" Zambia, ,Ndola1964.

8. Federation Rhodesia and Nyasa Lande Four-th report of the Under-Secretary.for Power covering the period 1959-1960, SaHs;tnn'Y1961.

9. Development of the Steel Industry in East and Central Africa.

If.S. Atkins & Partners, Preprint, 1965.

,""^-, Abb:teviations"and'symbols !,lsed, • _, c,-_

MIl --

M~g~w~tt

^{= 1,OOOklV}

Glfu GigawatthoUf." 1,OOO,OGOkWh TWh TerawatthoUr ⁼ 1,000 ChI'h

-tee - tens (metric) of coal equivalent HE - -Hyd.:roelectricpcwer plant

DE ~- Diesel electric power plant

SE - Stearn power plant.

TE - Thermal power plant.

,'.' .-"

;: ',- " " .';

> ~ i

Jo/CN.l4!INR,h04.

Page

96

10. MALAGASY REP1J1lLIC ('MADAGASCAR) 1. Primary Energy Resources

(1) !J'ydJ'opower

According to Parker (World Power Conference Survey of Energy Resources, _.

1962.),

the hydJ'oelectric potential of Madagascar is very_...:

..

^--..

large, a theoretical potential of over IGO·'l'Wh p.a:. o.ould he inferred •

• s: , - .... .. -:

,-At present

a

tntid··in·si>al·lation of some

28 MIl

is producing about

74

GWh p.a. from nine stations. Further projects have been investigated at twentY-fO~ 'sites :lnvolvmg ..a .;P.gee):ble .ultimate . installatio!l of_...

_

^....

__

^..._-"..

_-more than'

2,500

I!ffiwith

an

annual production of about 17 TWb.

Phe.tQ:tAl..:t19l1oitable potential

Ls

estimated at

114

TWb. Gross

' -..^,"---'-

---._".

theoretical capacity is

calcul~ted ~~-foj.16ws"

..----...-... ....-.;._,-.i:.~.:_~_,.,.

,

,

- For arithmetical mean flow

- For

50 %

probability flow (Q

50 r

. For15-:~·p~o-ba.';;i-iity

^{flow (Q}

⁹⁵ J .

(2) aydrocarbons

80,OOOMll, 49,000 MIl ,'.

14.300 M,W

(a) Petroleum and gas, The westeFn part of M~da~a~car is, under-lam by two sedimentary basins separated by a basement'"r'id:ge

in the neighbourhood of ]emolanga. The northern basin, which is smaller, is known as the Majunga, and the southern one as the Morondava basin.

Petroleum eXFloration in Madagascar commenced in the early years of this century with

an

investigation of the extensive tar sands which outcrop in the neighbourhood of ~emolanga

and Morafenobe.

In

1945,

exploration for petroleum, using modern geologioal and geophysical techniques, commenced in the Morondava basin, followed by the drilling of a number of deep exploration wells. It was found that geological conditions in the

sub-surface were complex, and although a thick sedimentary section

:EY

CN .l4/JNRjl04 Page 97'

it was decided that th~ possibility of

exploitable~epositsof oil or gas was economically

fin'ding slight.

was present ranging in agefrom.Permian:~orecent, much .f

;.

.

^{., - .}

itbf"mcirfue origill,

Follow~g this decision, explorati6rilwas commenced in the MajllPga basin, which had beretofore' b'een considered less pr-om.iaang because of the presence in: the sedimentary section of inter.calations of volc;m:ic rocks~t^,''''

The SPN carried out,

''-.-,. _det~iled geological surveys directed at a study of

varia-.ti.on in the properties of rocks and:' the thickness of

s~rata3

,q;:;

- ''', seve;ral large-scale terrestr'ia'l and fluvio-rnarine sea.smic_.'

.'-,.,

reflection operations,

finally: t".o test drillings to study two marginal problems, the r e suLt s of which were important for the continuation of exploration.

Finally, after three years of exploration, the SPM defined a zone of int~rest in the central part of the Majunga basin.

