Article
Reference
Terrasses lacustres du lac Léman et constitution de la terrasse sur laquelle est construite la ville de Genève
COLLADON, Daniel
COLLADON, Daniel. Terrasses lacustres du lac Léman et constitution de la terrasse sur laquelle est construite la ville de Genève. Bulletin de la Société vaudoise des Sciences naturelles, 1877, vol. 14, no. 77, p. 653-664
DOI : 10.5169/seals-258486
Available at:
http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:148721
Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.
1 / 1
6e3 %8// 62& 9$8' 6& 1$7 ;,9 %8// R
7(55$66(6 /$&8675(6
'8 /$* /e0$1
HW FRQVWLWXWLRQ GH OD WHUUDVVH VXU ODTXHOOH HVW FRQVWUXLWH OD
YLOOH
GH *HQqYH3DU 0 '
&2//$'21
1RWH /D 6RFLpWp YDXGRLVH GHV VFLHQFHV QDWXUHOOHV HQ
GpFLGDQW GH
UpLPSULPHU
GDQV VRQ %XOOHWLQ OLQWpUHVVDQWWUDYDLO
GH 0 &ROODGRQ VXU OHV WHUUDVVHV GX ODF /pPDQ PD FKDUJp GH UDSSHOHU WUqV H[SOLFLWHPHQWWRXW
FH TXHORQ
GRLW GDQV FH GRPDLQH DX[ UHFKHUFKHV GH 0 0RUORW 3HQGDQW OHV DQQpHV RLO
D OH SOXV DFWLYHPHQW pWXGLp OH EDVVLQ GX /pPDQ MDYDLV OH ERQKHXU GrWUH VRQ pOqYH HW MHODL
ELHQ VRXYHQW DFFRPSDJQp GDQV VHVH[FXUVLRQV $LQVL
MDL
HX ORFFDVLRQ GH OHQWHQGUHGpYHORSSHU VHV LGpHV VXU OHV IRUPDWLRQV GLOXYLHQQHV DYHF EHDXFRXS SOXV GH GpWDLOV TXH FODQV OHV QRWHV LQVpUpHV GDQV OH
%XOOHWLQ -H SXLV GRQF GpFODUHU TXH GDQV OHV DQQpHV
UDSSHOpHV FLGHVVXV LO DGPHWWDLW GpMj TXH OD OLJQH GLQWHUVHFWLRQ
HQWUH OHV GpS{WV LQFOLQpV HW OHV GpS{WV KRUL]RQWDX[
RX j SHX SUqV WHOV pWDLW OLQGLFH GH ODQFLHQ QLYHDX GX ODF DORUV TXH OHV F{QHV DQFLHQV GRQW LO QH UHVWH SOXV TXH GHV ODPEHDX[ VRXV IRUPH GH WHUUDVVHV VH IRUPDLHQW j GHV KDXWHXUV GLIIpUHQWHV PDLV j GHV FRQGLWLRQV LGHQWLTXHV j
%8// ' &2//$'21 6e3 FHOOHV GDQV OHVTXHOOHV OH F{QH DFWXHO FRQWLQXH j VH IRUPHU
,O
DYDLW IDLW j FHW pJDUG SOXVLHXUV REVHUYDWLRQV LPSRUWDQWHVj 0RQWUHX[ ORUV GHV IRXLOOHV SRXU OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GH OD SKDUPDFLH 0HOOHW -H SRVVqGH HQ PDQXVFULW LQpGLW OHV QRWHV
HW OHV PHVXUDJHV
TXLO ILW
j FHWWH RFFDVLRQ $ OD FLWDWLRQ IDLWH SDU 0 &ROODGRQ GH OD QRWH VXU OHV WHUUDVVHVGLOXYLHQQHV GX ODF /pPDQ SDU 0 0RUORW
%XOOHWLQ
WRPH ,9S
LO
IDXW DMRXWHU FHOOH ELHQ SOXV LPSRUWDQWH GH OD QRWH VXU OH F{QH GH GpMHFWLRQ GX %RLURQ 0RUJHV6pDQFH GX
MXLQ
%XOOHWLQ WRPH 9 S 0RUORW HQVHLJQDLW GDQV VHV FRXUV TXH OHV DOOXYLRQV WRUUHQWLHOOHVGpSRVpHV VRXV OHDX HQ DYDQW GH OD ]RQH
OLWWRUDOH
DYDLHQWXQH LQFOLQDLVRQ FRQVWDQWH GHQYLURQ GHJUpV
(Q UHQGDQW FHW KRPPDJH DX[ WUDYDX[ GH QRWUH UHJUHWWp PDvWUH HW DPL QRXV VRPPHV SDUIDLWHPHQW FHUWDLQ GH
