Amezruy d umhaz d wungal s teqbaylit

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TAGDUDA TAZZAYRIT TAΓERFANT N LEZZAYER

AΓLIF N USELMED UNNIG D UNADI USSNAN

TASDAWIT N WAKLI MUḤEND ULḤAĞ - TUBIRET

TAZEDDAYT N TSEKLIWIN D TUTLAYIN

AGEZDU N TUTLAYT D YIDLES N TMAZIΓT

ASENTEL

S γur yinelmaden:

S lmendad n Mass:

- BUYZRI Kamal

- LUNISI Salim

- YEDDU



li

Asqamu n yimeskayaden :

- LΣUFI Σmer, d aselmad deg Tasdawit n Tubiret (d aselway).

- BERDUS Nadiya, d taselmadt deg Tasdawit n Tubiret (d tameskaydt).

- LUNISI Salim, d aselmad deg Tasdawit n Tubiret (d amesnalay).

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Asnemmer

Deg tazwara ad nesnemmer :

 Mass Lunisi Salim i d-yezgan i lmendad n leqdic-nneγ;

 Tanemmirt akk i wid i yaγ-d-yefkan afus n tallalt ama:

- D iselmaden n ugezduy n tutlayt tamaziγt n tesdawit n

Tubiret;

- I tedbelt n ugezdu n tutlayt d yidles amaziγ;

- I yinelmaden n ugezdu n tutlayt d yidles amaziγ.

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Abuddu

Ad buddeγ leqdic-a :

 I baba d yemma .

 I gma d yessetma: Ferhat, Saliha d urgaz-ines, Zina,

Siham, Dalila.

 I warraw n weltam Saliḥa;Mayas d Silas

 I texḍibt-iw Kamilya d yimawlan-ines.

 I Leɛmum-iw d Xwali

 I Tselmadt-iw Berdus Nadiya i yi-d-yefkan afus n tallelt

akken ad kemmleγ Lmaster deg tesdawit n Tubiret.

 I lprufisur Jellawi i yi-ldin dima tiwwura n Ugezdu n

Tmaziγt n Tubiret mi lliγ deg tesdawit n Bgayet.

 I uselmad-iw L



ufi



mer i yi-sifsusen tagnit deg Master

1 gar uselmed-iw deg tesnawit d yirmad-ines deg tesdawit.

 I unemhal n tesnawit n Beclul Drayfi ĞĞeɛfer i yisifsusen

tagnit n uselmed deg tesnawit akken ad kemmleγLmaster.

 I Yimeγnasen n Tmaziγt anda ma llan, deg taγult ideg

llan .

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Abuddu

Ad buddeγ leqdic-a :

 I baba d yemma .

 I watmaten-iw d yessetma.

 I jeddi ad t-yerêem Rebbi d Jida ad as-yessiγzef Rebbi

di le



mer-is

 I



mumi d



mumati.

 I xwali d xwalati.

 I widak ssneγ yal yiwen s yisem-is .

 I wid i ḥiêemlen tamaziɣγt seg wul zeddigen

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Tazwart tamatut……….………..08

Ixef amezwaru : Awal ɣef kra n tmiḍranin……….……….………..14

Tazwart.……….…..……….……….……….15

1.Ungal.……….…..……….……….……….……….15

1.1. Amhaz n wawal...15

1.2.Tabadut...15

2.Amezruy aseklan...16

3.Tukciwin n tesnilestmettit...16

3.1.Tasnitlayt...16

3.2.Amennuɣ utlayan...17

3.3. Aẓayer n tutlayt n tmaziɣt...17

4.Asiẓreg...19

4.1. Tiẓrigin n usqamu Unnig n Timuzγa (HCA)...19

4.2. Asiẓreg γef ddema n umaru...19

4.3. Tiẓrigin n tdukliwin d tid n timuγnest...19

4.4. Tiẓrigin igan ahil-nsent i udlis kan...20

Taggrayt...21

Ixef wis sin: seg tewsatin timensayin ɣer tewsatin tatrarin...22

Tazwart...23

1. Tiwsatin timensayin...23

1.1. Isefran n usbadu...23

1.2. Tizrawin ɣef tiwsatin timensayin...23

1.3. Aɣbel n usismel n tewsatin timensayin...24

2. Anaqel ɣer tira...25

2.1. Tallit n yimsuda imezwura...26

2.2. Tallit n yimaziɣen iɣelnaẓriyen...26

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3.1. Tizlit...27

3.2.Tullist...28

3.3. Amezgun...28

3.4. Ungal...29

4. Tafelwit n userwes gar tewsatin timensayin d tewsatin tatrarin...29

Taggrayt...30

Ixef wis krad: Ungal s teqbaylit...31

Tazwart...32

1. Talliyin n tlalit s umhaz n wungal s teqbaylit...32

1.1. Tallit n temharsa 1871/1962...33

1.1.1. Taruẓi n 1871...33

1.1.2. Iγerbazen imezwur n Fransa deg tmurt n Leqbayel...33

1.1.3. Belɛid At Σli … talalit n tsekla tatrart...33

1.2. Tallit n timunent...34

1.2.1. Tallit n wungalen imezwura: Asfel, Askuti, Faffa...35

1.2.2. Tallit seg 1990 ɣer tizi n wass-a...39

1.2.3. Tasuɣilt d afud-nniḍen i wungal s teqbaylit... maca drus...40

2. Asissen n talliyin n umhaz n wungal s teqbaylit...41

2.1. Izenziɣen n usissen n wassaɣ gar unaqel ɣer tira d tlallit n wungal..41

2.2. Azenziɣn usissen n wassaɣ gar usnulfu d tɣuri n wungalen s teqbaylit

deg tallit tamirant ...43

3.2. Asissen n umḍan usizreg n wungalen s teqbaylit...44

4. Aɣbel n usismel n tewsit deg ungal s teqbaylit...48

Taggrayt...50

Taggrayt tamatut...52

Tiɣbula...55

Ammud...60

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Tazwart tamatut.

Tamuγli tamatut ɣef tsekla taqbaylit, tettwehhi ɣef lexsas-ines, ama seg tama n ufares aseklan s tira neγ asnulfu ama seg tama n tezrawin.

