E-learning : normes et spécifications

Caractérisation des documents numériques avec LOM et IMS-QTI pour l’acquisition et l’évaluation des connaissances

Christine Michel — Soufiane Rouissi

CEM-GRESIC, Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3 MSHA, 10, Esplanade des Antilles

F-33607 Pessac cedex

Christine.Michel@montaigne.u-bordeaux.fr Soufiane.Rouissi@u-bordeaux3.fr

RÉSUMÉ. Autour des standards ouverts de l’internet, il est devenu nécessaire de recourir à des systèmes de description, de codification et de mise en jeu de contenus à caractère pédagogique basés sur des spécifications ouvertes et partagées. Notre propos ici est de présenter une analyse critique des normes en devenir permettant de décrire de manière fine des ressources pédagogiques et des contenus d’évaluation dans un contexte web. Plus spécifiquement, nous étudierons le LOM et IMS-QTI en observant en particulier comment ils permettent ou non de favoriser la personnalisation du document numérique pédagogique et les possibilités d’interaction entre le système et l’apprenant.

ABSTRACT. The open standards of the Internet necessitate the use of teaching materials based on open and shared specifications. Our intention here is to present a critical analysis of the standards. More specifically, we will study LOM and IMS-QTI witch are developing and witch permit a precise description of teaching resource and evaluation methods in the context of the Web. We will observe in particular to what extent they allow the personalization of numerical teaching material what the possibilities are for an interaction between the learner and the system.

MOTS-CLÉS : document numérique pédagogique, spécification, e-learning, enseignement à distance, évaluation, XML, LOM, métadonnées, objet pédagogique.

KEYWORDS: pedagogical numeric document, specification, e-learning, distance learning, evaluation, XML, LOM, metadata, learning object.

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1. Enseignement intelligemment assisté par ordinateur.

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4. <http://www.pcie.tm.fr> (consulté en janvier 2003).

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5. Les éléments du Dublin Core : <http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/>

6. Présentation du Dublin Core Metadata Initiative <http://www.dublincore.org/about/>

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8. SCORM version 0.7.3

9. Initialement Sharable Courseware Object Reference Model.

10. ARIADNE : <http://www.ariadne-eu.org>

11 .LIP (Learner Information Package, <http://www.improject.org/profiles>) ou PAPI Learner (Public and Private Information for Learners, <http://edutool.com/papi>) sont des spécifications concernant la gestion de l’apprenant qui dépassent le cadre de notre étude.

12. <http://www.ieee.org>

13. <http://ltsc.ieee.org>

%& DN – 7/2003.

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14. <http://www.imsproject.org>

15. <http://jtc1sc36.org/>

16. <http://www.cenorm.be >

17. <http://www.cenorm.be/isss/workshop/lt>

Public

Apprenant Administrateur

Auteur

Content Packaging

Data Store Entreprise (cours, personnes, groupes,) Information sur les apprenants

(certification, préférence) Question et test (Evaluation, Questions) Compétences des apprenants

Autres informations

LMS

Run Time Environment Chargement

Chemins Interaction (collaboration, simulation, …)

Finition Get()/Set()

Finition() Interaction() Initialisation() Package

Manifest

Objets pédagogiques (Ressources physiques)

Metadata Organisation

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Content Management

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18. « A learning object is defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for learning, education or training ».

19. XSL eXtensible Stylesheet Language, langage de manipulation des fichiers XML XSL-T (XSL-Transformation) et XSL-FO (XSL-Formatting Object).

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20. Dans la taxonomie de Bloom, les objectifs appartenant au domaine cognitif sont catégorisés sous les titres suivants : la connaissance, la compréhension, l’application, l’analyse, la synthèse et l’évaluation.

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22. IMS, <http://www.imsproject.org> (site consulté en février 2003).

23. La spécification est en fait extrêmement complexe et va bien au-delà qu’un simple système de métadescription des questions, des éléments de réponse et des résultats correspondants. Pour en faciliter le développement et l’usage, l’IMS a prévu une version allégée : « QTI Lite Specification » qui peut être un point de départ d’implémentation.