ODVVHQWLPHQW GH 0 &ROODGRQ GRQW OHV GpGXFWLRQV VL LQWpUHVVDQWHV
QH SHXYHQW TXH JDJQHU FQ YDOHXU HW HQ DXWRULWp
HQ pWDQW FRQILUPpHV SDU OHV REVHUYDWLRQV GXQ JpRORJXH DXVVL VDJDFH HW FRQVFLHQFLHX[ TXH 0 0RUORW
6 &KDYDQQHV
/D TXHVWLRQ GH
ORULJLQH
GHV WHUUDVVHV TXH ORQ UHQFRQWUH VXU OH ERUG GHV ODFV D RFFXSp GpPLQHQWV JpRORJXHV&HV WHUUDVVHV
QRQW
SDV pWp WRXWHV SURGXLWHV SDU GHVFDXVHV VHPEODEOHV
LO
HQ HVW GXQH QDWXUH WRXWH VSpFLDOH TXL QH VH UHQFRQWUHQW TXHUDUHPHQW
HWTXL
HQ JpQpUDO VRQW YRLVLQHV GH TXHOTXH DIIOXHQW QRWDEOHWRUUHQW
RXULYLqUH
'DXWUHV SURYLHQQHQW GH OpURVLRQ GHV EHUJHV SDU ODFWLRQ UpSpWpH GHV YDJXHV FHOOHVFL ORUVTXHOOHV GRPLQHQWOD
6(3 7(%%$66(6 /$&867%(6 %8//
ULYH VRQW SUHVTXH WRXMRXUV DFFRPSDJQpHV GXQH VHFRQGH WHUUDVVH SDUDOOqOH FRPSOqWHPHQW LPPHUJpH j XQH SURIRQGHXU
GH SOXVLHXUV PqWUHV HW GRQW OD GLVWDQFH DX ULYDJH YDULH DYHF OpQHUJLH GHV YDJXHV OD QDWXUH GX VRO HW
OLQFOLQDLVRQ
SULPLWLYH
GH OD ULYH LPPHUJpH&HV GHUQLqUHV WHUUDVVHV VRXVODFXVWUHV H[LVWHQW VXU XQH JUDQGH SDUWLH GHV ERUGV GX ODF /pPDQ HW OHV EDWHOLHUV OHV RQW EDSWLVpHV GX QRP GH 0RQWV (OOHV VRQW OH UpVXOWDW GXQ UHPEODL VpFXODLUH
SURGXLW
SDUODJLWDWLRQ
GHV YDJXHVTXL DWWDTXHQW OH ULYDJH FQ GpWDFKHQW GHV JDOHWV pORLJQHQW FHX[FL GX ERUG HW OHV IRQW URXOHU j GLVWDQFH MXVTXj
ODUrWH GX WDOXV TXL FRUUHVSRQG j OD
OLPLWH
GH FH PRXYHPHQW GRVFLOODWLRQ VXU OH IRQG6L OH QLYHDX GX ODF EDLVVDLW VXELWHPHQW GXQ JUDQG QRPEUH GH PqWUHV RQ YHUUDLW VXUJLU FHV PRQWV FRPPH GHV WHUUDVVHV GRPLQDQW OH ODF WDQGLV TXH OHV WHUUDVVHV
DQWpULHXUHV SOXV pOHYpHV GXQ pWDJH TXH OHV QRXYHOOHV VHQ WURXYHUDLHQW VpSDUpHV SDU XQH ]RQH SHX LQFOLQpH GRQW OD ODUJHXU FRUUHVSRQGUDLW j OpWHQGXH
SULPLWLYH
GX IRQG VXU OHTXHO ODFWLRQ GHV YDJXHV SRXYDLW WUDQVSRUWHU OHV JDOHWV GpWDFKpV GH OD ULYH4XHOTXHV DXWUHV WHUUDVVHV SURGXLWHV SDU GHV FDXVHV WUqV GLIIpUHQWHV VXUJLUDLHQW HQ PrPH WHPSV FH VHUDLHQW OHV
GHOWDV TXL VH IRUPHQW j OHPERXFKXUH GHV WRUUHQWV RX GHV ULYLqUHV SDU OHV DSSRUWV VpFXODLUHV GHV VDEOHV HW GHV
JUDYLHUV TXH OHXUV HDX[ FKDUULHQW HW GpSRVHQW VRXV IRUPH GF
UHPEODLV VXFFHVVLIV GDQV OHV HDX[ GRUPDQWHV GX ODF
&HV WHUUDVVHV DXUDLHQW XQH FRQVWLWXWLRQ LQWpULHXUH WRWD
00 )U )RUHO HW ,YL 3LFOHO0DOOHW VHVRQW RFFXSHV WUqV DFWLYHPHQW GHSXLV TXHOTXHV PRLV GH VRXGDJHV GHVOLQpV j ODLUH FRQQDvWUH OD VLWXDWLRQ OHV SHQWHV HW OHV KDXWHXUV GH FHL WHUUDVVHV GDQV OD SDUWLH RXHVW
GX ODF GH *HQqYH
%8// ' &2//$'21 6e3
OHPHQW GLVWLQFWH GH FHOLH GHV PRQWV /HXUV PDWpULDX[
GHYUDLHQW HQ HIIHW VH SUpVHQWHU HQ FRXFKHV PLHX[ RUGRQQpHV HW
