Fruuhfwlrq gh o*h{dphq gh gìfhpeuh 5334
H{huflfh 4 = Lqwìjudohv gh Ohehvjxh hw vìulh1 4d1G*dsuëv4frvw4/ rq d
+4{,54 . 5{frvw.{5+4 .{,5 Hq suhqdqw oh orjdulwkph hw hq glylvdqw sdu{/ rq d grqf
5oq+4{,
{ i+w> {,5oq+4 .{, { Hw grqf
mi+w> {,m pd{
5oq+4{,
{ >5oq+4 .{, {
Hqq/ rq dpd{
5oq+4{,{ >5oq+4.{,{
@5oq+4{,{ / g*rü oh uìvxowdw1 4e1 o*dssolfdwlrq{:$ oq+4{,{ ìwdqw qìjdwlyh vxu`3>4^/ rq d
]
`3>4^
oq+4{, {
g{@]
`3>4^
oq+4{,
{ g{
Ru/{:$ oq+4{,{ hvw frqwlqxh vxu `3>4^/ hw oq+4{,{
3.4/ hw oq+4{,{
4 oq+4{,1 Dlqvl/U
`3>4^oq+4{,
{ g{hvw qlh/
hw grqf o*dssolfdwlrq{:$oq+4{,{ hvw lqwìjudeoh vxu`3>4^1
Dlqvl/ g*dsuëv 4d1/ srxu wrxw w 5 U/ mi+w> {,m hvw pdmruìh sdu xqh irqfwlrq lqwìjudeoh1 Grqf srxu wrxw w5 U/
o*dssolfdwlrq{:$i+w> {,hvw ìjdohphqw lqwìjudeoh vxu`3>4^/ hw o*dssolfdwlrqw:$I+w, @U
^3>4`i+w> {,g{ hvw elhq gìqlh vxuU1
51 I hvw fodluhphqw sdluh hw 50sìulrgltxh1 G*dxwuh sduw/ srxu wrxw { 5`3>4^/ o*dssolfdwlrq w :$ i+w> {, hvw frqwlqxh/ hwi+w> {,hvw pdmruìh srxu wrxwwsdu od irqfwlrq5oq+4{,{ lqwìjudeoh vxu`3> 4^1 Dlqvl/I hvw frqwlqxh vxuU1
61 Srxu wrxww5`3>^hw {5`3>4^/ rq d Ci
Cw+w> {, @
5 vlqw 4 . 5{frvw.{5
5 4 . 5{frvw.{5
Vrlww {ì gdqv `3>^1 Lo h{lvwh grqf who txh w ? ? 1 Rq frqvlgëuh grqf oh yrlvlqdjh Yw @`3>^ gh w1 Srxu wrxww5Yw/ rq dfrvw Afrv A4/ hw grqf
5
4 . 5{frvw.{5 5 4 . 5{frv.{5
Gh soxv/ 4 . 5{frv.{5 A45{.{5 @ +4{,51 Grqf4 . 5{frv.{5 hvw xqh irqfwlrq frqwlqxh txl qh v*dqqxoh sdv vxu`3>4^1 Grqf od irqfwlrq{:$ 4.5{ frv .{5 5 hvw frqwlqx h hw grqf lqwìjudeoh vx u`3>4^1 Dlqvl/ rq d pdmruì vxu oh yrlvlqdjhYw od irqfwlrq CiCw+w> {,sdu xqh irqfwlrq txl qh gìshqg txh gh {/ lqwìjudeoh vx u `3> 4^1 GrqfI hvw gìulydeoh hqw/ hw fhfl hvw yudl srxu wrxww5`3>^1 GrqfI hvw gìulydeoh vxu`3>^/ hw
I3+w, @5 vlqw]
^3>4`
g{
4 . 5{frvw.{5
4
71 Srxu wrxww5`3>^/ rq d = ]
^3>4`
g{
4 . 5{frvw.{5 @ ]
^3>4`
g{
+{. frvw,5. vlq5w @ 4 vlq5w
]
^3>4`
{.frv wg{
vlq w
5 . 4
@ 4
vlqw
dufwdq
{. frvw vlqw
{@4
{@3
@ 4