Seg tama n ufares aseklan neγ asnulfu, aseqsi yerḥan inagmayen(1)_{, amek imaziγen}

(gar-asen Leqbayel) san anagraw n tira seg teglest maca, anagraw-a ur yelli ara d ttawil i kra n usnulfu aseklan?. tiririt γef useqsi-a, turez γer tutlayt, taneggarut-a daγen turez γer tin n yimnekcamen i ten-yeṭṭfen deg yal tallit n umezruy, imi asnulfu n yimaziγen yettwaru s tutlayt n umnekcam n tallit-nni.

Ilmnd n Chaker: «yewwi-d ad nerju tallit n umnekcam afransi d tezrirt n uγerbaz-ines,

iwakken ad d-ilal usnulfu (s tira) aseklan s tmaziγt ladγa deg temnaḍt n leqbayel»(2)_.

Seg tama-nniḍen, akken tt-id-yeglem Amezyan Σmer: «ulac aṭas n tezrawin γef tsekla tamaziγt»(3)_.

Amezyan Amer(4)_{yebḍa talliyin n tezrawin γef tsekla tamaziγt (ladγa taqbaylit) γef}

kraḍ n talliyin. Beṭṭu-agi yusa-d ilmend n tmuγli n tezrawin-a γer tsekla tamaziγt. Tallit tamezwarut d tallit n umnekcam arumi, anda tizrawin n tallit-a, aḍris n tsekla d allal n tikci n yissalen γef tmetti tamaziγt, ladγa taqbaylit, iwakken ad yili uressi n temharsa s tegzi n tumant tanmettit, imi tizrawin-a d iγallen n tedbelt tafrensist i tent-ixeddmen. Tallit tis snat d tallit n Memri, anda anagmay-agi yefka azal i uḍris, yeččur ilem-nni n lexsas n tezrawin n yirumyen, i yefkan tamuγli tafulklurit i tsekla taqbaylit. Seg tama-s Galand Pernet deg umagrad-ines «Critique occidentale et littératures berbères»(5)_{tedda-d γer tama}

n tmuγli n yinagmayen idiganiyen mgal tamuγli tafulklurit n yiberraniyen. Tallit taneggarut d tallit n tmuγli γef tisukla d ccbaḥa n uḍris aseklan.

Deg kraḍ n talliyin-a, Amezian yekkes-d kraḍ (3) n tezrawin i yesƐan tixutert meqqren deg umezruy n tsekla tamaziγt. Yiwet deg tallit n temḥarsa tafrensist, d '«essai sur

la literature des berbère» n Hénri Basset (1920), d nettat i d tazrawt tamezwarut i d-ijemlen

(1)_{(S.), CHAKER, «La naissance d’une littérature écrite – le cas berbère (Kabyle)», Tira n umagrad deg Bulletin des}

Etudes Africaines(Inalco) : IX (17/18), 1992.

(2)_Ibid.

(3) _{(A.) AMEZIANE, Tradition et renouvellement dans la littérature kabyle, Thèse de doctorat (S.dir. Abdellah}

BOUNFOUR) INALCO.Paris 2009, 241p.

(4)_{Ibid, pp 9-18.}

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Tazwert tamatut

9

akk tasekla n yigrawen imaziγen. Snat n tezrawin-nniḍen deg tallit tis krad. Tamezwarut

Littératures berbères : des voix, des lettresn P. Galand-Pernet anda d-teglem s telqeyt anagraw aseklan amaziγ, Pernet tesleḍ timeẓra yesƐan tixutert deg taywalt taseklant gar tantliwin timaziγin (tusiγilt-nneγ)(1)_{. Tazrawt tis snat Introduction à la littérature berbère 1. Poésie n A.}

Bounfour. Amaru yerra tisukla deg wul n tesleḍ, am wakken daγen yugi ad yeqbel asemmi (tasekla timawit/tirawit…) imi asemmi-agi ur ikeččem ara deg usatal neγ lqaleb n tmaziγt.

D acu γas akken iγeblan n tsekla tamensayt ur tent-nettaf ara s tuget deg tsekla tatrart, imi tiwsatin n tneggarut-a, tuget deg-sent llant yakan deg tsekla taberranit, dγa ad naf imura n tsekla-agi sexdamen lqaleb-nni yellan yakan deg tsekla taberrnit deg usnulfu n tewsatin-nsen, ama d amezgun, tullist neγ d ungal. D acu ungal s teqbaylit yezmer ad d-imagar aγbel n usismel, imi aṭas n yimura ladγa imura imezwuru, ur sɛin ara lqaleb anasli iγef ara senden, degmi tikwal ad naf kra n wungalen uγen-d rruḥ seg tmucuha neγ ahat qerben γer tullisin. Seg tama-nniḍen ula ma yella ungal s teqbaylit ur yewwi ara aḥric ameqqran deg usnulfu, ma nessemgared-it d tmedyazt yuran, maca yewwi tixutert yuklalen deg tsekla taqbaylit tatrart, imi yezmer ad tt-yeccekcem deg tegreγlanit.

Ungal d amkan anda « tayri, tasertit d tesreḍt, neγ ayen iwumi semman ‘’la trinité du

tabous des sociètés berbères’’ n wass-a, ttwasqerdcen s tlelli bexlaf tamensayit i yessemrasen s umata awehhi neγ ameɛɛen kan mi ara tarez temsalt γer yiγeblan-a»(2)_.

Ungal amezwaru i d-yeffγen s teqbaylit d asfel n Racid Σellic deg 1981, dacu tallit n tewsit-a, ilmend n tezrawin tineggura, tettuγal γer BelƐid At Σli s uḍris-ines Lwali n Udrar deg useggas n 1940. Taggara-a aṭas n wungalen i d-yeffγen yal wa d acu n usentel i izerrew, d acu asentel n timagit yewwi aḥric aneγmar deg wungalen-a «ɣas akken kra n yimura bγan ad

ffγen seg usental-a γer yisental-nniḍen, dacu asentel n timagit yettuγal-d s wudem neγ s wayeḍ ladγa deg wungalenimezwura»(3)_.

(1)_{(A.), AMEZIANE, Tradition et renouvellement dans la littérature kabyle, Op.cit, p15.}

(2)_{(A.), BOUNFOUR, «Présentation de la littérature contemporaine», in Etudes Littéraire Africaines –Littérature}

berbère,N°21, France, 2006, pp.5-9.

