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Submitted on 24 May 2006
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Examples of Ill-Behaved Central Paths in Convex Optimization
Jean Charles Gilbert, Clóvis C. Gonzaga, Elizabeth Karas
To cite this version:
Jean Charles Gilbert, Clóvis C. Gonzaga, Elizabeth Karas. Examples of Ill-Behaved Central Paths in
Convex Optimization. [Research Report] RR-4179, INRIA. 2001. �inria-00072443�
ISRN INRIA/RR--4179--FR
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
THÈME 4
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Examples of ill-behaved central paths in convex optimization
Jean Charles — Clóvis C.
— Elizabeth
N° 4179
3 mai 2001
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