PRQWUHU
GHV DOWHUQDQFHV GH VDEOHV ILQV GH VDEOHV JURVVLHUV RX GH PHQXV JUDYLHUV HQ FRUUHVSRQGDQFH DYHF OHV GLYHUVHV pSRTXHV FOLPDWpULTXHV DQFLHQQHV HW DYHF OHXULQIOXHQFH VXU OD QDWXUH GHV DSSRUWV GH ODIIOXHQW
'H SOXV VL FHV PDWpULDX[ RQW pWp YHUVpV SDU GHV WRUUHQWV DOSLQV OHV DSSRUWV TXHOOH
TXDLW
pWp OD SHWLWHVVH GXYROXPH GH OHXUV pOpPHQWV DYDLHQW XQH GLIIpUHQFH GH GHQVLWp VL JUDQGH SDU
UDSSRUW
j FHOOH GH OHDX TXL OHV HQWUDvQDLWGDQV OH ODF TXH DUULYpV HQ HDX WUDQTXLOOH LOV VHURQW
GHVFHQGXV SUHVTXH YHUWLFDOHPHQW HW DXURQW IRUPp XQ WDOXV WUqV
LQFOLQp
FRPSRVp GH FRXFKHV DMRXWpHV ODWpUDOHPHQWOHV XQHV DX[ DXWUHV HW FRQVWLWXpHV SDU GHV PDWpULDX[
KRPRJqQHV GDQV XQH PrPH FRXFKH PDLV XQ SHX GLIIpUHQWV GXQH FRXFKH j ODXWUH
/RUV PrPH TXH
ODIIOXHQW DXUDLW
FKDUULp j OpSRTXH GHVFUXHV GH QRPEUHX[ JDOHWV
GXQ
QRWDEOH YROXPH RQ QHQ WURXYHUD TXH UDUHPHQW GDQV OHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV HW YRLFL VHORQPRL
OH[SOLFDWLRQ GH FH IDLW(Q JpQpUDO OHV IRUWV DIIOXHQWV DYDQW GH VH
MHWHU
GDQV OD PHU RX GDQV XQ ODF UDOHQWLVVHQW QRWDEOHPHQW OD YLWHVVHGH OHXU FRXUV OHXU
OLW SULPLWLI
VpODUJLW RX VH VXEGLYLVHHQ SOXVLHXUV EUDV SUqV GH OHPERXFEXUH XQ GHOWD LPPHUJp
j XQH IDLEOH SURIRQGHXU VLQWHUSRVH HQWUH OH JUDQG FRXUDQW
SULQFLSDO
HW OHV GHUQLqUHV DUrWHV GH GpYHUVHPHQW OHDX GRUPDQWH GX ODF SpQqWUH GDQV OHV ERXFKHV pODUJLHV GX IOHXYH HWUDOHQWLW
OD YLWHVVH GH OHDX DIIOXHQWH /DFRQVpTXHQFH QDWXUHOOH LQpYLWDEOH GHFH UDOHQWLVVHPHQW HVW TXH
OHV JDOHWV TXH OHDX HQWUDvQDLW VH GpSRVHQW VXU OH GHOWD DYDQW
GDUULYHU
GDQV OHV SDUWLHV SOXV SURIRQGHV GX ODF HWIRUPHQW
j XQ QLYHDX SHX GLIIpUHQW GX QLYHDX PR\HQ GX6(3 7(55$66(6 /$&8675(6 %8//
ODF GHV FRXFKHV j SHX SUqV KRUL]RQWDOHV PpODQJpHV
TXHOTXHIRLV GH JUDYLHUV RX PrPH GH TXHOTXHV ODPEHDX[
VDEORQQHX[ TXL VH VRQW LQWHUFDOpV HQWUH OHV FRXFKHV GH
JDOHWV
,O UpVXOWH GH FHV GRQQpHV WKpRULTXHV
4XH OD FRQVWLWXWLRQ ILQDOH LQWpULHXUH GH
WRXW
GHOWD SURGXLW SDU XQH ULYLqUHWRUUHQWLHOOH
WUDQVSRUWDQW GHVPDWpULDX[ GHQVHV HW SHX OLPRQHX[ GRLW VH FRPSRVHU GH FRXFKHV
VXFFHVVLYHV QRWDEOHPHQW LQFOLQpHV SUpVHQWDQW XQH
FHUWDLQH KRPRJpQpLWp HW XQH UHPDUTXDEOH UpJXODULWp
GDOOXUHV
4XH WRXWHV FHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV VH WHUPLQHQW
EUXVTXHPHQW j XQ SODQ VXSpULHXU SUHVTXH KRUL]RQWDO TXL
FRUUHVSRQG DX QLYHDX PrPH GX ODF j OpSRTXH GH OD IRUPDWLRQ GX
GHOOD
4XH OH FRXURQQHPHQW
ILQDO
GX GHOWD TXDQG VRQ DUrWH GH GpYHUVHPHQW VH VHUD WUDQVSRUWpH SOXV HQ DYDQW GDQV OH ODF VHUD IRUPp GH JURV JUDYLHUV RX GH JDOHWV GLVSRVpVSDU