(3) _{(N.), BERDDOUS.2006: Le roman kabyle entre hier et aujourd’hui .in http://www.depechedekabylie.com/}

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Bexlaf asentel n timagit, Σebrus Dahbiya(1)_{, tebder-d sin n yisental-nniḍen d}

igejdanen urzen γer usntel n timagit; amezwaru d asentel n tsertit ara naf yebda yakan deg tmedyazt tamensayt i yugin lbaṭel n tedbelt Tafrensist, dayen i yeğğan irumyen ad xedmen lḥers γef yimedyazen n tallit-nni seld tawaγit n 1871. Asentel-nniḍen d win n uṭṭerdeq (eclatement). Asentel-agi, ilmend n Σebrus, d irgazen n tezγent deg tegnit n tezγent, aya ad t-naf kan deg wungalen ladγa wid n Racid Σellic anda s wudem n tcemmuxt yerẓen, asaḍen wwḍen almi γer tunγiman.

Isental-agi ar ass-a mazal uγen aẓar deg wungalen s teqbaylit, dayen i yeğğan ad fken udem n tnaslit i tsekla s teqbaylit: «d tazmart-agi i ijelliben γer yimal war ma tettwattu tnaslit, i yefkan udem n tnaslit i tsekla s teqbaylit»(2)_.

Ma yella nuγal γer umḍan n wungalen s teqbaylit i d-yetteffγen, ad t-naf drus, ma nessemgareiten d wungalen n tsekla taberranit, imi deg tneggarut-a, llan wungalen i d-yettwasiẓergen azal n 500 000 deg yiwen n useggas. Dγa ma nefka-d amedya, ad d-nebder sin n wungalen; amezwaru d ungal n Sṭundal Azeggaγ d Uberkan (Le Rouge et Le Noir) i yenzan azal 1822000 d ungal, wis sin d ungal n BALẒAK , Le Père Goriot i yenzan azal n 1433600 d ungal deg ctember 1908(3)_{. D amḍan-a «i yeğğan ESCARPIT Robert ad}

as-isemmi tagrawla n yidlisen»(4)_. _{ihi aγbel n tdersit n umḍan n wungalen s teqbaylit, daγen,}

yecγeb-aγ, ahat d ayen iwumi ara naf tiririt deg teγzi n tezrawt-nneγ.

Tamukrist.

Anaqel seg timawit γer tira dayen ijerrden neγ yebγan ad ijerred tasekla taqbaylit deg tatrarit neγ deg tegreγlantit, aya mačči s ujerred n kra n tewsatin n tsekla timawit, d acu s usnulfu n tewsatin timaynutin, tid ur yellin ara deg tsekla timawit. Tiwsatin-a d tid i yettwassnen deg tsekla tgraγlant am umezgun, tullist d wungal. Aneggaru-agi (ungal) d netta i yesan tixutert imi ɣer yimura d azamul n tatrarit n tsekla taqbaylit.

(1)_{(D.), ABROUS, «Kabylie: Littérature», in 26| Judaïsme – Kabylie, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud («Volumes», no26),}

2004 [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 juin 2011, consulté le 04 juillet 2013. URL:http://encyclopedieberbere. revues .org/1434.

(2) _Ibid.

(3)_{(R.), MICHEL, Le roman, 2}em_{Edition, Armand Colin, Paris, 2005. P14.} (4)_{Ibid, p13}

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Tazwert tamatut

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Deg tsekla taqbaylit, ad naf tawsit-a, ula ma ur nezmir ara ad d-nini tewwi aḥric meqqren deg tama n usnulfu, dacu tewwi lwelha meqqren γer yimura d yinagmayen iqbayliyen i yettnadin ad skecmen tasekla-nsen deg tegreγlanit s ubrid-agi n wungal.

Deg umahil-nneγ, nebγa ad neglem amecwar i d-tegzem tewsit-a n wungal seg wasmi i d-tlul ar tizi n wass-a, s usegzi n tegnatin i as-d-yezzin ama d tignatin tinmetti-delsanin, timetti-damsanin d tinmetti-sertanin. Annect-a ad aγ-yawi ad negzu timental n usnulfu neγ war asnulfu deg yal tallit, d yisental ineγmaren iγef d-wwin wungalen-a deg-sent. Am wakken daγen ad aγ-yawi ad nẓer timental n tdersit n umḍan n wungalen s teqbaylit i d-yeffγen seg tlalit n wungal amezwaru γer tizi n wass-a. Γaf waya asteqsi agejdan n tezrawt-nneγ; Amek i yedda wungal s teqbaylit seg tlalit-ines γer tizi n wass-a?

Iwakken ad naweḍ γer tririt n tmukrist-a, yewwi-d fella-aγ ad d-nerr γef kra n yisteqsiyen addayen:

- D acu iwumi neqqar ungal s teqbaylit?

- Γer wacu turez tlalit n wungal deg tsekla taqbaylit? - D acu-tt tegnit n tlalit-ines?

- Asnulfu-agi, d agemmuḍ n ukala n unaqel γer tira, neγ d udem-nniḍen n usuter n timagit

i yebdan seg yiseggasen n 40?(1)

- D acu-ten yimeskaren i yurzen γer umḍan n usnulfu n wungal s teqbaylit?

Turdiwin.

Deg unadi-nneγ, nebγa ad d-nini belli talliyin n umezruy d umhaz n wungal s teqbaylit urzent γer usatal ideg tettidir tmetti taqbaylit ladγa ayen yerzan asuter n timagit. Γef waya nebγa ad d-nini belli talalit n wungal s teqbaylit ur yelli ara d akemmel n umecwar n tira i d-bdan yimsuda imezwura deg taγult tadelsant, maca d yiwen n wudem seg wudmawen n usuter n timagit deg taγult tasertant ladγa seld tidyanin n tefsut n 80. Dγa imura imezwura ur xdimen ara azal i tɣessa n uḍris akken rran azal i ugbur neγ i usentel iγef d-ttmeslayen.

Seg tama-nniḍen tidersit n umḍan n wungalen s teqbaylit yettuɣal ɣer kra n yimeskaren, gar-asen laxsas n ttawilat ɣer yimura, am wakken ulac aṭas n yimura i yettarun s teqbaylit imi asileγ n tmetti-nsen yella-d s tutlayin tiberraniyin am taɛrabt neγ tafrenssist.

(1)_{(N.), BERDOUS, 2006. Op.cit: Son avènement est-il le résultat d’un processus littéraire déjà enclenché ou}

s’agit-il juste d’une autre forme d’expression de la revendication identitaire, linguistique qui date des années 40?

