Modélisation thermo-diffusionnelle de l'assemblage hétérogène acier/aluminium par mouillage réactif

HAL Id: hal-01508946

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01508946

Submitted on 15 Apr 2017

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Public Domain

Modélisation thermo-diffusionnelle de l’assemblage hétérogène acier/aluminium par mouillage réactif

Guillaume Sierra, Patrice Peyre, Cyril Bordreuil, Frederic Deschaux-Beaume, David Stuart, Gilles Fras

To cite this version:

Guillaume Sierra, Patrice Peyre, Cyril Bordreuil, Frederic Deschaux-Beaume, David Stuart, et al..

Modélisation thermo-diffusionnelle de l’assemblage hétérogène acier/aluminium par mouillage réactif.

8e Colloque national en calcul des structures, CSMA, May 2007, Giens, France. �hal-01508946�

5HYXH9ROXPH;±Qƒ[DQQpHSDJHVj;

O¶DVVHPEODJHKpWpURJqQHDFLHUDOXPLQLXP SDUPRXLOODJHUpDFWLI

* 6LHUUD

3 3H\UH & %RUGUHXLO ) 'HVFKDX[

%HDXPH'6WXDUW*)UDV

* CEA/DRT/LITEN/GERAILP, 16 b avenue Prieur de la Côte d’Or, F-94114 Arcueil

sierra@iut-nimes.fr

** Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, UMR 5508 CNRS, Université Montpellier II, CC 048 Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5

{bordreuil, deschaux, fras}@iut-nimes.fr

*** Laboratoire pour l’Application Industrielle des Lasers de Puissance, UPR 1578 CNRS, 16 b avenue Prieur de la Côte d’Or, F-94114 Arcueil

{p.peyre, dstuart}@gerailp.fr

RÉSUMÉ

. Le développement d’un modèle permettant la prédiction des dimensions de la couche de réaction formée lors de l’élaboration d’assemblages acier-aluminium par mouillage réactif TIG est présenté. La croissance de la phase Fe

Al

formée à l’interface est régie par les transferts de chaleur au sein de la structure générés par l’apport d’énergie du procédé TIG. Une modélisation du procédé couplée avec la loi de croissance de la phase constituant la couche de réaction permet alors de prédire l’épaisseur et la largeur de cette couche.

ABSTRACT

. A numerical model allowing the prediction of the reaction layer size produced during the generation of steel-aluminium assemblies by TIG reactive wetting is developed.

The Fe

Al

growth produced along the interface is governed by the heat transfer in the structure caused by the welding energy deposed by the TIG process. A process modeling coupled with the growth law of the Fe

Al

phase allows to predict the thickness and the width of the reaction layer.

MOTS-CLÉS

: transfert de chaleur, diffusion, bi-matériaux, contact, intermétallique.

KEYWORDS

: heat transfer, diffusion, bi-material, contact, intermetallics.

5HYXH9ROXPH;±Qƒ[DQQpH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

$ILQGHUHVSHFWHUOHVIXWXUHVQRUPHVDQWLSROOXWLRQYLVDQWjUpGXLUHOHVpPLVVLRQV GH&2

GDQVO¶DWPRVSKqUHOHVFRQVWUXFWHXUVDXWRPRELOHVHQYLVDJHQWGHGLPLQXHUOD PDVVHGHVYpKLFXOHVHQUHPSODoDQWFHUWDLQVFRPSRVDQWVHQDFLHUSDUGHO¶DOXPLQLXP 3RXU DWWHLQGUH FH EXW LO HVW QpFHVVDLUH G¶HQYLVDJHU GHV OLDLVRQV KpWpURJqQHV DFLHU DOXPLQLXP &¶HVW GDQV FH FDGUH TX¶XQH pWXGH VXU O¶DVVHPEODJH HQWUH GHV W{OHV G¶DFLHUJDOYDQLVpRXQRQJDOYDQLVpHWGHVW{OHVG¶DOXPLQLXPGHPPG¶pSDLVVHXUD pWpUpDOLVpHSDUPRXLOODJHUpDFWLILQWHUDFWLRQHQWUHDFLHUVROLGHHWDOXPLQLXPOLTXLGH DYHF OHV SURFpGpV ODVHU HW 7,* 3H\UH et al. HW 6LHUUD /D WHQXH PpFDQLTXHGHFHVDVVHPEODJHVHVWHQJUDQGHSDUWLHOLpHDX[GLPHQVLRQVODUJHXUHW pSDLVVHXU GH OD OLDLVRQ LQWHUPpWDOOLTXH IRUPpH HQWUH OHV GHX[ PDWpULDX[ 'DQV O¶REMHFWLI G¶RSWLPLVHU OD UpVLVWDQFH GH FHV DVVHPEODJHV OH GpYHORSSHPHQW G¶RXWLOV QXPpULTXHV SHUPHWWDQW GH PRGpOLVHUODIRUPDWLRQGHODOLDLVRQKpWpURJqQHSRXUUDLW DSSRUWHUGHQRXYHOOHVVROXWLRQV

