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First order schemes in the numerical quantization method

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HAL Id: inria-00072164

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072164

Submitted on 23 May 2006

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First order schemes in the numerical quantization method

Vlad Bally, Gilles Pagès, Jacques Printems

To cite this version:

Vlad Bally, Gilles Pagès, Jacques Printems. First order schemes in the numerical quantization method.

[Research Report] RR-4424, INRIA. 2002. �inria-00072164�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--4424--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 4

First order schemes in the numerical quantization method

V. Bally — G. Pagès — J. Printems

N° 4424

Avril 2002

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