FRXFKHV j WUqV SHX SUqV KRUL]RQWDOHV
6L RQ UHQFRQWUH SUqV GXQ ODF XQH WHUUDVVH YRLVLQH GXQ IOHXYH RX GXQ
WRUUHQW
HW VL GHV IRXLOOHV SUDWLTXpHV GDQV OH VRO GH FHWWH WHUUDVVH IRQW GpFRXYULU GHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV FRPSRVpHV GH PDWpULDX[ DQDORJXHV j FHX[ TXH GpSRVH HQFRUHODIIOXHQW
YRLVLQ RQ VHUD SRUWp j DGPHWWUHTXH FHWWH WHUUDVVH D SX rWUH j ORULJLQH XQ GHOWD IRUPp FODQV OH ODF SDU FHW DIIOXHQW HW TXH SOXV WDUG OH
WHUUDLQ
D pWp VRXOHYp RX TXH OHDX VHVW DEDLVVpH6L GH SOXV FHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV VRQW VXUPRQWpHV GXQH
FRXFKH KRUL]RQWDOH FRPSRVpH GH JDOHWV HW GH JURV JUDYLHUV D\DQW WRXV OHV FDUDFWqUHV GXQH
DOOXYLRQ
FRQWHPSRUDLQH GHV GpS{OV HQ FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV RQ VHUD HQ GURLW GH FRQFOXUH TXHFHWWH WHUUDVVH HVW ELHQ XQ DQFLHQ GHOWD pPHUJp SRVWpULHXUH
%8// '&2//$'21 6e3
PHQW j VD IRUPDWLRQ HW TXj XQH pSRTXH DQWpULHXUH j FHWWH
VpSDUDWLRQ OH QLYHDX PR\HQ GX ODF FRwQFLGDLW j IRUW SHX SUqV DYHF OD FRXFKH KRUL]RQWDOH FRPSRVpH GH JDOHWV
/HV WKqVHV FLGHVVXV UpVXOWHQW HQ JUDQGH SDUWLH GLGpHV
HW GREVHUYDWLRQV UpFHQWHV RX QRXYHOOHV &H QHVW HQ HIIHW TXH GHSXLV SHX GDQQpHV TXH OLGpH D VXUJL GH UHFKHUFKHU SDUPL OHV WHUUDVVHV TXL GRPLQHQW OHV HDX[ GHV ODFV FHOOHV TXL SUpVHQWHQW GHV FRXFKHV WUqV LQFOLQpHV GH VDEOHV RX GH JUDYLHUV HW TXL SDU VXLWH GH FHWWH VWUXFWXUH SHXYHQW
SURYHQLU GH F{QHV GDOOXYLRQ RX GDQFLHQV GHOWDV pPHUJpV (Q 00 %UDYDLV HW 0DUWLQV RQW H[pFXWp XQ XWLOH
HW EHDX
WUDYDLO
HQ SUpFLVDQW SDU GHV PHVXUHV H[DFWHV OD IRUPH GX GHOWD HQJHQGUp SDU OHWRUUHQW
GHO$DU
j VRQHQWUpH GDQV OH ODF GH %ULHQ] ,OV RQW WURXYp TXH OD SHQWH PD[LPD SUqV GH OD FUrWH GH FH GHOWD HVW GH j PqWUHV GH GLVWDQFH KRUL]RQWDOH GH FHWWH FUrWH OD SHQWH HVW UpGXLWH j HQILQ j PqWUHV HQYLURQ OH IRQG
HVW KRUL]RQWDO
&HV LQFOLQDLVRQV GRLYHQW YDULHU DYHF OD QDWXUH GHV
PDWpULDX[ FKDUULpV HW GDXWUHV REVHUYDWHXUV RQW DGRSWp GHV SHQWHV GH HW SOXV SRXU OD FUrWH GH GHOWDV VRXVODFXVWUHV
'DQV VRQ VDYDQW PpPRLUH GH VXU OHV DOOXYLRQV DQFLHQQHV HW PRGHUQHV GXQH SDUWLH GX EDVVLQ GX
5KLQ
0 'DXEUpH QD SDV GLVFXWp OHV WHUUDVVHV TXL VRQW HQ DPRQW
GH 6FKDIIKRXVH
'H j 0 0RUORW D FRPPXQLTXp j GLYHUVHV
/HV GHX[ SUHPLqUHV VHXOHV IRQW SHXWrWUH H[FHSWLRQ FDU HOOHV RQW G rWUH LPSOLFLWHPHQW HQWUHYXHV SDU OD SOXSDUW GHV JpRORJXHV TXL VH VRQW RFFXSpV GH OD IRUPDWLRQ GHV GHOWDV -H QH FURLV SDV TXH OD
WURLVLqPH DLW pWp LQGLTXpH DYDQW PRL
V %XOO 6RF JpRO GH )UDQFH H VpU W
,,
S6e3 7(55$66(6 /$&8675(6 %8//
