razđm1o'b~~ pote~k6ća

Grammatical Notes

noxEiJ1i!TH (ce),

~a (ce) noxBi~HM

. ^, .

A~M aaTO Mory ~a ce

# - -

I •

noxea~HM Aa caM

ijfWH-. .

^,

hea ROM8A paaYM60 đea

TemK6ha.

Note 28.1 Verb: /bih/, /bi/

Prema onome što sam video, ne bih rekao da je vaša zemlja siromašna.

Ne bih ~eleo da se to opet desi.

Ja nisam ~edan, ali bih mogao da pojedem jednu kiflu.

Zato smo se po~urili da ne bi zadocn1li.

Two special forms of the verb, 'to be', /bih/ (for

'I')

and /bi/ (for all other persons and numbers) are used with the /1/ particip1e to indicate

'would _ _, should _ ' and the like; Ine bih rekao II wou1dn't say^1, Ine bih leleo/ ' I wouldnlt want', /mogao bihl II would be able - I cou1d l • After Ida/

a /bi/ form in the negative is used for 'that such-and-such not be ••• ', lin

orde~ that not •••1.

There are also longer forms in use for the first and second plural ('we' and 'you.») /blsmo/ and /blste/, which are sometimes used. The longer third plural Iblše/ is not in general used as 'should'. For practical purposes only Ibihl and

Ibil

need be used.

In Common Use

Enclitic Stressed Longer Stressed Forms

(ja) bih ^(mi) bi bih bl ^(mi) bismo

(ti) bi (vi) bi bi bl (vi) biste

(on) bi (oni) bi bl bl [ (oni) blše]

There is a variant

Ib'tl

for the stressed Ibl/. Other uses of the /bil form will be taken up in later notes.

Note 28.2 Adjective Formation Note 28.2.1 AdJective Formant /-sk-/

Compare:

gr~d city

Jugoslaven Yugoslav (noun) dr~

jUnak mUz svInja zIma žena

drama

hero

men, husband pig

winter woman

dr§.msk! dramatic

gra.dsk! pertaining to a city

, Yugoslav (as

jugoslovensk!

modifier) jUnačk! heroic

mušk! pertaining to men, male

sVlnjsk! pertaining to pigs, porcine

z!msk! wintery

zensk! pertaining to women These examples show three different shapes of the adject1ve formant:

I-sk-I, I-k-I

^and

I-Jk-I.

This formant ind1cates a general fpertaining tol.

Compare

Ibra.tl

^'brotherl

Ibra.tovl

Ithe brother's, [my] brotherls',

Ibra.tsk!1

Ibrotherly, pertaining to brothers in generalI. The final

I-II

is the adjec-tive ending. The corresponding adverb has short

l-il,

^{as in Itehničkil}

Itech-nically' •

Following is a list giving a number of nouns and the corresponding adjec-tives in

I-sk-I, I-Jk-I

^or

Ik-I.

-Jk- Amerika America ameri~k! American

automobIl ,

pert. to automobile

-sk- automobile automob!lski

, Belgrade beogradskI pert. to Belgrade

-sk- Beograd

-sk- bioskop movie theatre bioskopski pert. to movie theatre

-sk- carina duty carinskI: pert. to duty

-Jk- člnavnik official člnavničkI pert. to officials

-sk- ljUdi people ljudskI human

, December decembarsk! pert. to December

-sk- decembar

-sk- dInar dinar dinarsk! pert. to dinar

-k- Engl~z Englishman engleski English

.. mountain ,

pert. to mountains

-sk- gora gorski

-sk- gr§.d city gradsk! pert. to city

, Croat ~vatskI Croatian

-sk- Hrvat

-sk- industrija industry industrijskI' industrial

-sk- kelner walter kelnerskt pert. to waiter -sk- knjižara books tore _knjlžarslđ pert. to bookstores