During subsequent operations, work will be concentrated on this area to find the areas of subsidence and sedimentation fringing the continent.

Despite the lack of succ~ss_.,,'attending the considerable effort

, ' :

and money so far expended on petroleum exploration in Madagascar, the presence qf,enormous Quantities of hydro-_",-..; carbons in the tar-sands of. BemoLang a-eMor-af en ob e ind.icates. --'..' - , '.' '}',') ,'-,~-::L '

that petroleum has been formed and accumulated on a very large .aca Lo at some period'd~ilig'thegeological history of the island. This being so,' there always remains a possibi-l ity that further exppossibi-lora tion'may discover petropossibi-leum in econqmicall?

~~loitable

quantities.

E/CN .14/INR/I04 Page

98

Tar-sancds" These outcrop frregularly at' the surface over an area of some 3,500 km2 between latHude 19^05'0'

and:21030'

in the general region of Bemolanga-ll!onafenobe' in the west-oen tral part of Madagascar. The degree of impregnation of the sands with tar varies locally but, averages about }-4cper cent Over the area as a who Le . ,.,lha sands th~ml'elvesf'orm the basal unit of thf' Isalo series and are some 200m. thick, resting directly on :rystall.ine bqsement. Th" tar itself is blaok, very viscous, and apparently homogeneous throughout its

thickness. The richest impregnation is only

of

the order of 8 per cen

l

^by weight, aE;.comPilred with 14. 7·per -cen t in the case of ,the AthalJasca .tar sands,,;in w,?stern Canada; this latter is the only occurrence of this type whioh H i s proposed to exploit for its petr o Leum oonten_t, on ani.aeonom'io tasis, at

•

the present time. The tar y~elds the following constituents

7·2 per cent 25·1. per cent 24·3 per cent 21.1 per cent 7·8 per ^cent 4·5 per cent

crude tar is 0.65·.PE''': ' cent, which type of material. The distilla-Light fuel oil

Heavy fuel oil Coke

Gas and losses upon d i st i Ll.a tLons

Naphta Kerosene

The sulphur oontent of the is relatively low for this

tionanalysis of 'the tar 'indicates that it would be an

-economiCally' desirable product if it

~ould

be extracted from ./." the

~ands';-'at

^a-

ibW'

enough

'cost~ \30

'''rar 'no

meth~d

^{of doing}

·'tEls has been discovered.

:^.,-

,--Total reserves of :ar. in p Lace .,in ,the sands appear to be of the order of 1,00Q million ,metric tons.cz vmcr-e , of which

• -, ,- ', .• ",1'! " • -,--~ > -.C -. : • ' , - .' ,.

-25 million metric tens ,hayebe"n proved_{•- , ; ._, - - J ; , . . . '-} by_- localized drilling •_{, .} I t is estimated that about 100; million ;metric tons could be exploited from the surface by open-cut mining.

EJ/CN .14!INR!104 Page

99

(c) Oil shales' Oil shales oocur in two or three localities in the central part of Madagascar, where they were deposited in ancient lakes resulting from volcanic aotion. The beds are more of less horizontal but are generally rather thin' and reserves are comparatively limited. '.,

Near Sambaina, located .about 100 km south-west of: Antananarin

,O'Iltheilntane.nou:.i~An'tsira'be

raUway,

<U'~.two depc.aita

of oil shales, on", at Mandrosohasina con tainsvabout 500,000 tens of shale; the other, at Antanifotsy contains a~out 26 million tons. The yield of oil from the' first deposit was relatively low, most of the hydrocarbons bedng sllmi-solid;

the Antanifotsydeposit gav~ a b~tter oil yield with about 35 per cent

Of

volatile matter, of Which 40ver ~ent was liquid hydr-ocar bone ,

Distillation of the bit~inous.schistsgave -the follOWing 'composi tion (in percentages) of the, run.. of-the-,mine pr-oduot e

Stratum'No.

