HAL Id: inria-00073848
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073848
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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The Mortality of a Pair of 2x2 Matrices is Decidable
Yannick Saouter
To cite this version:
Yannick Saouter. The Mortality of a Pair of 2x2 Matrices is Decidable. [Research Report] RR-2842, INRIA. 1996. �inria-00073848�
ISSN 0249-6399
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
The mortality of a pair of 2 2 matrices is decidable
Yannick Saouter
N 2842
Mars 1996
PROGRAMME 1
/02114365798:0<;>=?@BADC
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IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex (France) Téléphone : (33) 99 84 71 00 – Télécopie : (33) 99 84 71 71
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Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LÈS NANCY
Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 46 avenue Félix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex 1
Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex
Éditeur
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France) ISSN 0249-6399