UHSULVHV j OD 6RFLpWp YDXGRLVH GHV VFLHQFHV QDWXUHOOHV GHV QRWHV VXU OHV F{QHV IRUPpV SDU OHV GpMHFWLRQV GH TXHOTXHV ULYLqUHV GDQV OH ODF GH *HQqYH SUqV GH 0RQWUHX[ HW GH 9HYH\ 2Q WURXYHUD j OD
ILQ
GX SUpVHQW WUDYDLO XQ H[WUDLWGH OD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ IDLWH SDU FHW HPLQHQW JpRORJXH j OD 6RFLpWp YDXGRLVH GHV VFLHQFHV QDWXUHOOHV OH
DYULO
'DQV XQH VpDQFH GH OD PrPH 6RFLpWp OH PDL 0 OH GRFWHXU 'H OD +DUSH D DQDO\Vp XQ PpPRLUH SXEOLp OD PrPH DQQpH SDU 0 ' 6KDUSH VXU OD GHUQLqUH pOpYDWLRQ GHV $OSHV HW GDQV OHTXHO
LO
\ D GHV GHVFULSWLRQV GHWHUUDVVHV GLOXYLHQQHV 2Q \ UHQFRQWUH FHWWH SKUDVH © 4XHO
ª TXHIRLV OHV WHUUDVVHV GLOXYLHQQHV VH WHUPLQHQW j OHXU H[
ª WUHPLOH LQIpULHXUH SDU XQ WDOXV GpERXOHPHQW LQFOLQp GH
ª GHJUpV &HV WHUUDVVHV GHYUDLHQW OX GLVSRVLWLRQ
SDUOLFX
ª +qUH GH OHXU
LQWpULHXU
j FH TXH OHXUV JUDYLHUV DXUDLHQWª pWp GpSRVpV GDQV XQ ODF RX XQH PHU ª
(Q HW 0 % 'DXVVH D
GpFULW
DYHF XQHUHPDUTXDEOH OXFLGLWp GDQV VHV H[SOLFDWLRQV WKpRULTXHV OH PRGH GH IRUPDWLRQ GHV UHPEODLV LQFOLQpV VRXVODFXVWUHV SDUOHV DSSRUWV GHV IOHXYHV RX WRUUHQWV HW PRQWUp OD JUDQGH SUREDELOLWp GH OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ SRVWpULHXUH GH FHV GHOWDV HQ WHUUDVVHV pPHUJpHV HQWLqUHPHQW RX SUHVTXH HQWLqUHPHQW
FRPSRVpHV GH FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV TXL DXUDLHQW GpWHUPLQp SDU OHXU LQFOLQDLVRQ
SULPLWLYH
ODQJOH GX WDOXV GHV WHUUDVVHV VXVGLWHV'DQV FHWWH QRWLFH HW GDQV XQH DXWUH SXEOLpH HQ V 0 'DXVVH FLWH GLYHUVHV REVHUYDWLRQV
TXLO
D IDLWHV HQSDVVDQW DX ERUG GX ODF GH *HQqYH VXU OHV WHUUDVVHV GH 7KR
$FWHV GH OD 6RFLpWp KHOYpWLTXH VHVVLRQ S ² %XOO
6RF JpRO GH )UDQFH" VpU W ;;,,, S
%XOO 6RF JpRO GH )UDQFH VpU W ;;9 S
%8// ' &2//$'21 6e3
QRQ 6DLQW*LQJROSK
OH %RXYHUHW HW 9HYH\LO
DGPHW TXHOOHV RQW G rWUH IRUPpHV SDU OHV GpS{WV GDQFLHQVDIIOXHQWV YRLVLQV HW TXH GHSXLV FHWWH IRUPDWLRQ VRXVODFXVWUH OH QLYHDX GX /pPDQ D G VDEDLVVHU GH j PqWUHV
,O
HVW WUqV UHJUHWWDEOH TXH FH VDYDQW LQJpQLHXUQDLW
SX H[DPLQHU jORLVLU
OHV VHFWLRQV UpVXOWDQW GH GpEODLV IDLWVGDQV FHV WHUUDVVHV SRXU HQ GRQQHU XQH GHVFULSWLRQ
VXIILVDPPHQW GpWDLOOpH
,O
QHGLW
ULHQ GXQ UHSqUH TXL D XQH LPSRUWDQFH DX PRLQV pJDOH j FHOOH GH ODQJOH GLQFOLQDLVRQ GHV FRXFKHV SDUDOOqOHV DX WDOXV GH OD WHUUDVVH MH YHX[ SDUOHU GX GpS{W VXSpULHXU HQ FRXFKHV KRUL]RQWDOHV UHFRXYUDQW OH VRPPHWGHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV HW FRPSRVp GH PDWpULDX[ GXQ SOXV JURV YROXPH TXL GRLW QpFHVVDLUHPHQW VXEVLVWHU ORUVTXH OD WHUUDVVH D pWp FRQVHUYpH GDQV VRQ LQWpJULWp &HWWH FRXFKH KRUL]RQWDOH GH JDOHWV HVW FH PH VHPEOH OH VHXO UHSqUH FHUWDLQ SRXU GpWHUPLQHU OH QLYHDX VXSpULHXU GH ODQFLHQ GHOWD j OpSRTXH R LO pWDLW LPPHUJp HW SDU FRQVpTXHQW OD KDXWHXU GHV HDX[ GX ODF j OpSRTXH GH VD IRUPDWLRQ