, lekarskI

-sk- lekar physician pert. to physician

-Jk- muzika mus-ic _muzi~kr musical

,

đhridslđ

-sk- OhrJ.d Ohrid pert. to Ohrid

-k- pkso~ passport p~so~kr pert. to passports

-k- potrošae consumer potroša~kI pert. to consumers

prijatelj friend ^I friendly

-sk- prijateljskr

-sk- prImorje seaside _prImorslđ pert. to seas1de

-k- proizvođa~ producer pro1zvođački pert. to producers

-Jk- radnIk worker r!dni~kr pert. to workers

-sk- restoran restaurant restoranskI pert. to restaurants -sk- roditelj parent roditeljskI pert. to parents

-sk- selo^I village seoskI pert. to villages

, seljačkI pert. to peasants

-Jk- seljak peasants

-sk- skUpština assembly skUpštinskI pert. to assembly

-sk- Srbin Serb srpskI Serbian

-Jk- srodnlk relative srodniekI pert. to relatives

-sk- svi!t world svetskI pert. to world

-sk- svInja pig svinjskI porc ine

-sk- telefon telephone telefonskI pert. to telephones

tramvaj ,

streetcars

-sk- streetcar tramvajskI pert. to

-sk-

..

outside vanj sk! pert. to outside (Cr.) van

-k- vir(oš city varoški pert. to cities

-sk- vfno wine v!nskI pert. to wine

, weather, time vremenskI pert. to weather

-sk- vreme or

time

-sk- zemlja land zemaljskI pert. to land

-Jk ~eleznica rallroad ~elezničkX pert. to railroad

-sk- žena woman ~enskI feminine

Examination of these forms shows the following pattern:

Stems in

I-k-I

^or

I-c-I

have I-Jk-/.

Stems in

I-s-/, I-š-/,

/-z-/, /-ž/ or /-č-/have /-k-/.

Stems in lp t b d v ^I' l lj m n nj

JI

^have

I-sk-I.

A more complete statement (With a few new words as 1llustrations) is:

Stems Shape of Resulting Example in Suttix Combination

-k- -Jk- -CSk- ,

j Un!CSkI

junak hero heroic

-c- -Jk- _-~k- zeleznica railroad _zelezni~kI pert. to railroad

-g- -Jk- -šk- h1rurg surgeon hlrurškr surgical

-h- -Jk- -šk- Ceh Czech _ce~kI Czech

-s- -Jk- -šk- kras carst _kra~k! pert. to

cars t

-~- -k- -šk- vliro~ city varoškI pert. to

city -k- -sk- EnglE!z Englishman ,

English

-z- englesk!

-z-

^{-k- -šk- mUz man muški masculine}

, , , ,

PN ^' ,

-c- -k- -ck- Pec peck! pert to,

Pec

-0- -k- -ck- pevac singer pevackI choral

-đ- -k- ,

v~rmeđa county v~rrnećki pert. to

-ck-(archaic) county

-s- -k- -sk- aut<Sbus bus aut6busk! pert. to

bus

-p- -sk- -psk- ~p epic _~psk! pert. to epic

-t- -sk- -tsk- brat brother bratskI brotherly

-b- -sk- -psk- Srbin Serb srpskI Serbian

L

-d- -sk- -dsk- gr~d city gradskI pert. to city

-v- -sk- -vsk- d!:v giant d!vskI pert. to giant

, king ca.rskI pert. to king

-r- -sk- -rsk- car

-1- -sk- -lsk- etc: selo village selskI pert. to village It is unnecessary to list all other combinations as they are simply the

addition of /-sk-/. With some speakers /-dsk-/ is replaced by I-tak-I, /-vak-/

by

I-tsk-I.

Note that stems in l-sl may have either /-Jk-/ or /-k-/. The more usual form is /-Jk-/. Those with /-k-/ are more recent loans, as /trolejbus/, /auto-busi, etc. Note also that /vremenski/ ls based on /vremen-/ (compare the

genitive /vremena/), not on the nominative of the noun, which is /vreme/.

/srpski/ is based on /srb-/ (compare plural /Srbi/ and contrast singular

/Srbin/). /primorski/ is based on /pr1mor-/, not on the noun /primorje/, which has aformant / -j -/. In the same way the stems of feminine nouns in /a/, not

In several cases the stem before the /-sk-/ has a slightly different formI as

/zemalj-I

with movable

/a/.

