Chapitre 3. Article empirique 2 : Le risque socioéconomique et psychosocial chez les
3.3 Résultats
3.4.4 Implications et conclusion
Nations canadiennes, des Métis et des Inuits ont été soumises à des politiques assimilatoires qui visaient à éliminer la participation des parents et des communautés dans le développement intellectuel, culturel et spirituel des enfants (Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada, 2015a). Malgré l’interruption de ces politiques, elles continuent à avoir des conséquences destructrices au sein des nations et contribuent au contexte d’adversité et d’inégalités dans lequel les enfants autochtones et leurs familles évoluent aujourd’hui. Ces inégalités sont également présentes dans le domaine de la recherche, où il y a une sous-représentation des études sur les pratiques parentales et le développement des enfants autochtones (Sarche & Whitesell, 2012; Spicer et al., 2012). Cette sous- représentation entraîne ensuite une méconnaissance des facteurs qui soutiennent ou entravent le développement optimal des enfants.
Dans ce contexte d’inégalités multiples, la présente étude constitue une amorce à la compréhension des difficultés vécues par les mères inuites du Nunavik durant la transition
postnatale et de ses effets sur le développement précoce des enfants. Ses résultats démontrent que certaines difficultés spécifiques mesurées durant la première année postnatale peuvent contribuer à l’identification des enfants les plus vulnérables, c’est-à-dire ceux dont le développement optimal en bas âge est le plus menacé. Nous estimons que ces difficultés socioéconomiques et psychosociales sont susceptibles de traduire un état de stress chronique chez les mères, pouvant nuire à leur résilience et les amener à répéter des comportements inadéquats vécus dans leur passé. La Commission de vérité et de réconciliation (2015) recommande d’ailleurs la mise en place de programmes de formation et de soutien parental adaptés à la culture afin d’aider les parents et familles victimes des conséquences de l’oppression culturelle passée. Notre étude soutient empiriquement la mise en place de tels programmes en montrant que la qualité de l’environnement familial prodiguée par les mères inuites à leur enfant est associée à un meilleur développement chez le nourrisson.
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