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ADHOCFS: A Serverless File System for Mobile Users

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HAL Id: inria-00072284

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072284

Submitted on 23 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents

David Mentré, Malika Boulkenafed, Valérie Issarny

To cite this version:

David Mentré, Malika Boulkenafed, Valérie Issarny. ADHOCFS: A Serverless File System for Mobile Users. [Research Report] RR-4303, INRIA. 2002. �inria-00072284�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--4337--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 1

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

: A Serverless File System for Mobile Users

David Mentré — Malika Boulkenafed — Valérie Issarny

N° 4303

Novembre 2001

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