Some stems are extended with other suffixes before the /-sk-/ (or its variants):

covek man covecanskI human

, sister sestrinski

sestra sisterly

fond fund fondovski pert. to funds

v6 ,

pert. to

ox volovski oxen

gast guest gostinski pert. to guest

pošta mail poštanski pert. to mail

Zagreb Zagreb zagrebacki pert. to Zagreb

The extended stem before /-sk-/ is often that of an adjective: Icovecan/

Ihuman l l /sestrin/ Isisterls^{l ,} or of the plural /fondovi/ Ifunds^l l /volovi/

loxenl • The /-in-/ of /gostinski/ is the same /-in-/ of /sestrin/ but /gostin/

does not occur. It has already been noted that where there is an adverb corres-ponding to these adjectives l it has short l-il: /srpski/ ISerbian^l1 /srpski/

lin Serbian'l /industrijski/ lindustrialil /industrijski/ lindustriallyll

I I

/tehnickil Itechnical l l /tehnicki/ 'technically'.

Note 28.2.2 Adjective Formant /-(a}n-/

Compare:

, freedom slobodan

sloboda

hlad shade ,

hladan

roba goods robni

zapad west za:padni

free cold

pert. to goods western

The first two examples are the inderinite adjective. The rormant is /-(a)n/ I with moveable /a/ (r. Islobodna/I /hladna/). The second two examples are derinite adjectives l with /-1/. Moveable /a/ does not occur with the

definite adjective as all the endings begin with a vowel. Some adjectives occur with both indefinite (/-(a)n/, /-n-a/ I etc.) and derinite (/-n-I/,

./-n-a/

^{I etc.)}

forms. Some are nearly always definite, so that the indefinite may be ignored for practical purposes in such cases. Some other examples of /-(a)n-/ are:

, head glavni main

gl~va

nirod peopIel nation narodni national

..

,

night _noćnI nocturnal

n~c

p15d fruit plodan fertile

pazarište theater p5zorišnI pert. to the theater

, pr!zn1<Sn!

praznik holiday pert. to holidays

slu<Saj occasion" slu<Sajno accidentally accident

šteta damage štetan harmful

tekstIl textiles tekstIlni pert. to textiles

život life životni pert. to life

/slu<Sajno/ illustrates the formation of an adverb. /p5zorišrii/ shows the regular loss of /t/ between /ši and

In/"

as between /s/ and /n/" /s/ and /1/"

etc. Iprazni<SnI/ has the formants /-J-n-/. Roots or stems in /k/"

19/J

/hl and /c/ have

I-J-(a)nl

rather than simply

I-(a)n/.

Some other examples are:

<Sovek man <Sove<San humane

elektrika electricity elektri<SnI electric

, milk ml~'čnI pert. to milk

mleko

, novčan monetary

novac money

pijaca market p1ja<SnI pert. to market

porodica family porodi<Sni pert. to family

prtljag baggage prtljažni pert. to baggage

siromah poor person siromašan poor

... street _ulični pert. to streets

ulica Compare:

, work _poslč5van pert. to business

posao

pl. poslovi

where the formant /-ov-/ occurs both in the plural of the noun and in the formation of the adjective. Compare also:

day noon

dn!vnI pc5dnevni

daily

pert. to noon

The suffixes l-ovi, /-in/ and /-sk-/ are generally in some direct relation-ship with nouns. The suffix /-(a)n/ is often not so olearly relatable to nouns as SUCh. The stem to which

I-(a)n/

is added nearly always consists of roots and affixes used elsewhere but in some cases /-(a)n/ is added to recent loanwords

~o make them at home in Serbo-Croation (for example" /lnteresantan/). Compare

~he following adJectives in

I-(a}nl

(and

I-n-I/)

with related verbs" nouns and

lspravan neUredan prfli~no sporedan

ta~an

udoban

honest

out of order rather

secondary

exact

comfortable

iz- (prefix)

