HAL Id: inria-00072675
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072675
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Speeding up the Division and Square Root of Power Series
Guillaume Hanrot, Michel Quercia, Paul Zimmermann
To cite this version:
Guillaume Hanrot, Michel Quercia, Paul Zimmermann. Speeding up the Division and Square Root of
Power Series. [Research Report] RR-3973, INRIA. 2000, pp.20. �inria-00072675�
ISRN INRIA/RR--3973--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
THÈME 2
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Speeding up the division and square root of power series
Guillaume Hanrot, Michel Quercia, Paul Zimmermann
N° 3973
July 17, 2000
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