vlqw+dufwdq+frwdq+w@5,,+dufwdq+frwdq+w,,,
@ w
5 vlqw
Dlqvl/I3+w, @whw grqfI+w, @w5@5 .Nsrxu wrxww5`3>^1 RuI hvw frqwlqxh > grqfI+3, @ olpw$3I+w, @ N1 G*rü
I+w, @I+3,w5 5 81 Rq d =
I w
5
.I
w
5
@ ]
^3>4`
4 {
oq
4 . 5{frvw 5.{5
. oq
45{frv w 5.{5
g{
@ ]
^3>4`
4 {oq
4 . 5{5
4frv5 w 5
.{7
g{
Hq srvdqwx@{5/ rq rewlhqw = I
w 5
.I
w
5
@ ]
^3>4`
4 5xoq
45xfrvw.x5 gx
@ 4
5 ]
^3>4`
4 xoq
4 . 5xfrv+w, .x5 gx
@ 4
5I+w,
Dlqvl/ srxu w @ 3/ rq d = I+3, .I+, @ 45I+,/ f*hvw0ã0gluh I+, @ 5I+3,1 Ru/ g*dsuëv 71/ rq d dxvvl I+, @I+3,551 Rq hq gìgx lw tx h
I+3, @ 5
9 / hwI+, @5 6 91 Rq d
I+, @ 5 ]
`3>4^
oq+4{,
{ g{@5[
q4
4 q5
hw I+, @651 Dlqvl/
[
q4
4 q5 @ 5
9 H{huflfh 5 = Glvwulexwlrqv1
41 iq+w,hvw xqh irqfwlrq frqwlqxh/ grqf orfdohphqw lqwìjudeoh1 Hooh gìqlw grqf xqh glvwulexwlrq uìjxolëuhWiq
whooh txh
kWiq> *l@]
Uiq+w,*+w,gw 5
51 Vrlw*5 Ggh vxssruw lqfoxv gdqv^d>d`1 Rq d doruv = kWiq> *l @ ] .d
d iq+w,*+w,gw@] .d
d
vlq+5qw, q *+w,gw
@ 4
5q5
^*+w, frv +5qw,`.dd] .d
d frv +5qw,*3+w,gw
@ 4
5q5 ] .d
d frv +5qw,*3+w,gw
+fdu*+d, @*+d, @ 3,1 Gh soxv/ *3 hvw frqwlqxh/ grqf eruqìh vxu^d>d`1 Lo h{lvwh grqfP A3who txh
;w5^d> .d`/ mfrv +5qw,*3+w,m P Dlqvl/
mkWiq> *lm@ 4
5q5 ] .d
d frv +5qw,*3+w,gw
5dP 5q5 Grqf
.4[
q@4
mkWiq> *lm .4[
q@4
N q5 ?.4
Dlqvl/;*5 G/ od vìulh .4S
q@4kWiq> *lhvw frqyhujhqwh/ fh txl surxyh txh .4S
q@4Wiq frqyhujh gdqvG31 51 Rq d grqf +fi frxuv, =
W3 @
.4[
q@4
Wi3q
Ru/ iq ìwdqw frqwlqxh/ rq dWi3q @ Wiq3/ rü Wiq3 hvw od glvwulexwlrq uìjxolëuh dvvrflìh ãiq3+w, @ 5frv +5qw,1 Fhwwh vìulh frqyhujh gdqvG3/ pdlv od vìulh .4S
q@45frv +5qw,qh frqyhujh sdv dxvhqv ghv irqfwlrqv +fdu oh whuph jìqìudo qh whqg píph sdv yhuv3txdqgq$.4,1
61 Gh píph
W33@
.4[
q@4
Wi33q
rü Wi33q @ Wi3q3 @ Wiq33 +fdu i3 hvw frqwlqxh, hvw od glvwulexwlrq uìjxolëuh dvvrflìh ã iq33+w, @ 75qvlq +5qw,1 Fhwwh vìulh frqyhujh gdqvG3/ pdlv od vìulh.4S
q@475qvlq +5qw,qh frqyhujh sdv dxvhqv ghv irqfwlrqv +oh whuph jìqìudo whqg píph yhuv.4txdqgq$.4,1
6