" straight"

prav Just

ne- not

ur~diti to put in order prflika opportunity

s- from

po- (perfectivizing

prefix)

r~d order

taka so" thus

The word /zadovoljan/ is a particularly good example. The root is /vol-/

as in /voleti/. The noun involved is /volja/ twill^l with a

/J/

formant. Compare these related words:

zadovoljiti to satisfy I - zadovoljavati,

, ,

zadovoljavajucr satisfactory voleti

volja will voljan

dovaljan dovoljno zadovoljan

willing

one who has enough enough

satisfied

As noted above" the /-(a)n/ formant is much used with recent loanwords"

such as: /kUltUran/" /materijalan/" /relativan/" /slgiIran/" /interesantan/.

Following is a list of adjectives and adverbs in /-(a)n/ (/-n-i/, /-n-o/"

based on roots which have occurred and including all mentioned above. Those with

/-J-/"

/-on-/ or /-eu-/ extensions are also given.

braj number br5jno numerical

~ovek man ~ćve~an humane

da.n day dn~vni daily

dO-, volja tOJ will dovoljan one who has enough

dOv6ljno enough

država country državni governmental

elektrika electricity elektri~nr electric

glava ,

head glavni main

hla.d shade hladan cold

hleb bread hlebnI pert. to bread interes interest interesantan intel"ies ting iZ-J prav from; - straight^J isprš:van honest

just

korIst use koristan useful

kUća house _kUćnI pert. to house

kultUra culture kUlturan cultural

materijB:I material ma.terijalan material (adj. )

mesec month mesečnI monthly (adj. )

mesečno monthly (adv. )

m@so meat mesnI pert. to meat

,

milk _ml~cnI

ml!ko pert. to milk

, ,

nArod people narodnI pert. to people

nedelja week ,

pert. to week nedeljnI

nedeljno weekly

r~d not) in) order ,

disorderly

ne-, ^{U - J} neuredan

(ur!diti to put in order) .. ,

night noćnI nocturnal

noe,

novčan pert. to money

novac money

, foundation osnovnI basic

osnova

pijaca market pijačnI pert. to market

plbd fruit plodan fertile

pačetak beginning početnI beginning (adj. )

padne noon padnevnI pert. to noon

, family parodičnI pert. to family

porodica

, work poslovan pert. to work

posao

pazori~te theater _pazori~nI pert. to the theater

pra:znik holiday prAznični pert. to holidays

(prIlika chance; prflično rather

occasion otprIlike approximately

proizvod production proizvodnI pert. to production

prtlja:g baggage prtlja:~nl pert. to baggage

ptxt road pntnI pert. to roads

rAd work rAdnI pert. to work

relatIvan relative relatIvno relatively

sa.bor

saobraćaj siromah sloboda slucaj

s-" po-" r~d sreca.. ,

za-" dO-" volja zapad

from) --" order (good) f'ortune

to" -) occasion street

pert. to parliament pert. to cathedral

(Serb.)

pert. to traffic poor

pert. to light harmful

exact

pert. to textiles com.fortable

pert. to streets tired

pert. to fruit pert. to train satisfied western official pert. to life Note 28.2.3 Adjective Formants

I-n-J-II

fall pert. to fall

The combination /-n-J-/ is fairly frequent in the formation of adjectives.

Note that /z'fma/ 'winter' has the corresponding adjective /zrmsk!/. In other words" there is very little predictability as to adjective formation. However I-nj-i/ is frequent as a formative with relation to adverbs in

I-as/:

/danas/

-today' /danaŠnjI/ 'todaY'sf. Some other adjectives in /-n-3-/ are:

jutro morning _jut~rnjI pert. to morning

mati mother maternjI pert. to mother

vecer evening vecernjI pert. to evening

sr~da middle srednjI middle (adj.)

Note 28.2.4 Adjective Meaning Contrast

/drUštveni/ 'social' has a near doublet /drUštven/ Isociable^{l •} Both have a suffix

/-en/I

but the first has the definite /-1/ endings. Due to loss of contrast in many forms, the two are indistinguishable in most instances.