(Q UHOLVDQW GDQV OHV GHX[ LQWpUHVVDQWHV QRWLFHV GH 0 'DXVVH OHV GHVFULSWLRQV GH SOXVLHXUV WHUUDVVHV ODFXVWUHV
TXLO
D YLVLWpHV VXU OHV ULYHV GX ODF GH *HQqYH HW GDXWUHVODFV RQ SHXW VH FRQYDLQFUH
TXLO
QH PHQWLRQQH TXH GHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV GH VDEOHV HO GH JUDYLHUV VH WHUPLQDQWEUXVTXHPHQW j OHXU SDUWLH VXSpULHXUH
SDU
GHV DUrWHV GH QLYHDXDX ERUG GH OD WHUUDVVH HW
TXLO
QH GRQQH DXFXQH LQGLFDWLRQ GXQ VHFRQG GpS{W VXSpULHXU UHFRXYUDQW OHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV0 'DXVVH QD SX FRQVDFUHU DLQVL
TXLO
OH[SOLTXH TXXQ WHPSV WUqV FRXUW j OH[DPHQ GH FHV WHUUDVVHV GDQVOHVTXHOOHV
LO
QH[LVWDLW SUREDEOHPHQW SDV GH VHFWLRQ VXIILVDPPHQWQHWWH DXVVL QH
PHQWLRQQHWLO
SDV OHV FDUDFWqUHV6e3 7(55$66(6 /$&8675(6 %8//
VSpFLDX[ GDOOXUH HW GH FRQVWLWXWLRQ GHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV HW FHSHQGDQW FHV FRXFKHV RIIUHQW GHV SDUWLFXODULWpV WRXWHV
VSpFLDOHV TXH
MDL
VLJQDOpHV HQ HW GR RQ SHXWFRQFOXUH TXHOOHV
QRQW
SX VH SURGXLUH TXH GDQV OHV SURIRQGHXUVGXQ ODF GRQW OHDX GRUPDQWH WDPLVDLW SRXU DLQVL GLUH OHV PDWpULDX[ DSSRUWpV SDU ODIIOXHQW UDOHQWLVVDLW OHV pOpPHQWV VDEORQQHX[ GDQV OHXU FKXWH YHUWLFDOH HW
OHXU
SHUPHWWDLW GH VH VXSHUSRVHU HQ FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV ILQHV HW UpJXOLqUHV FRQWUH OH WDOXV GpMj IRUPp?
-DL SXEOLp HQ XQ PpPRLUH VXU OD WHUUDVVH GDOOXYLRQ ODFXVWUH GLWH GHV 7UDQFKpHV VXU ODQJOH QRUGRXHVW GH ODTXHOOH OD YLOOH GH *HQqYH D pWp
SULPLWLYHPHQW
FRQVWUXLWH
0 'DXVVH PDYDLW IDLW
OKRQQHXU
HQ GH PD GUHVVHU VHV GHX[ QRWLFHVLO
QH VpWDLW SDV GRXWp GH OH[LVWHQFHGH FHWWH WHUUDVVH GX FDQWRQ GH *HQqYH PDLV OD
OHFWXUH GH VHV EURFKXUHV PH
ILW
VXSSRVHU TXH OH SODWHDX GHV 7UDQFKpHVSRXUUDLW
rWUH XQ GHOWD DQFLHQ IRUPpSDU
OHV DS0 0DUWLQV HW DSUqV OXL 0 'DXVVH RQW GLVFXWp OHV GHJUpV GLQFOLQDLVRQ
UHODWLYH TXH GRLYHQWSUHQGUH OHV WDOXV IRUPpV SDU GHV VDEOHV VHFV RX GHV VDEOHV LPPHUJpV HW LOV VRQW DUULYpV j GHV FRQFOXVLRQV LQYHUVHV
OH SUHPLHU QD SDV DVVH] WHQX FRPSWH GH GHX[ FLUFRQVWDQFHV TXL GDQV
OHV UHPEODLV HIIHFWXpV VRXV OHDX GRLYHQW DFFURvWUH ODQJOH GLQFOLQDLVRQ
OD SUHPLqUH HVW OD GLPLQXWLRQ GH SRLGV SDU OD SRXVVpH GH OHDX OD VHFRQGH OD OHQWHXU GH OD FKXWH GHV JUDLQV GH VDEOH
