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Examples of Ill-Behaved Central Paths in Convex Optimization

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HAL Id: inria-00072443

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072443

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Examples of Ill-Behaved Central Paths in Convex Optimization

Jean Charles Gilbert, Clóvis C. Gonzaga, Elizabeth Karas

To cite this version:

Jean Charles Gilbert, Clóvis C. Gonzaga, Elizabeth Karas. Examples of Ill-Behaved Central Paths in

Convex Optimization. [Research Report] RR-4179, INRIA. 2001. �inria-00072443�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--4179--FR

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 4

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Examples of ill-behaved central paths in convex optimization

Jean Charles — Clóvis C.

— Elizabeth

N° 4179

3 mai 2001

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