Note 28.3 New Verbs

i da pohva:lIm,

19r!m

omogucuj~m, ,

da _ote~a:m

da odsvIrim,

to play, act

to praise; (se) to boast

to play) to dance

to play (a single piece);

to dance (a single dance) to lead out, take out; to

execute, to perform

to make possible, enable

to make difficult, impede

to sing

to play (music)

Grammatical Drill

GD 28.1 Learning Drill - Adjectives in I-sk-fl

(/-J-k-I/, I-k-I/), I-(a)nl l-n-1.I, I-n-J-I

Zgrada Narodne skupštine je lepa i velika.

Park na Kalemegdanu je dobro uređen.

Ovo je odeljenje za pasoše.

U mom gradu nije teško za stanove.

Ulice u gradu su ~istije nego u selu.

Jovanov rad je bio od koristi, a ne od ~.

Trebaju mi dva odela, za jesen i zimu.

Treba mi jedan par čarapa za moju ženu.

Treba mi nekoliko pari čarapa za moga muža 1 ~.

Hrana je pitanje života.

Pošta se nalazi u lepoj zgradi.

~inovnici imaju lakši posao nego

f

seljaci i radnici.

Kupio sam jedno odelo za praznik.

Zeleznice su dobro uređene.

Jovan je to uradio kao srodnik i prijatelj.

Ja vam to kažem kao brat.

Muzika je bila odlična.

Tehnika je bila vrlo dobra.

U ovoj radnji se prodaje tekstil.

Ovde se vrši pregled stvari za carinu.

Jovan je otišao kod lekara na pregled.

Mi prodajemo većinom robu naše industrije.

Meso i hleb su glavna hrana našeg naroda.

Skupštinska zgrada je lepa i velika.

Kalemegdanski park je dobro uređen.

Ovo je pasoško odeljenje.

U mom gradu stanbeni uslovi su dobri.

Gradske ulice su čistije nego seoske.

Jovanov rad je bio koristan, a ne Štetan.

Trebaju mi dva odela, jesenje i zimsko.

Treba mi jedan par ženskih čarapa.

Treba mi nekoliko pari muških i

deč1.1ih čarapa.

Hrana je zivotno pitanje.

Poštanska zgrada je lepa.

Činovnički posao je lakši nego

seljački i radnički.

Kupio sam jedno praznično odelo.

Zeleznički saobraćaj je dobro uređen.

Jovan je to uradio srodnički i prijateljski.

Ja vam to kažem bratski.

Muzička strana opere je bila odlična.

Opera je bila tehnički dobro izvedena.

U ovoj radnji se prodaje tekstilna roba.

Ovde se vrši carinski pregled.

Jovan je otišao na lekarski pregled.

Mi prodajemo većinom našu industrijsku robu.

Meso i hleb su glavna narodna hrana.

Polo~aj proizvođaca je dobar.

Pololaj potrošaca nije rđav.

~ i Hrvati govore istim jezikom.

Englezi i Amerikanci govore takođe

istim jezikom.

Ova zemlja donosi mnogo plodova.

Jovan nema ništa. On je siromah.

Žalim~ to je bio _slucaj~ koji nismo želeli.

Moj prijatelj putuje jedanput u Zagreb sVakog meseca.

~ je rđavo i ne volim da vozim.

Voziti noću po rđavom vremenu je opasno.

Marko nema slobode. On zavisi od materijalne pomoći oceve.

GD 28.2 Substitution Drill GD 28.2.1

Koristim ovu priliku da vam napišem nekoliko reci o kulturnom

životu ovde.

Proizvođackipoložaj je dobar.

Potrošacki položaj nije rđav.

Srbi i Hrvati govore srpskohrvatski.

Englezi i Amerikanci govore engleski.

Ovo je plodna zemlja.

Jovan nema ništa. On je siromašan.

Žalim~ to je bilo slucajno. Nismo to zeleli.

Moj prijatelj putuje u Zagreb jedanput mesecno.

Vremenske prilike su rđave i ne volim da vozim.

Noćna vožnja po _rđavom vremenu je opasna.