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Iswi n umahil-nneγ.

Deg tezrawt-nneγ nebγa ad naweḍ ad d-nessebgen talliyin tigejdanin deg umezruy d umhaz n wungal s teqbaylit. Seg tama-nniḍen nebγa ad nẓer timental n tlalit n tewsit-a, ma yella talalit-ines turez γer ukemmel n unaqel γer tira ibdan yimsuda imezwura deg yiseggasen n 1900, neγ talalit n tewsit-a d udem n usuter n timagit i yernan γer wudmawen-nniḍen deg wannar n tsertit, uqbel ad yili d akemmel ukala n unaqel γer tira i yebdan deg yiseggasen n 40.

Daγen nebγa ad d-nesken assaγ gar talliyin n unaqel ɣer tira, d wassaɣ gar usnulfu n wungalen d tɣuri-nnsen. Amwakken nebɣa ad d-nesken amḍan n wungalen i d-yeffɣen deg yal tallit n umhaz n wungal s teqbaylit, d yimeskaren iɣer yurez umḍan-agi.

Tasnarrayt.

Ammud-nneγ ad yili kan d ungalen s teqbaylit i yuran s yisekkilen n ugemmay n tlatinit, γef wannec-t ungalen i yuran imura iqbayliyen s tutlayt-nniḍen, neγ s yisekkilen n ugemmay-nniḍen ur yettwabdar ara deg umahil-nneγ.

Deg umahil-nneγ ad nessemres:

- Amezruy aseklan: akken ad d-neglem assaγ yellan gar wungal d tallit n usnulfu-ines. - Tasnilestmetti: akken ad nzer tagnit n tutlayt iseg ttwarun wungal-a deg yal tallit.

- Tasleḍt tasentalant: akken ad nerr assaγ yellan gar yisental n wungalen d tallit n

usnulfu-nsen

- Tasleḍt tasenḍant (statistique): akken ad nexdem aserwes n umḍan n usnulfu n wungalen

deg talliyin, d yisental ineγmaren deg-sent.

Uguren.

Deg uheggi n umahil-nneγ, nemmuger-d aṭas n wuguren:

- Ulac aṭas n tezrawin γef wungal s teqbaylit, imi tuget deg-sent ttwaxedment γef tewsatin timensayin.

- Ugur n tsuγilt; imi ulac tizrawin yettwaxedmen s tmaziγt, dγa nemmugar-d aṭas n wuguren deg tsuγlit n kra n tmiḍranin d tseddarin n yimura, dayen ara d-yeglun ahat s umgired gar unamek amezwaru (tazrawt tanaslit) d tsuγilt-nneγ.

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Tazwert tamatut

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- Ugur n wakud; imi yal tazrawt tuḥwağ aṭas n wakud iwakken ad tettwaxdem akken i iwata lḥal.

Beṭṭu n wahil.

Ahil-nneγ, ad t-nebḍu γef 3 n yixfawen. Ixef amezwaru ad d-nemmeslay γef kra n tmiḍranin i yurzen γer wungal, am umezruy aseklan ara γ-d-yesseknen assaγ yellan gar tsekla d tallit n usnulfu-ines, syin ad d-nemmeslay γef kra n yinefkan n tesnilestmettit i tegzi n talliyin n umhaz n wungal s teqbaylit, imi tagnit tasnilestmettit tettuneḥsab gar tmental i d-yeslalen ungalen imezwura.

Ixef wis sin ad aγ-yawi ad d-nemmeslay γef tewsatin timensayin d tewsatin tatrarin, d acu send ameslay γef tewsatin tatrarin, yewwi-d fell-aγ ad d-nemmeslay γef unaqel seg timawit γer tira, imi anaqel γer tira d netta i d tiqenṭart gar tewsatin timensayin d tewsatin tatrarin. Iswi-nneγ deg umeslay γef tewsatin, tamezwarut, tasekla tebna s tewsatin, asentel-nneγ d yiwet n tewsit seg tewsatin-a. Tis snat, iwakken ad d-nbeggen tiwsatin n tsekla tatrart ur sɛin ara ugur n usismel am tewsatin n tsekla tamensayt, d acu ungal s teqbaylit yezmer ad d-imagar aγbel n usismel, imi aṭas n yimura ladγa imura imezwuru, ur sɛin ara lqaleb anasli iγef ara snden degmi tikwal ad naf kra n wungalen uγen-d rruḥ seg tmucuha.

Ixef wis kraḍ ad d-nemmeslay γef wungal s teqbaylit, deg-s ad nebḍu amhaz n wungal γaf snat talliyin. Tallit tamezwarut, d tallit n temharsa tafrensist, γas ulac ungalen i d-yeffγen deg-s -bexlaf ungal lwali n udrar n BelƐid At Σli-, d acu d tallit anda d-ilul mačči kan d ajerred n tsekla timawit d acu tira d usnulfu n tewsatin n timaynutin n tsekla taqbaylit. Tira-agi d nettat i d “aeqqa n yired yeffuktin” i d-yefkan ungal amezwaru n Belɛid At Σli. S umata tallit-a γer-s i turez tegnit n tlalit n wungal.

Tallit tis snat, d tallit n timunent i nebḍa γef sin n yiḥricen; tagnit n tlalit n wungalen imezwura (aḥric amezwaru) d umhaz-ines γer tallit n tizi n wass-a (aḥric wis sin).

Am wakken ad neƐreḍ ad nesserwes gar talliyin-a, amḍan n wungalen d yisental i d-wwin deg yal tallit s usemres n tfelwiyin d “histogramme”, iwenniten.

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Ixef amezwaru : Awal ɣef kra n tmiḍranin

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Tazwart.

Talalit n wungal s teqbaylit d tin i izemren ad jerdent tasekla taqbaylit deg rreḥba n tsekliwin tigreγlanin, d acu talalit-a tusa-d deg yiwet n tegnit n ẓẓmek, imi tutlayt n wungal-a teqqim wwungal-ar wungal-aẓwungal-ayer yernwungal-a d tin yettidirin kwungal-an deg timwungal-awit. Imurwungal-a d yimeγriyen xersum wid yessawalen taqbaylit, asileγ-nsen yella-d kan s tutlayin-nniḍen ladγa taɛrabt d tefrensist.

