HAL Id: inria-00072550
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072550
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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An Efficient Method for the Coordinate Transformation Problem of Massively Three-Dimensional Networks
Károly Németh, Olivier Coulaud, Gérald Monard, János G. Angyán
To cite this version:
Károly Németh, Olivier Coulaud, Gérald Monard, János G. Angyán. An Efficient Method for the Coordinate Transformation Problem of Massively Three-Dimensional Networks. [Research Report]
RR-4083, INRIA. 2000, pp.16. �inria-00072550�
ISRN INRIA/RR--4083--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
THÈME 4
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
An efficient method for the coordinate transformation problem of massively
three-dimensional networks
Károly Németh — Olivier Coulaud — Gérald Monard — János G. Ángyán
N° 4083
Décembre 2000
Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine
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Number of atoms diamond
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