3RXU O¶DVVHPEODJH SDU SURFpGp 7,* XQH FRQILJXUDWLRQ G¶DVVHPEODJH SDU WUDQVSDUHQFH HVW pWXGLpH GDQV ODTXHOOH OD IXVLRQ GH O¶DOXPLQLXP HVW JpQpUpH SDU FRQGXFWLRQ WKHUPLTXH j WUDYHUV O¶DFLHU 8QH FRXFKH GH UpDFWLRQ LQWHUPpWDOOLTXH )H

$O

VHGpYHORSSHVXLWHjO¶LQWHUDFWLRQHQWUHO¶DFLHUVROLGHHWO¶DOXPLQLXPOLTXLGH DVVXUDQW DLQVL OD OLDLVRQ HQWUH OHV GHX[ PDWpULDX[ /¶pWXGH GH FHWWH LQWHUDFWLRQ HQ UpJLPH LVRWKHUPH %RXD\DG et al. D SHUPLV GH FRQFOXUH j OD FURLVVDQFH GLIIXVLRQQHOOHGHODSKDVH)H

$O

HWGHGpILQLUXQHORLGHFURLVVDQFHLVRWKHUPH

(Q UDLVRQ GH OD GLIILFXOWp H[SpULPHQWDOH j PHVXUHU OHV F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV j O¶LQWHUIDFH DFLHUDOXPLQLXP TXL JRXYHUQHQW OD FURLVVDQFH GHV SKDVHV LQWHUPpWDOOLTXHV RQ SURSRVH GH GpYHORSSHU GDQV XQH SUHPLqUH pWDSH XQH PRGpOLVDWLRQ WKHUPLTXH GX PRXLOODJH UpDFWLI 7,* SRXU FDOFXOHU FHV F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV/HVF\FOHVWKHUPLTXHVVRQWOHUpVXOWDWGXWUDQVIHUWGHFKDOHXUJpQpUpSDU OHSURFpGpDXVHLQGHODVWUXFWXUH/DFRQILJXUDWLRQG¶DVVHPEODJHXWLOLVpHDLQVLTXH OHV GLIIpUHQWV pOpPHQWV GX PRQWDJH LQIOXHQFHQW DORUV IRUWHPHQW O¶DOOXUH GX F\FOH WKHUPLTXH $ILQ G¶DVVXUHU OD WUDQVIpUDELOLWp GHV UpVXOWDWV j XQH FRQILJXUDWLRQ G¶DVVHPEODJHGLIIpUHQWHLOHVWQpFHVVDLUHGHPRGpOLVHUOHVpFKDQJHVGHFKDOHXUHQWUH OHV GLIIpUHQWV pOpPHQWV GH OD VWUXFWXUH EULGH W{OHV SDU OD SULVH HQ FRPSWH GHV FRQGLWLRQV G¶LQWHUDFWLRQ WKHUPLTXH HQWUH FHV pOpPHQWV 8Q PRGqOH VLPSOLILp UHSRVDQWVXUO¶LQWURGXFWLRQGHFRQGXFWDQFHVWKHUPLTXHVGHFRQWDFWSRXUVLPXOHUOHV pFKDQJHV GH FKDOHXU DX[ GLIIpUHQWHV LQWHUIDFHV HVW DORUV GpYHORSSp /HV UpVXOWDWV REWHQXV SDU OD PRGpOLVDWLRQ WKHUPLTXH VRQW YDOLGpV SDU OD PHVXUH GHV F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV H[SpULPHQWDX[ WKHUPRFRXSOHV . HW OD GLPHQVLRQ GHV ]RQHV IRQGXHV PLFURJUDSKLHV