'DXWUH SDUW MH QH SHQVH SDV TXH ORQ SXLVVH DGPHWWUH DYHF 0 'DXVVH TXH OD SRXVVpH ODWpUDOH GH OHDX DUFERXWH OHV FRXFKHV WUqV
UpFHQWHV HW OHV UHWLHQQH VXU OD SHQWH GX WDOXV &HW HIIHW SHXW H[LVWHU SRXU OHV DQFLHQQHV FRXFKHV GpMj FRPSDFWHV HW SHX SHUPpDEOHV PDLV QRQ SRXU FHOOHV TXL VH IRUPHQW HW GRQW OHV pOpPHQWV VRQW QpFHVVDLUHPHQW HQYHORSSpV GHDX HW SDUWLFLSHQW VXU OD WRWDOLWp GH OHXU VXUIDFH jLD
SRXVVpH ODWpUDOH GX OLTXLGH
$UFKLYHV GHV 6FLHQFHV GH OD %LEOLRWKqTXH XQLYHUVHOOH GH *HQqYH VHSWHPEUH
%8// ' &2//$'21 6e3
SRUWV GH O$UYH GDQV XQ DQFLHQ ODF /pPDQ GRQW OH QLYHDX
DXUDLW
GpSDVVp GHQYLURQ WUHQWH PqWUHV FHOXL GX ODF DFWXHO 'HV FLUFRQVWDQFHV ORFDOHV RQW IDYRULVp PHV UHFKHUFKHV GHV IRXLOOHV SURIRQGHV SUDWLTXpHV VRLW SRXU GHV PDLVRQVj
EkWLU
VRLW SRXU XQH UXH EDVVH SUqV GH O2EVHUYDWRLUH PRQW SHUPLV GpWXGLHU OHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV GH FHWWHWHUUDVVH VXU XQ WUqV JUDQG QRPEUH GH SRLQWV
/DVSHFW GH TXHOTXHVXQHV GH FHV VHFWLRQV pWDLW VDLVLVVDQW SDU VXLWH GH OD UpJXODULWp GHV FRXFKHV GH OHXU
FODVVHPHQW ELHQ GLVWLQFW HQ WUDQFKHV PLQFHV DGRVVpHV SDUDOOqOHPHQW
OHV XQHV DX[ DXWUHV VRXV OD PrPH LQFOLQDLVRQ HW VXUWRXW SDU VXLWH GH OHXU EUXVTXH WHUPLQDLVRQ j XQ PrPH QLYHDX VXSpULHXU FRQWUH XQ
WRLW
pSDLV GH GHX[ j WURLVPqWUHV FRPSRVp GH JUDYLHUV HW GH JDOHWV VWUDWLILpV HQ FRXFKHV
KRUL]RQWDOHV
'DQV OHV IRXLOOHV WUqV QRPEUHXVHV TXH
MDL
HX ORFFDVLRQGH[DPLQHU GH j VXU XQH VXSHUILFLH GH SOXV GH WURLV FHQW FLQTXDQWH PLOOH PqWUHV FDUUpV HW VXU XQH SURIRQGHXU TXL D HQ TXHOTXHV SRLQWV DWWHLQW PqWUHV
MDL
WURXYpSDUWRXW
GHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV GDQV XQH GLUHFWLRQ D]LPXWDOH FRQVWDQWH FHVWjGLUH YHUV OH QRUG RX OHQRUG
QRUGRXHVW &HWWH GLUHFWLRQ HVW DXVVL FHOOH GH OD SOXV FRXUWH GLVWDQFH GH FHWWH WHUUDVVH DX ODF/H
WRLW
KRUL]RQWDO VXSpULHXU IRUPp GH JDOHWV VWUDWLILpV D GLVSDUX GDQV TXHOTXHV SDUWLHV WUqV UDSSURFKpHV GH OD YLOOH R OD VXUIDFH GH OD WHUUDVVH D pWp PRGLILpH SDU VXLWHGHV WUDYDX[ GHV DQFLHQQHV IRUWLILFDWLRQV PDLV MH ODL
UHWURXYp SDUWRXW R OH VRO QDYDLW SDV pWp UHPDQLp RX DEDLVVp
&HVW XQ VSHFWDFOH IUDSSDQW TXH FHOXL GH FHWWH SXLVVDQWH
3RXU FRQVHUYHU FHV W\SHV UHPDUTXDEOHV MDL IDLW SKRWRJUDSKLHU
GHV YXHV GH SOXVLHXUV GH FHV VHFWLRQV
6e3 7(55$66(6 /$&8675(6 %8//
FRXFKH KRUL]RQWDOH GH JDOHWV pSDLVVH GH GHX[ j
WURLV
PqWUHV FRQWUH ODTXHOOH YLHQQHQW DGKpUHU HW
PRXULU
GLQQRPEUDEOHVFRXFKHV REOLTXHV LQFOLQpHV VRXV GHV DQJOHV
GHQYLURQ j GHJUpV 7DQGLV TXH FHV GHUQLqUHV FRXFKHV
SUpVHQWHQW XQH JUDQGH YDULpWp GDQV OHXU pSDLVVHXU HW GDQV OD FRXOHXU RX OD JURVVHXU GH OHXUV pOpPHQWV OH