Iwakken ad nẓer amecwar i tegzem tewsit seg tlalit-ines almi d tizi n wass-a, yewwi-d ayewwi-d yewwi-d-nessegzu yewwi-deg yixef-agi amezwaru, kra n tmiḍranin yewwi-d tukciwin (inefkan) ara γ-yallen deg teγzi n tezrawt-nneγ, ladγa ayen yurzen γer wungal d yinefkan n tesnilestmettit imi ula d taneggarut-agi turez nezzeh γer usegzi n tegnatin d talliyin n umhaz n wungal s teqbaylit.

1. Ungal.

1.1. Amhaz n wawal.

Raimond Michel yefka-d tamḥezt n tmiḍrant-agi n wungal akka:

«Deg tazwara n tasut tis 12 ungal yettwehhi γer tutlayt tafessast, i yemgarden d tlatinit. Anamek wis sin n wawal ungal: d aḍris s tutlayt tafessast i yellan d tasuγilt n uḍris s tlaṭinit […] Awal ungal yedda alammi yesɛa anamek n yal adlis yettwarun s tutlayt tafessast, ladγa idlisen n usugen i yemgaraden d tezlatin n usγal. Imi tizlit n usγal d asefru yettwacnan, ma yella d ungal d asefru yettwarun. Tizlit n usγal tettalles-d tidyanin timeqqranin, i yeḍran γef ljal n temsalt tameqqrant, ma yella d ungal yettalles-d tadyant: anda asaḍ ad d-yemmager uguren deg ubri-ines iwakken ad yaweḍ lebγi-ines, s umata ad yerbeḥ ul n tlemẓit, tin iwumi yessefk fell-as ad as-d-ibeggen leḥmal-ines, tirrugza d wazal-is»(1)_.

1.2. Tabadut.

Nezmer ad d-nini ungal d tawsit yesɛan tixutert ma yella nsemgar-itt γef tewsatin-nniḍen. Asbadu n wungal yezmer ad d-yas yewɛer, imi aṭas n lesnaf n wungalen i illan, d acu nezmer ad d-nefk tabadut n wungal-a ilmend n yisegzawalen yettwassnen i d-yefka R.Michel(2)_:

(1)_{(R.), MICHEL, Op.cit, p 17.} (2)_{Ibid. p 19.}

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«Asegzawal n Larousse, yessemgarad gar ungal aqbur «d ullis n tidet neγ n tikerkas» d

wungal atrar, «d ullis s tesrit n yineḍruyen i d-tettwasugnen akken ad rren lwelha n yimeγri».Γer usegzawal Le Robert, ungal d «d adlis n usugen s tesrit, γezzif s umata, yeskan-d, yerna yessidir

deg yiwen n umaḍal n yiwudam i d-yettusissnen amzun n tilawt, yeskanaγ-d tiklisent-nsen, tawenza-nsen d tedyanin-tawenza-nsen».

2. Amezruy aseklan.

Seg yiseggasen n 60, anekmar* n yidlisen n tsekla yettwaγmer s tmuγli taγessant, taneggarut-agi tettara aḍris am unagraw n wassaγen iγelqen γef yiman-is. Ass-a yewwi-d ad nerr lwelha γer tsekla s tmuɣli i iressan s tlisa n umezruy iwakken mačči kan ad negzu ayen iɛeddan, maca ula d tizi n wass-a.

Tasleḍt n uḍiris s yiman-is, war ayen i as-d-yezzin yezmer ad yesruḥ adiwenni gar yidlisen, adiwenni-agi i aγ-yawin ad nesserwes gar-asen. Γef waya amezruy aseklan yezmer ad yernu afud i tesleḍt n uḍris s tikci n usatal anda i d-ilul udlis-nni, dayen ara γ-yeğğen ad negzu belli tuγalin n kra n yisental deg yiḍrisen dayen yesɛan anamek, imi idlisen sɛan assaγ d tesnakta n tallit-nsen neγ n tmurt-nsen.

Salḥi Muḥend Akli, yefka-d kuzt (04) n yisfernen i lebni n umezruy aseklan(1)_:

- Tamuγli deg wakud d wadeg, abeddel i d-yeḍran i yizen aseklan ama seg tama n usnulfu,

asizen d termest.

- Asnekwu n yiḍrisen i d-yegren iferdisen imaynuten deg tḍersit-nsen. - Aktil γef ugellus akudan, talalit n tewsatin timaynutin.

- Aktil deg tama tasnimettit tudert n yimura.

3. Tukciwin n tesnilestmettit.

3.1. Tasnitlayt.

Fergisun yesbadu-d tasnitlayt «d tagnit tutlayant s umata d tin i irekden, anda bexlaf

tantaliwin timezwura n tutlayt […] yella yiwen n umcalay yettwaslugen[…] yettwaselmed s tuget s

(1)_{(M.A), SALḤI, «Les écrits de Belaid At-Ali, Balises pour une histoire littéraire kabyle», In les Cahiers de Belaid}

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17

ubrid n uγerbaz, yerna yettwasemres deg yiḍrisen yettwarun d yinawen ilγawanen, maca werjin yettusemres […] deg umeslay n yal ass»(1)_.

Ayen i d-yufraren deg tbadut-agi n Fergisun γef tesnitlayt:

- Sin n yimcalayen sɛan amtayal gar-asen, yiwen d amcalay adda wayeḍ d amcalay unnig. - Tagnit tutlayant d tin i irekden (ulac amennuγ)

Tamuγli n Furgusun tegla-d s waṭas n usenqed ladγa sγur yinagmayen ikatalanen, ineggura-agi, snulfan-d tamiḍrint iwumi qqaren ‘amennuγ utlayan”.

3.2. Amennuɣ utlayan.

Γer yinagmayen ikatalanen, tamiḍrant “amennuγ utlayan” tejmel-d akk tumanin gar-asent tasnitlayt. D tagi i d tabadut i d-uran deg umahil n congrés n cultura catalana (1975-1977)« yettili umennuγ utlayan, mi ara ilint snat n tutlayin mgaradent sari ttnaγent, yiwet d

taneγmart(asemres unsib, azayez) tayeḍ tettwaγmar»(2)_.