Marko nije slobodan. On zavisi od materijalne pomoći oceve.

Koristim ovu priliku da vam opišem kulturni zivot ovde.

naein ~ivota

naš materijalni položaj uslovi za zivot /uvjeti

naš naein ~ivota

seljaeki život

uslovi za zivot u/na selu /uvjeti

gradski životi varoški život uslovi za život u

gradu /uvjeti Drill the rollowing with the same substitutions:

Mi smo razgovarali o kulturnom životu ovde.

Rec je o kulturnom životu ovde.

In the rollowing drill use the rorms /omogućavaju/and /omogućuju/alternatively.

Niske cene omogućavajuvisoku posetu ali otežavaju dobijanje ulaznica.

Niske cene su omogućile visoku posetu~

ali su otežale dobijanje ulaznica.

Glumci igraju i pevaju dobro. Glumci su igrali i pevali dobro.

glumice ovaj glumac ova glumica

Toma igra i peva dobro, ali ne svira.

~ je igrao i pevao celo vece, ali nije svirao.

ja Zora

Orkestar svira odlično.

oni moja _kći

moja _braća g. i g-đa Jović Orkestar je svirao odlično.

moji jugoslovenski prijatelji Markova sestra Nada

Toma i njegovi sede u parteru.

ona on

Toma i njegovi su sedeli u parteru.

Vera

moji prijatelji

on ona

oni

Vera i Nada Drill the following with the same substitutions:

Toma i njegovi imaju mesta u loži.

Tomi i njegovim se sviđaju sedišta u parteru.

Toma i njegovi hvale Nušićev komad

'Gospođa ministarkal.

~ hvali Jovana kao dobrog radnika.

~ se hvali da je razumeo komad bez _te~koća.

Toma i njegovi su imali mesta u loži.

Tomi i njegovim su se svidela sedi~ta

u parteru.

Toma i njegovi su hvalili NU~ićev komad

1Gospođa ministarkat.

~ je pohvalio Jovana kao dobrog radnika.

~ se hvalio da je razumeo komad bez te~koća.

GD 28.2.2 Substitution-Transformation Drill

The first sentence and its transformation is to be drilled first. Follow-ing thi~ the form to the left will be given as a cue. The student is to make the sentence with the substitution indicated. The next student is to give the affirmative transform, and so on. Use the short form /bi/ and long forms /bismo/ and /biste/ alternatively.

on (mi) vi oni

~urim se da ne bih zadocnio za pozori~te. (/zakasnio) On se ~uri da ne bi zadocnio

za predstavu.

~uri!!!2. se da ne bi(smo) zadocnili za predstavu.

Vi se ~urite da ne bi(ste) zadocnili za predstavu.

Oni se ~ure da ne bi zadocn1li za predstavu.

Požurio sam se da ne bih zadocnio za pozori~te.

on

^se po~urio da ne bi zadocnio za predstavu.

Po~urili smo se da ne bi(smo) zadocnili za predstavu.

Vi ste se po~urili da ne bi(ste}

zadocnili za predstavu.

Oni su se po~urili da ne bi zadocnili za predstavu.

Sentences for the above drill:

Morao sam da kupim karte ranij e da ne bih dobio rđava mesta.

Poslao sam pismo avionskom po~tom

da na~a poruka ne bi stigla dockan.

GD

28.3

Transformation Drill

Morao sam da kupim karte ranije da bih dobio dobra mesta.

Poslao sam pismo avionskom po~tom da bi na~a poruka stigla na vreme.

Following is a model, showing the transforms into which each sentence is to be put. Each student is to do one transform.

Seoski na~in zivota je isto tako lep kao gradski.

Seoski na~in zivota nije tako lep kao gradski.

Dok je seoski _na~in zivota lep, gradski nije.

Dok seoski na~in zivota nije lep, gradski jeste.

Ne moze se reći da je seoski na~in zivota lep~i nego gradski.

Ne moze se reći da je seoski na~in zivota lep~i nego gradski.

Dans le document SERBO-CROATIAN SERBO-CROATIAN INSTITUTE INSTITUTE (Page 67-88)