'DQV XQH VHFRQGH pWDSH OHV F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV FDOFXOpV j O¶LQWHUIDFH DFLHU

DOXPLQLXPVRQWXWLOLVpVSRXUPRGpOLVHUODFURLVVDQFHGLIIXVLRQQHOOHDQLVRWKHUPHGH

OD SKDVH )H

$O

/D GLIIXVLRQ pWDQW XQ SURFHVVXV WKHUPLTXHPHQW DFWLYp LO HVW

QpFHVVDLUH GH FDOFXOHU SRXU FKDTXH WHPSpUDWXUH GH O¶LQWHUDFWLRQ OD FRQVWDQWH

FLQpWLTXHpTXLYDOHQWH/HPRGqOHHVWDORUVYDOLGpSDUFRPSDUDLVRQGHO¶pSDLVVHXUHW GHODODUJHXUGHVFRXFKHVGHUpDFWLRQFDOFXOpHVHWPHVXUpHVH[SpULPHQWDOHPHQW

&URLVVDQFHGLIIXVLRQQHOOHGHODSKDVH)H

$O

/DPLVHHQFRQWDFWG¶DFLHUVROLGHDYHFGHO¶DOXPLQLXPOLTXLGHHQWUDvQHHQUDLVRQ GHOD QRQVROXELOLWpGX IHUGDQVO¶DOXPLQLXPjO¶pWDWVROLGHODIRUPDWLRQGHSKDVHV LQWHUPpWDOOLTXHV)H

$O

/¶pWXGHGHVFRQGLWLRQVGHIRUPDWLRQHWGHFURLVVDQFHGHFHV SKDVHV UpDOLVpH GDQV OH FDGUH GH O¶LPPHUVLRQ G¶DFLHU VROLGH GDQV GH O¶DOXPLQLXP OLTXLGHSRXUGHV WHPSpUDWXUHVFRPSULVHV HQWUHƒ&HW ƒ& %RXD\DGD FRQFOXjXQVFKpPDUpDFWLRQQHOHQWURLVpWDSHVHWODSUpVHQFHGHWURLVPpFDQLVPHV SK\VLTXHVUpDFWLRQFKLPLTXHGLIIXVLRQHWGLVVROXWLRQ

'XUDQW OD SUHPLqUH pWDSH XQ FRQWDFW V¶pWDEOLW HQWUH OHV GHX[ PDWpULDX[ HW VH SRXUVXLWSDU XQHUpDFWLRQ FKLPLTXHDERXWLVVDQWjODIRUPDWLRQG¶XQHFRXFKHOLPLWH GH)H

$O

/DFURLVVDQFHGHFHWWHSKDVHVHSRXUVXLWSDUXQSURFHVVXVGHGLIIXVLRQFH TXLFRQVWLWXHODGHX[LqPHpWDSH/DWURLVLqPHSKDVHLQWHUYLHQWDYHFO¶DSSDULWLRQG¶XQ QRXYHDX PpFDQLVPH VLPXOWDQp j OD FURLVVDQFH GLIIXVLRQQHOOH GH OD FRXFKH GH UpDFWLRQTXLFRUUHVSRQGjXQSKpQRPqQHGHGLVVROXWLRQGHVSKDVHVLQWHUPpWDOOLTXHV IRUPpHVGDQVO¶DOXPLQLXPOLTXLGH