Ayen d-yufraren deg tbadut-agi d amgired n umtayal gar tutlayt taneγmart d tin yettuγemren. Γer yinagmayen ikatalanen tagnit n umennuγ-agi utlayan tettawi γer sin yiberdan; aya γer usmagnu* d tagnit anda tutlayt yettuγemren ad tegmu ad ttessenger tutlayt taneγmart d acu tiwḍin γer wannect-a yessefk aγelluy udabu. Neγ γer usemselsi* d tagnit anda tutlayt taneγmart ad tkemmel ad ttsenger tutlayt-nni yettuγemren yakan.

3.3. Aẓayer n tutlayt n tmaziɣt .

Deg tmurt n Lezzayer, tuget tameqqrant n yimaziγen zgan-d deg tmurt n Leqbayel d yidurar n Luris.

Send ad nebdu ameslay γef usuter n timagit n tmaziγt; ilaq ad nzer belli asuter-a yella-d kan seg tama n tmurt n Leqbayel i yeddmen taftilt n usteɛref s tutlayt n tmaziγt. Azal n tutlayt-a yebda seg taggara n lqern 19, mi bdan yimsuda imezwura ttarun idlisen-nsen s tmaziγt (taqbaylit) akken ad ḥerzen idles-nsen seg tatut.

Deg 1949, imeγnasen iqbayliyen d yiqerra n yimussuten iγelnawen ttnaγen deg ufrag n ukabar P.P.A/M.T.L. Imeγnasen-a ugin tikti n” Lezzayer taɛrabt”, suturen akken ad tili

(1)_{(G.), KREMNITZ, «Du «bilinguisme» au «conflit linguistique ». Cheminement de termes et de concepts». In: Langages,}

15em_{année, n° 61, 1981, pp. 63-74.} (2)_Ibid.

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tmaziγt tesɛa izerfan am taɛrabt, yerna ugin ad ttwesbadu Lezzayer γer Umaḍal Aɛrab, imi yewwi-d ad ddmen tamiḍrant tazayrit n Lezzayer.

Wid iwumi qqaren iγelnaẓriyen* rran imeγnasen-a d imṭerfen, dγa suffγen-d amawal berberiste d berbérisme iwakken ad d-wwten deg yimeγnasen n tutlayt d yidles n tmaziγt(1 )_.

Imḍebren n tmurt n Lezzayer bdan tasertit n useɛreb seg tersast taneggarut d wass amezwaru n timunent, aya s usufeγ n yisuḍaf n tmendawt deg 1963: «Tineslemt akked taɛrabt

d nutnti i d afud n uzbu mgal tukksa timagit tazzayrit i d-tewwi temharsa»daγen «lezzayer yewwi-d

ad tegzem deg rray d akken tutlayt taɛrabt d tutlayt taγelnawt tunsibt i d-yettawin afud-ines aruḥani seg tneslemt» ,tamendawt daγen tefka-d tasunḍa*: «Aseɛreb ilaq ad yili γef zik lḥal deg wakal akk

n tagduda. Dacu i tuffγa seg usaḍuf-agi, tutlayt tafrensist ad tili swudem arunsib γef yidis n tutlayt taɛrabt».

Tamawt ara nger deg yisuḍaf-a d akken ulac abdar n tutlayt n tmaziγt, anect-a iwehha γer-s Ben Bella deg tallit-nni s wawal-ines mucaɛen «nekni d aɛraben, nekni d aɛraben,

nekni d aɛraben»(2)_{(tasuγilt-nneγ).}

Seld tidyanin n 1988, d tuffγa n tsertit n Lezzayer seg leḥkem n yiwen ukabar (alḥizb alwaḥid), tugdut tebda tessebgan-d asuter n uẓayer n tutlayt n tmaziγt am tutlayt tunsibt. Tamendawt n 1989 ur d-tewwi ara amaynut i tutlayt n tmaziγt imi amagrad 2 «L’islam d

tasreḍt n ddewla» ma yella amagrad 3 «Taɛrabt d tutlayt taγelnawt tunsibt».

Deg tazwara n 1990, asuter n usteɛreb s tutlayt n tmaziγt, yettwergel s usufeγ n yiwen n usaḍuf deg 16 yennayer 1991 i d-yefkan tasunḍa γef usemres n tutlayt taɛrabt deg taγulin akk n tmeddurt n uγref azzayri, d tukksa n usemres n tutlayin tiberraniyin. Tadbelt, timsuda, tikebbaniyin d tdukkliwin yewwi-d fell-asen ad arunt iḍrisen-nsen, tananint-nsen s tutlayt taɛrabt (Amagrad 05); Yal aselmed ad yili s tutlayt taɛrabt anagar aselmed n tutlayin tiberraniyin (Amagrad 15); asaru d ususen ad yili kan s tutlayt taɛrabt (Imagraden 17 d 19), ihi tuffγa γef usaḍuf-agi ad yawi bab-is γef usellek n tebzert.

Asaḍuf n 1991 “yejmed” deg 1992 almi d 1998, deg tallit-a amussu amaziγ mazal yettkemmil i usnerni n tmaziγt. Deg 1995 aḥabas n uselmed yuγ akk iγerbazen d tsedawiyin n tmurt n Leqbayel, asqamu unnig n timuzγa yettusbedd-d. Asuter s usteɛreb n tmaziγt

(1)₍_{M.A.), HADDADOU, «L’État algérien face à la revendication berbère : de la répression aux concessions» . In:}

Glottopol. Revue sociolinguistique en ligne, n° 1, janvier 2003, pp 131-138.

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Ixef amezwaru : Awal ɣef kra n tmiḍranin

19

yebda yettaγ tamezzuγt n udabu, aya seld tifranin n 1995 d acu ulac amaynut meqqren, imi yella-d kan usteɛref n tmaziγt gar yiferdisen n tmagit tazzayrit γef yidis n Tneslemt d taɛrabt (Tineslemt, taɛrabt, tamaziγt), d taɛrabt kan i d tutlayt taγelnawt tunsibt.

Akala n usteɛref s tmaziγt zerbent-t tedyanin n tefsut taberkan deg 2001 i yessuturen tamaziγt d tutlayt taγelnawt tunsibt n Lezzayer. Adabu yexdem kra n useγti deg tmendawt; Amagrad 3 yeqqar «tamaziγit d tutlayt taγelnawt».

D acu snat tutlayin-a (taɛrabt d tmaziγt) ur d-bedren ara deg yiwen n umagrad, yettawi-d ccek d akken ur sɛint ara yiwen n uswir (n usteɛref) imi tamaziγt mačči d tunsibt.