. "Wa.'ter Oil Gas

^'·Sem1.oke

III 60.9,6 4.3 4.6 30.1

..,';

IV 42·7 5·2 7.2 45.8

SOlid fuels

(a) 'C,,'al' Only one occurrence of coalia knO.ln

'u,'

Madagascar, at Sakoa near Tulear in the extreme south of the island.

The coal is Of Gonswana age and type, similar

fo

that of southern Africa but of a lower grade. Total reserves are reported to be of the^~ order of 1,000 million metric tons ..

Measured reserves are 100 million tons.

In the area that has been investigated in detail, there are fiVe beds of

c~al,

.three of H,em of

workabl~.'thiek:ness,

Ash oontent :EVCN .14/lNR/I04

Page 100

III IV V

Thiokness 1.2 - 1.8 m

- >~: '

7.0 m

,

9.0 m

, .:. 32

%

17%

22

%

. ,-¥OlatHe illa tter 24

%

26

%

31

%

s:«: :,.',' The coal is compo sed of an intimate rn.ix;t;u:re,of vegetable

.O. .·~·,'8!"d min~al· m,s:j;tei:'.. with c/l.lcar-OO~:.~'ll1\tlelland.ca Lci t e

v9ins;,washing:does little improve its oalorifio·value •

• .T!J.e "alorif4.l'".value ofrun-o;f-mine coal from th,e:J:'o. IV seam

is^f·6,5QO calories/gr",mme, and!;\fter sP;lie~ing.an<i.washing

-i 6,90Qealo'!:':ies!grammes. '

.'Prov~n eXJli3i table reserves' of ooalin this area, down to . "a" depth of'4W m'~', are of th" order Of 50-60 million tons

of bituminous hard coa L, having 25 p'ercent vo'latile matter, -.: ..17 per oentashyO.5-1:pe:r cent- suLphun, and: a calorifio '," ,·va1l.e of 6,500-6,900 ca.IorLes peF g;u<tmme. I t is stated to

be good for industrial furnaoes and boilers, and for thermal .• .:.. '< '. .',.~~, ,: ._ .. . ',.T:: • " ... - .J .

eleotri'Clty generating" plants , buT Uri'suitable for ships and looomotlves. Ii is not reported to have'ooking properties.

The looation of this coal is remote from the main centres of population, and although a number of plBE..s:

Eft..

ve bee; drawn ,IlP fo;r .~ts exploi taticn, no large-soale development has yet

taken p Lace , I t a:ppears that the minimum level'of economic production wouldpe of the order of 1 mi~lionmetric tons . per year) .. which would require the export of a oonsiderable

por~ionof the output to markets eutside Madagascar; the quality of the coal, however, precludes its ready sale in foreign markets.

(b) Lignite, A small deposit of lignite occurs at Antanifotsy

;-

.

in association with the oil shales. Reserves are stated to be of the order of 32 million tons.

E/ CN .14/ JNR/ 104 Page 101

There are five str.ata, whose total average thickness is 1.50m._{, ,'..~. '} Run-of.,..the-mjpecr:ude lignites of stratum III have the

" 'J .< : . ; .

following composition (in percentages ).,

"

^{Humidity 47.9} Fixed oarbon 23.6

Combined water 5·1 Tar 0.6

Ash

15.•

~, Gas

-

^5·06

The mean calorifio value of the dry lignite is 3,500 oa1./

.~

gramme. The lignite consists of ~omb~stible matter olosely mixed with mineral partioles and cannot be .enriched.

(4) Non-oonventional sources of energy .

. (a) Radio_active minerals: Madagascar ha s numerous deposits .f radic-active minerals of various kinds .and ap,PiiU'.,c!0have .- abundant resoi.frtes 0:1:" rna·st of the minerals necessary for the

Estimates of the known reserves

..__...---.-._-- ..

about 1,000 tons about 2,000

tons

Thorium. oxide

production of metals needed for obtaining atomTc energy. At present, uranothorianite. is mined at a rate of 440-550 tons p^sa , for export to France.

ar-e-~--1In the period 1959-1964, production was as follows:

1959 536,679 tons

1960 510,203 tons

1961 416,588 tons

1962 .. _._.534,519 tons ^-~.-,.--_..