6XLYDQWFHPRGqOHOHVDXWHXUV%RXD\DGet al.pWDEOLVVHQWDORUVXQHORLGH FURLVVDQFHSDUDEROLTXHHQUpJLPHLVRWKHUPH>@

W N

[

DYHF[pSDLVVHXUGHODFRXFKHPWWHPSVG¶LQWHUDFWLRQVHWN FRQVWDQWHFLQpWLTXHGHFURLVVDQFHP

V

>@

/D FURLVVDQFH GH FHV FRXFKHV GH UpDFWLRQ Q¶LQGXLW SDV GH PRGLILFDWLRQ GX UpJLPH WKHUPLTXHDXVHLQGHO¶DVVHPEODJH

&RQGLWLRQVH[SpULPHQWDOHVGXPRXLOODJHUpDFWLIDFLHUDOXPLQLXP

/¶DVVHPEODJH HQWUH GHV W{OHV PP [ PP [ PP G¶DFLHU EDV FDUERQH '&P&P0QHWG¶DOOLDJHG¶DOXPLQLXP7P 0J P 6L HVW pWXGLp SDU OH SURFpGp 7,* 7XQJVWHQ ,QHUW *DV /D IXVLRQ SDUWLHOOH GH O¶DFLHU SODFp HQ SRVLWLRQ LQIpULHXUH )LJD UpDOLVpH SDU VRXGDJH DX SODIRQG HQWUDvQH OD IXVLRQ GH O¶DOXPLQLXP SDU FRQGXFWLRQ WKHUPLTXH j WUDYHUV O¶pSDLVVHXUGHODW{OH

/DIRUPDWLRQHWODFURLVVDQFHGHODSKDVH)H

$O

VHGpURXOHHQVXLWHGDQVOHSODQ

GHMRLQWHQWUHO¶DFLHUVROLGHHWO¶DOXPLQLXPOLTXLGH)LJD

5HYXH9ROXPH;±Qƒ[DQQpH

$ILQ GH YDOLGHU OHV PRGpOLVDWLRQV WKHUPLTXHV GX SURFpGp OHV HVVDLV H[SpULPHQWDX[ VRQWLQVWUXPHQWpVWKHUPLTXHPHQWDYHFGHVWKHUPRFRXSOHV.JDLQpV GLDPqWUHPPHWPPORJpVGDQVGHVWURXVGHGLDPqWUHLGHQWLTXH)LJEHQ GLIIpUHQWVSRLQWVGHODVWUXFWXUHDILQG¶REWHQLUOHVF\FOHVWKHUPLTXHV/DGLPHQVLRQ GHV]RQHVIRQGXHV=)HWGHV]RQHVDIIHFWpHVWKHUPLTXHPHQW=$7GHO¶DFLHUHWGH O¶DOXPLQLXPHVWREWHQXHH[SpULPHQWDOHPHQWSDUDQDO\VHPLFURJUDSKLTXHGHFRXSHV WUDQVYHUVHV)LJD

D

E

)LJXUH(a) configuration d’assemblage acier-aluminium par mouillage réactif

TIG et (b) cycles thermiques expérimentaux et numériques, TC : thermocouple K

/HV F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV UHOHYpV HQ GLIIpUHQWV SRLQWV GH OD VWUXFWXUH )LJE PRQWUHQW XQH GLPLQXWLRQ GHV WHPSpUDWXUHV PD[LPDOHV ORUVTXH O¶RQ V¶pORLJQH GH OD VRXUFH GH FKDOHXU GHSXLV O¶DFLHU YHUV OD EULGH /HV F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV YXV j O¶LQWHUIDFH DFLHUDOXPLQLXP VRQW GRQF IRUWHPHQW LQIOXHQFpV SDU OH WUDQVIHUW GH FKDOHXUDXVHLQGHODVWUXFWXUHHWGRQFSDUODFRQILJXUDWLRQG¶DVVHPEODJH

D

E

)LJXUH(a) zone de liaison expérimentale et simulée et (b) épaisseur de Fe

Al

calculée et mesurée expérimentalement

/HFDOFXOGHVF\FOHVWKHUPLTXHVLQWHUIDFLDX[QpFHVVDLUHDXFDOFXOGLIIXVLRQQHOGH OD FURLVVDQFH GH )H

$O

LPSRVH DORUV GH PRGpOLVHU O¶HQVHPEOH GX PRQWDJH H[SpULPHQWDOHWGHSUHQGUHHQFRPSWHOHVpFKDQJHVWKHUPLTXHVHWODFRQGXFWLRQGDQV O¶HQVHPEOHGHVFRPSRVDQWVGHODVWUXFWXUH

0RGpOLVDWLRQWKHUPLTXH

/D PRGpOLVDWLRQ WKHUPLTXH HVW UpDOLVpH VRXV 6<6:(/'

