HAL Id: inria-00073987
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073987
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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The Diamond Torus : a Cayley Graph on the 6-valent Grid
Dominique Désérable
To cite this version:
Dominique Désérable. The Diamond Torus : a Cayley Graph on the 6-valent Grid. [Research Report]
RR-2702, INRIA. 1995. �inria-00073987�
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
The Diamond Torus : a Cayley Graph on the -valent Grid
Dominique Désérable
N 2702
Novembre 1995
PROGRAMME 1
#3
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