_.--1963 480,651 tons

o. ^{,- f.~,- ~:;;}

1964 560,125 tons

At that yearly production, the known reserves of the urantho-rianite will be exhausted by 1968.

E/CN .14/INR/I04 Page 102

(b) _Geothermal: Numerous hot springs are known in Madagasoari volcanic rocks uf the Neogene and Quaternary ages are common, and there is considerabled.ke'.p-seated faulting. Given these conditions, it is pr-obabLs that a definite pr-ogr-amme of

,"," ..

exploration forgeotherrnal deposits would succeed in finding them.

e

(c) Wind, The mcuntainous south-eastern coastline- of Madagascar lies in th-e zon e of the s~:-,th-east trade-.winds, _and runs approximately at right apgles to them. These winds are of moderate strength and'blow from the same direct~on.^throughout

the year. TheoQrnpina:iici;.:-Gf

'-tt>pog;~p1iyan·,r~iiJ.nd

^conditions

should be favcur'abLe for the _developmen,Lof win-d-p~wer ^{on a} large-scale; tf this should ever be necessary or desirable.

••: - • j~,

-_._---_...

_-

^..

II. -Production, Trade 'and Consumption of Primary:E!l;ergy- (1, 2, 5, 8)

(1)

Production:

Gnly hydr-o ex)€rgy and small amoUnts of coal are produced

.Hydz-op0"er ; Coal Total

GHH 1,000 tce (rounded)

1959 53 26

....

^'.

26

1960

' -,

6'1 31 31

1961 60 33 2 35

1962

70

35 2

*

37

*

1963

74-

37 2 39

*

Estimatien.

The conversion coefficient taken is 1 kWh = 0.5 kg coal equi-valent.

EI

^eN

.HI ^INR/I04

Page 10j

(2) Trade of solid and liquid fuel in 1,000 tee (rounded}o

Import Bunkers Net import

n

1959 190 10 180

1960 _{l \} 200 10 190

1961 180 10 170

1962 200 10 . 190

1963 ^...

-210 10 200

' c '

(3) Consumption in 1,000 tee (uunded)

Productidb Net ~iml'0rt Total 195\;l .

Breakdown of energy consumption en er

f5Y.. _~:L!1 .. ~~.'.O~?~..!-c:.!.~.:o_un

^dad

L ... .

according to the variOUfl~Jc:in~.s_.2f

S8hd

fuels Liquid fuels Hyd.:r'opower Total

195~

1960' . 196i 1962-1963· ':

*

Estinla tion.

10

E/ CN •14/ .J:NJ\/ J.04

38

^{kg coal} J,qu.i,vaLent

40

" " "

Production in GHh

.. ..

^Jili3tan~d

power

^in.1963

---=--=---:==:-:-=-",...,==~-,..... _..-Power stations

kW 1962 1963

Hydro 34,7X2 27,769

Diesel, public 2),"182 18,560 Diesel, private )0.760 24,608*

Te>tal 86,654 70,937*

* Estimated.

Hydropower plan.ts ::

75·5 74

Location 'Ri~Tcr Near the town pow er- ducibili ty

kli. iu...GVlh .

lVIan dr aka lVIandraka .Antananasivo 11,000 68.0

Ant elomi ta I Ikopa Antananasivo 5,000 33.0

Ante10mita II Ikopa Antananasivo 5,000 27·0

Volobe Ivondro Tamatavf\ 4,500 35·0

Ambohimanga Man an dona Antsirabe .1,620 11.0·

lVIan an dray Man an dr ay Fianarantsoa 460 1.5

Ifahidaky ? Arnbohimahasoa 160 ?

Ambodiriana -Lefi.tra '-Vatamandry 80 ?

Fitososona Andranobe Ankazobe 50 ?

Beantsy Fiheranana Tulear 500 3

There are also some small private HE with a total installed power of about 300 klv.

E/CN .14lINR/I04

Dans le document Energy development in the countries of the East African sub-region (Page 93-107)