HQ XWLOLVDQW OHV GLPHQVLRQV UpHOOHV GH O¶DVVHPEODJH HW XQ PRGqOH WULGLPHQVLRQQHO /HV SDUDPqWUHV GLPHQVLRQQHOV GH OD VRXUFH *ROGDN *ROGDN FODVVLTXHPHQW XWLOLVpH SRXU OD PRGpOLVDWLRQGXVRXGDJHjO¶DUFVRQWLGHQWLILpVjSDUWLUGHFRXSHVPLFURJUDSKLTXHV REWHQXHVDSUqVVRXGDJH)LJD

/HVFRQGLWLRQV DX[ OLPLWHVUpDOLVWHV LPSRVpHVDXPRGqOH SHUPHWWHQWGHSUHQGUH HQFRPSWHOHVpFKDQJHVGHFKDOHXUDYHFOHPLOLHXH[WpULHXUSDUFRQYHFWLRQK :P

.

HWUD\RQQHPHQW ε $ILQGHPRGpOLVHUOHWUDQVIHUWGHFKDOHXUDX[

GLIIpUHQWHV LQWHUIDFHV RQ LQWURGXLW GHV FRQGXFWDQFHV GH FRQWDFW 0DGKXVXGDQD HQIRQFWLRQGHODQDWXUHGHO¶LQWHUDFWLRQVROLGHOLTXLGHRXVROLGHVROLGHHWGH ODQDWXUHGHVPDWpULDX[DFLHU$ORX$O$O

7

$ K

4

DYHFKFRQGXFWDQFHWKHUPLTXH:P

.

$DLUHGHFRQWDFW P

HWǻ7pFDUWGHWHPSpUDWXUHHQWUHOHVGHX[VXUIDFHV. >@

/D FRQGXFWDQFH WKHUPLTXH YDULH DYHF OD QDWXUH GHV PDWpULDX[ PLV HQ FRQWDFW UXJRVLWpGXUHWpFRQGXFWLYLWpWKHUPLTXHHWDYHFODSUHVVLRQDSSOLTXpH/HPRGqOH VLPSOLILp GpYHORSSp GDQV FHWWH pWXGH FRQVLGqUH XQLTXHPHQW XQH FRQGXFWDQFH FRQVWDQWHIRQFWLRQGHO¶LQWHUDFWLRQHWQHSUHQGSDVHQFRPSWHODSUHVVLRQGHFRQWDFW

&HV YDOHXUV GH FRQGXFWDQFH VRQW LGHQWLILpHV j SDUWLU GH GRQQpHV ELEOLRJUDSKLTXHV 0DGKXVXGDQD

/HPRGqOHQXPpULTXHHVWHQVXLWHYDOLGpSDUFRPSDUDLVRQGHVWDLOOHVGHV]RQHVGH

IXVLRQDFLHUHWDOXPLQLXPHWGHVF\FOHVWKHUPLTXHVPHVXUpVHQGLIIpUHQWVSRLQWVGH

OD VWUXFWXUH (QILQ OHV F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV LQWHUIDFLDX[ VRQW FDOFXOpV DILQ G¶rWUH

LQWURGXLWVGDQVOHFDOFXOGLIIXVLRQQHOGHODFURLVVDQFHGHODSKDVH)H

$O

5HYXH9ROXPH;±Qƒ[DQQpH

/RLGHFURLVVDQFHGLIIXVLRQQHOOH

/¶DGDSWDWLRQ GHV ORLV GH FURLVVDQFH LVRWKHUPH GH OD SKDVH )H

$O

DX UpJLPH DQLVRWKHUPHUHQFRQWUpHQVRXGDJHHVWUpDOLVpSDUOHFDOFXOGHODFRQVWDQWHFLQpWLTXH SRXUFKDTXHWHPSpUDWXUHYLDODORLG¶$UUKpQLXV>@

¸¹

¨ ·

©

§−

=

57 4 N

N 7 DYHFN

FRQVWDQWHFLQpWLTXHjODWHPSpUDWXUH7P

V

N

IDFWHXUGHIUpTXHQFH4pQHUJLHG¶DFWLYDWLRQDSSDUHQWH-PRO

7 WHPSpUDWXUH.HW5FRQVWDQWHGHVJD]SDUIDLWVHW >@

/HV YDOHXUV GH O¶pQHUJLH G¶DFWLYDWLRQ 4 N-PRO

HW GX IDFWHXU GH IUpTXHQFH N

VRQW PR\HQQpHV j SDUWLU GHV GLIIpUHQWHV GRQQpHV ELEOLRJUDSKLTXHV %RXD\DG /HV F\FOHV WKHUPLTXHV LQWHUIDFLDX[ FDOFXOpV SUpFpGHPPHQWVRQWDORUVXWLOLVpVSRXUFDOFXOHUO¶pSDLVVHXU)LJEHWODODUJHXUGHOD FRXFKHGHUpDFWLRQ)H