WRLW
GHJDOHWV DX FRQWUDLUH RIIUH j SHX SUqV OH PrPH DVSHFW GDQV OHV QRPEUHXVHV VHFWLRQV R
MDL
SX OH[DPLQHU VXU XQHORQJXHXU WRWDOH GHQYLURQ VL[ FHQWV PqWUHV
8Q QLYHOOHPHQW H[DFW UDWWDFKp j OD SODWHIRUPH GH
O2EVHUYDWRLUH EkWL VXU OH F{Wp QRUG GH FHWWH WHUUDVVH D
GpPRQWUp TXH OD EDVH GH FH
WRLW
GH JDOHWV FRUUHVSRQG j XQ SODQ KRUL]RQWDO pOHYp GH j PqWUHV DXGHVVXV GXQLYHDX PR\HQ GX ODF /pPDQ
6L RQ DGPHW TXH OH VRPPHW GHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV TXL IRUPHQW OD PDVVH SULQFLSDOH GH OD WHUUDVVH FRUUHVSRQG j OD FUrWH GXQ DQFLHQ GHOWD RQ VHUD SRUWp j FRQFOXUH TXH GHSXLV OpSRTXH j ODTXHOOH FH GHOWD VHVW IRUPp OH QLYHDX GX ODF D VXEL XQ DEDLVVHPHQW
UHODWLI
pJDO RX XQ SHX VXSpULHXUj RX PqWUHV
(Q H[DPLQDQW DWWHQWLYHPHQW OHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV HW OH
WRLW
VXSpULHXU RQ SHXW VH FRQYDLQFUH TXH FHV FRXFKHV RQW pWp GpSRVpHV RULJLQDLUHPHQW GDQV OHXU SRVLWLRQ UpFLSURTXH DFWXHOOH GDQV OHV FRXFKHV LQFOLQpHV OHV SHWLWV FDLOORX[SODWV PpODQJpV DX[ VDEOHV VRQW HQ JUDQGH PDMRULWp
GLVSRVpV VHORQ OLQFOLQDLVRQ GH OD FRXFKH TXL OHV FRQWLHQW WDQGLV TXH GDQV OH
WRLW
KRUL]RQWDO VXSpULHXU OHV JDOHWV DSODWLV VRQW FRXFKpV GDQV XQH SRVLWLRQ WUqV YRLVLQH GH OKRUL]RQWDOH HW LPEULTXpV GDQV OD GLUHFWLRQ 1124XHO pWDLW ODIIOXHQW TXL D
IDLW
OHV DSSRUWV GH VDEOHV GH JUDYLHUV HW GH JDOHWV TXL FRPSRVHQW FHWWH WHUUDVVH TXDWHUQDLUH,O
HVW QDWXUHO GDGPHWWUH TXH FpWDLW OHWRUUHQW
FRU%8// ' &2//$'21 6e3 UHVSRQGDQW j OD ULYLqUH
G$UYH
DFWXHOOH HW YHQDQW FRPPH FHOOHFL GX JURXSH GX 0RQW%ODQF/$UYH
FRXOH DFWXHOOHPHQW j PqWUHV GX ERUG RXHVWGH FHWWH WHUUDVVH HW FHVW MXVTXj OD 'UDQFH pORLJQpH GH NLORPqWUHV DX
QRUGHVW
OD VHXOH ULYLqUH YRLVLQH TXL FKDUULH GHV FDLOORX[ HW GHV VDEOHV VLOLFHX[ /HV VDEOHV OHV JUDYLHUV HW OHV JDOHWV TXHORQ
H[WUDLW GH OD WHUUDVVH GHV7UDQFKpHV VRQW GH PrPH QDWXUH TXH FHX[ TXH
O$UYH
GpSRVH HQFRUH VXU VHV ERUGV ,OV VRQW HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW
VLOLFHX[ HW OHV VDEOHV ILQV H[DPLQpV j OD ORXSH RQW OD PrPH
FRQWH[WXUH
LOV VRQW FRPSRVpV HQ PDMHXUHSDUWLH
GpOpPHQWV FULVWDOOLQV DVVH] DQJXOHX[ HW SRXYDQW SDU FRQVpTXHQW
VH
VWUDWLILHU
HQ FRXFKHV IRUWHPHQW LQFOLQpHV HQ VH GpSRVDQW GDQV XQ ODF SURIRQG-H VXLV GRQF HQ
GURLW
GH FRQFOXUH FRPPH MHODL IDLW
GDQV PRQ SUHPLHU PpPRLUH GH TXH OD WHUUDVVH GHV 7UDQFKpHV SUqV GH *HQqYH HVW XQ DQFLHQ DSSRUW GH OD ULYLqUH
G$UYH
GDQV XQ DQFLHQ ODF /pPDQ GRQW OH QLYHDX VpOHYDLW j HQYLURQ PqWUHV DXGHVVXV GX QLYHDX DFWXHO GX ODF GH *HQqYHM A2-ª !W&-u!