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$KDNKQITCRJKG

AICC, Aviation Industry CBT (Computer Based Training) Committee <http://www.aicc.org>

(consulté en janvier 2003).

Anderson T., McKell M., IMS Content Packaging Information Model, Final Specification, Version 1.1.2, IMS, août 2001 (a).

Anderson T., McKell M., IMS Content Packaging XML Binding, Final Specification, Version 1.1.2, IMS, août 2001 (b).

Anderson T., McKell M., IMS Content Packaging Best Practice Guide, Final Specification, Version 1.1.2, IMS, août 2001 (c).

Bouda Y., Hélier M., « Métadonnées et XML : applications aux “objets pédagogiques” », Colloque International Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication dans les Enseignements d’Ingénieurs et dans l’industrie, 18-20 octobre 2000, Troyes.

Chabert-Ranwez S., Composition Automatique de Documents Hypermédia Adaptatifs à partir d’Ontologies et de Requêtes Intentionnelles de l’Utilisateur, Thèse soutenue le 21 décembre 2000 à l’Université de Montpellier II.

Delestre N., Métadyne, Un hypermédia adaptatif dynamique pour l’enseignement, Thèse soutenue le 20 janvier 2000 à l’université de Rouen.

Duval E., « Normalisation des technologies éducatives : à quoi bon ? », Hypermédias et apprentissage, 9-11 avril 2001, Grenoble.

Hadji C., L’évaluation démystifiée, ESF, Paris, 1997.

Hadji C., « Les voies de l’évaluation, sciences humaines », n° 12, février/mars 1996, texte revu et corrigé par l’auteur, décembre 2000, dans Eduquer et former, éditions sciences humaines, Jean-Claude Ruano-Borbalan (coord. par), 2001, p. 131-138.

DN – 7/2003. &QEWOGPV GV ÃFWECVKQP

Hillmann D., Guide d’utilisation du Dublin Core, 2001,

<http://www.bibl.ulaval.ca/DublinCore/usageguide-20000716fr.htm>

(document consulté en janvier 2003).

IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) P1484.12.1-2002 Learning Object Metadata Working Group, « Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata »,

<http://ltsc.ieee.org/doc/wg12/LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf>, 2002.

McKell M., Thropp S., IMS Learning Resource Meta-Data Information Model, Final Specification, Version 1.2.1, IMS, septembre 2001 (a).

McKell M., Thropp S., IMS Learning Resource Meta-Data XML Binding, Final Specification, Version 1.2.1, IMS, septembre 2001 (b).

McKell M., Thropp S., IMS Learning Resource Meta-Data Best Practice and Implementation Guide, Final Specification, Version 1.2.1, IMS, septembre 2001 (c).

Michel C., Rouissi S., « Etude de l’organisation et caractérisation de l’information pédagogique pour construire des documents hypermédias adaptatifs diffusés sur le web », Conférence Internationale sur le Document électronique, 20-23 octobre 2002, Hammamet (Tunisie).

Nkambou R., Modélisation des connaissances de la matière dans un système tutoriel intelligent, modèles, outils et applications, Thèse présentée à l’Université de Montréal en avril 1996.

Rouissi S., Michel C., Exemple d’utilisation du LOM et Content Packaging pour la gestion de l’information pédagogique. <http://www.nte.montaigne.u-bordeaux.fr/SR/DN/>

(document consulté en avril 2003).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability : An Overview, Final Specification Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (a).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: ASI Information Model, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (b).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: ASI XML Binding Specification, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (c).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: ASI Best Practice & Implementation Guide, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (d).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: ASI Selection

& Ordering Specification, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (e).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: ASI Outcomes Processing Specification, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (f).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: Results Reporting Information Model, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (g).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: Results Reporting XML Binding, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (h).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: Results Reporting Best Practice & Implementation Guide, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (i).

Smythe C., Shepherd E., Brewer L., Lay S., IMS Question & Test Interoperability: QTILite Specification, Final Specification, Version 1.2, IMS, février 2002 (j).