$O

IRUPpHORUVGXPRXLOODJHUpDFWLIDFLHUDOXPLQLXP

/HPRGqOHWKHUPRGLIIXVLRQQHODLQVLGpYHORSSpSHUPHWGRQFGHPRGpOLVHUDYHF XQ ERQ DFFRUG H[SpULHQFHVLPXODWLRQ OD FURLVVDQFH GH OD SKDVH )H

$O

j SDUWLU GHV SDUDPqWUHVGHVRXGDJHHWGHODSULVHHQFRPSWHGHODFRQILJXUDWLRQG¶DVVHPEODJHHW GHV FRQGLWLRQV G¶pFKDQJHV WKHUPLTXHV LQWHUIDFLDX[ SDU O¶LQWURGXFWLRQ GH FRQGXFWDQFHWKHUPLTXHGHFRQWDFW

&RQFOXVLRQ

/H PRGqOH QXPpULTXH GpYHORSSp GDQV FH WUDYDLO SHUPHW GRQF G¶pWDEOLU XQ SDVVDJH GLUHFW GHV SDUDPqWUHV H[SpULPHQWDX[ GH VRXGDJH j OD PRUSKRORJLH pSDLVVHXUHWODUJHXUGHODFRXFKHGHUpDFWLRQGpYHORSSpHORUVGHO¶LQWHUDFWLRQDFLHU VROLGHDOXPLQLXP OLTXLGH /D SULVH HQ FRPSWH GH OD FRQILJXUDWLRQ G¶DVVHPEODJH GLPHQVLRQVUpHOOHVHWGHVFRQGLWLRQVDX[OLPLWHVpFKDQJHVDYHFOHPLOLHXH[WpULHXU HW FRQWDFW WKHUPLTXH DX[ LQWHUIDFHV SHUPHW GRQF G¶HQYLVDJHU OH WUDQVIHUW GH FH PRGqOHjG¶DXWUHVFRQILJXUDWLRQVG¶DVVHPEODJHDILQG¶RSWLPLVHUVRLWODJpRPpWULHGH OD FRQILJXUDWLRQ RX GH O¶DVVHPEODJH VRLW OHV SDUDPqWUHV GH VRXGDJH j SDUWLU G¶XQ FULWqUHGpILQLDXSUpDODEOH3DUH[HPSOHO¶RSWLPLVDWLRQGHODWHQXHPpFDQLTXHGHFHV OLDLVRQV UHQGXH SRVVLEOH SDU O¶DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH OD ODUJHXU GHV FRXFKHV GH UpDFWLRQ 6LHUUDSRXUUDLWrWUHUpDOLVpHSDUGHVHVVDLVQXPpULTXHV

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

%RXD\DG$*HURPHWWD&%HONHELU$$PEDUL$©.LQHWLFLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQVROLGLURQ DQGPROWHQDOXPLQLXPªMaterials Science and Engineering AYROS

*ROGDN - &KDNUDYDUWL $ %LEE\ 0 ©$ QHZ ILQLWH HOHPHQW PRGHO IRU ZHOGLQJ KHDW

VRXUFHVªMetallurgical Transactions BYRO%S

0DGKXVXGDQD&97KHUPDOFRQWDFWFRQGXFWDQFH6SULQJHU

3H\UH36LHUUD*'HVFKDX[%HDXPH)6WXDUW')UDV*©*HQHUDWLRQRIDOXPLQLXPVWHHO MRLQWV ZLWK ODVHULQGXFHG UHDFWLYH ZHWWLQJª Materials Science and Engineering A YRO QƒS

6LHUUD*(WXGHPpWDOOXUJLTXHHWPpFDQLTXHGHO¶DVVHPEODJHKpWpURJqQHDFLHUDOXPLQLXPSDU OHVSURFpGpVODVHUHW7,*7KqVHGHGRFWRUDW8QLYHUVLWp0RQWSHOOLHU,,