4. Asiẓreg.

Tiẓrigin d allal i d-yessufuγen adlis γer rreḥba n yimeγriyen, deg wayen yerzan adlis aqbayli nezmer ad nebrer kuzt n lesnaf n teẓrigin(1)_:

4.1.Tiẓrigin igan ahil-nsent i udlis kan.

Seg teẓrigin nezmer ad d-nebder l’Harmatan, La Découverte, Florus… Tiẓrigin-a ula d nutenti fkant azal i udlis aqbayli, d acu ma yella ur yettnuz ara s waṭas, ad t-ḥebsent asiẓreg-ines, imi tiẓrigin-a bnant γef lfayda d udrim, yerna «tiẓrigin-a d idlisen n sin-utlayen i smenyafent, am udlis timsal n Yusef Σliwi…Γas akken kra deg-sent s teqbaylit kan i d-ssufuγent am wungalen n Salem Zinya d D.Bnaɛuf (iγil d ufru, timlilit n tγermiwin) γer l’Harmatan. Nezmer ad d-nebder daγen tiẓrigin Baγdadi, Berti, tiẓrigin Azur»(2)_.

4.2.Tiẓrigin n tdukliwin d tid n timuγnest.

Tiẓrigin-a mačči d tunsibin, iswin-sent d tallelt n wid yettarun s tmaziγt. Gar teẓrin-a am Numidya deg Yihran, Talantikit, Ayamun. Amedya, snat n tnuggura-agi sazergent-d Yir

timlilitn H. Butliwa, Ass-nni n Σmer Mezdad.

4.3.Asiẓreg γef ddema n umaru.

Ssenf-agi yesɛa aṭas n leɛyub imi ur yettili ara useγti n wayen yura ama deg tira, tikta neγ tajerrumt…

(1)_{Beṭṭu n lesnaf-agi n teẓrigin nekkes-it seg tansa:}

www.imyura.net/.../Print.aspx?tabid=113...vendredi 1 septembre 2006. Idlisen nneγ. By Winna @ 10:15 ::

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4.4.Tiẓrigin n usqamu Unnig n Timuzγa (HCA).

Taggara-agi aṭas n yidlisen i d-yeffγen γef leḥsab n usqamu unnig n Timuzγa, dayen i yeğğan ad yernu tabγest i imura ad kemmlen deg tira-nsen. Asiẓreg n HCA yettili-d akka : Ad xelsen tiẓrigin (Tiẓrigin les Oliviers, Odyssé) i usufeγ n udlis n umaru

Ad ferqen azgen ameqqran n yidlisen-nni γef tdukliwin tidelsanin d temkerḍiwin akken ad yettwassen umaru-nni.

Azgen n yidlisen i d-yeggran ad ten-yefk i umaru-nni ad iẓer d acu ara yexdem yes-sen. Mi ara yemmel umaru adlis-ines i teẓrigin-nniḍen ahat ur ttkukrunt ara deg usiẓreg-ines

imi yettusiẓreg-d yakan ssnen-t yimeγriyen s lmendad n HCA (iγerbazen, timkerḍiwin, tidukliwin…)

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Ixef amezwaru : Awal ɣef kra n tmiḍranin

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Taggrayt.

Timiḍranin yurzen γer wungal d yinefkan n tesnilestmettit sɛan tixuter meqqren deg usegzi n talliyin n umḥaz n wungal s teqbaylit. Ma yella negza-tent ad aγ-tifsus tegzi n tegnatin d talliyin-a, imi d nutenti d-yettuγalen yal tikelt deg yixfawen n tezrawt-a ladγa win n tesleḍt.

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Ixef wis sin :

Seg tewsatin timensayin ɣer tewsatin tatrarin

23

Tazwart.

Deg yixef-a ad d-nawi γef tewsatin timensayin n tmaziγt d tewsatin tatrarin, d acu ur nezmir ara ad nexdem assaγ yellan gar-asent ma yella ur d-nemmeslay ara γef unaqel γer tira, imi aneggaru-agi d netta i iḥarzen tiwsatin timensayin seg tatut, yerna yefka-d talalit n tewsatin tatrarin.

Ma yella aγbel n usismel ulac-it deg tewsatin timaynutin, deg tewsatin timensayin d netta i iceγben aṭas n yinagmayen yettnadin deg tsekla tamaziγt.

1. Tiwsatin timensayin.

1.1. Isefran n usbadu.

Isefran n usbadu n uḍris n tewsatin timensayin yemgarad aṭas d win n tewsatin tatrarin, imi aḍris-a yurez aṭas γer wayen yellan berra n uḍris-agi s timmais. Nezmer ad d-nini isfran n usbadu yurzen γer berra n uḍris n tewsatin-a timensayin d nutni i d lsas n usbadu ugar n yisefran n daxel uḍris-nni s timmad-is (talγa, asentel…).

Buɛmara(1)_{yefka-d sin yisefran n usbadu n tewsatin timensayin:}

- Isefran n daxel n uḍris am usentel d wakat…

- Isefran n berra n uḍris am talγa n useḍru (s ccna,s cḍeḥ…), adeg, akud. aẓayer n bab n

uḍris-nni…

Γef waya yessismel tiwsatin-a timensayin γef kraḍ n taggayin, anda yal taggayt tebḍa γef waṭas n tewsatin:

- Tiwsatin tinallasin am tmacahut, tadyant, tamɛayt - Tiwsatin tudyizin am teqsiṭ, asefru, aquli, tibuγar… - Tiwsatin timezyanin am lemtul, timseɛraq, ddɛawi…

1.2. Tizrawin ɣef tiwsatin timensayin.

Ayen yerzan tizrawin γef tewsatin, nezmer ad d-nebder kraḍ n tezrawin:

Tazrawt tmezwarut d tin H. Basset «Essai sur la littérature des Berbères» i d-yeffγen deg 1920. H.Basset d «netta i d amezwaru i d-igelmen tiwsatin n tsekla tamaziγt»(2) _{(tasuγlt-nneγ).}

(1)_{(K.), BOUAMARA, «Où en est actuellement la littérature algérienne d’expression amazighe de Kabylie?». in}

TIMMUZGHA. N14-HCA: 5-31.2007.

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Aneggaru-agi yessismel kraḍ n tewsatin; timucuha, tiqsiḍin d tmedyazt, asismel-a ur nettaf ara deg-s inzan d temseɛraq «i yettuḥsaben ula d nutunti d tasekla tamesbaγurt yerna tegget»(1)_.

Tazrawt tis snat d tin n Bounfour deg usegzawal: «Dictionnaire universel des

littératures» (1994), Bounfour yessismel inzan d yiwet n tewsit, yerna-d γer-sen kraḍ n tewsatin timeqqranin tigi d timseraq, tiwsatin tinallasin d usefru.

Tazrawt tis kraḍ d tin Galand-Pernet, «Littératures berbères, des voix et des lettres». Pernet tefren awal «Tasekka» taseklant γef « tewsit» taseklant, γef tmuγli-ines d awal-a i iwulmen i tilawt n tsekla tamaziγt:

«dénomination berbère commune à une aire étendue ne peut pas

servir à désigner un « genre » berbère; elle recouvre des types régionaux qui constituent chacun une classe de textes propre à un lieu et à un groupe même si l’on peut dégager des éléments communs aux différents types.»(2)_.

Γef waya Galand Pernet tekkes-d kraḍ n tsekkiwin tiseklanin, tigi d lqiset, izli, ahellil, aneggaru-agi d yiwet n tewsit tella kan γer yimaziγen n Gurara, ma γer leqbayel ad t-naf, ayen iwumi isemma Mulud Mɛemri(3)_{, ihellalen}_{, ineggura-gi d ilmeẓyen i d-yeskaren imezdaγ}

γer sḥur deg wayyur n Remḍan s wallal n ccna iwumi qqaren ahellel.

1.3. Aɣbel n usismel n tewsatin timensayin.

«Awal am waman n Marigot» akka i qqaren deg tmurt n Mussi; ad negzu dagi, awal d yiwet n

tγawsa, ur yezmir ad yebḍu war lbenyan»(4)_,_{Amaru Jaque Chevier yeqsed belli ur nezmir ara ad}

nessemgired gar tewsatin n tsekla timawit war tiẓri i iwulmen i ulaγmu-agi. Deg ubrid-a ad naf Mulud Maɛmri(5) _{yessken-d d akken wid yeddren tiwsatin-a timensayin ur sɛin ara}

ttawilat akken ad xedmen tiẓri, wid yettarun γef tewsatin-a (ibarraniyen) ur ddiren ara tasekla-agi timawit. D acu γas akken wid yeddren tasekla-agi timawit ur sɛin ara ttawilat akken ad xedmen tiẓri, deg tidet, semgaraden gar tewsatin-a, imi tumant-a (tawsit) tella yakan send ad ttusemmi, aya yettban-d; yiwen mi ara d-yalles tamacahut, yeẓra γer γur-s mačči d asefru.

(1)_Op.cit.

(2)_{(P.), GALANDE-PERNET, Littératures berbères, des voix et des lettres, P.U.F., Paris, 1998, pp 59 - 60.}

(3) _{(M.), MAMMERI, «L’ahellil du Gourara», in Littérature orale, Actes de la table ronde juin 1979, OPU, Alger, 1982.} (4)_{(J.), CHEVRIER, L’arbre à palabres – essai sur les contes et récits traditionnels d’Afrique noire, Hatier, Paris, 1986,}

p21.

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Ixef wis sin :

Seg tewsatin timensayin ɣer tewsatin tatrarin

25

Tamentilt n uγbel-agi n usismel n tewsatin d win yurzen γer tutlayt i yebḍan d tantaliwin, imi yal tamnaḍt tesɛa isem i yurzen γer usnulfu-ines aseklan, yerna llant tewsatin yellan deg temnaḍt ulac-itent deg tiyaḍ, tikwal yiwen n yisem yettwehhi γer sin neγ kraḍ n tewsatin yemgaraden, md: Tamɛayt temmal-d, timseɛreqt, anzi neγ tamacahut.

Aγbel-nniḍen d win n talast gar tewsatin iγer twehha P.Ganland-Pernet (1998)(1)_,

talast-a d tin yellan gar tewsatin tinallasin d tewsatin n tmedyazt. Deg teqbaylit, taqsiḍt tuttusismel deg tewsit n tmedyazt, nettat «bla ccek d tawsit tanallast»(2)_,_{deg ubrid-a, Mérolla}

tenna-d «taqsiḍt tettals-d tidyanin yeḍran»(3) _{(tasuγilt-nneγ).} _{Γef waya amek ara nessismel}

iḍrisen inallasen yeddan s wudem n tmedyazt?(4)_.

2. Anaqel ɣer tira.

Akken i d-t-id-nebder yakan deg tezwart-nneγ, asemres n tira γer yimaziγen yebda seg tallit n yimekcamen imezwura am Qerṭaj d Rruman, anect-a yettban-d deg tira γef yizekwan n yigelliden imaziγen (Masinisa, Masipsa…). Asbaγ-agi yessebgan asemres unsib n tira deg tallit-nni. D acu mi d-kecmen waraben ur d-ufin ara later n tira-agi. Γef waya ismazrayen araben ur d-bdiren ara asemres n tira-agi deg yittafssaren-nsen, imi tira-agi truḥ seg temnaḍin n ukgrakal n Tefriqt Ugafa deg taggara n tallit n yirumaniyen(5)_.

Mi d-kecmen waraben, imaziγen smersen agemmay n tarabt iwakken ad arun kra n yiḍrisen n tmaziγt am isuḍaf n tejmat d yisefra…Sumata asemres n ugemmay n tarabt yeqqim kan deg wayen yurzen γer taγult n tesreḍt. Talliyin-a sebganent-d d akken imaziγen seg zik semrasen tira, dacu taneggarut-a ur d-tewwiḍ ara γer kra n usnulfu aseklan.

Yewwi-d anerju tallit n unekcum afrensiw d tezrirt* n uγerbaz-ines iwakken ad d-ilal usnulfu aseklan ladγa deg temnaḍt n Leqbayel(6)_.

(1)_{(P.), GALAND-PERNET, Littératures berbères, des voix et des lettres, Op.cit, cité par (A.) AMEZIANE,Op.cit, p51.} (2)_{(A.), AMEZIANE, Op.cit, p 51.}

(3)_{(D.), MEROLLA, Gender and community in the kabyle literary space, CNWS, Leiden, 1996, p17.} (4)_{(A.), AMEZIANE, Op.cite, p 51.}

(5) _{(D.), ABROUS, La production romanesque kabyle: une expérience de passage à l’écrit, DEA, (dir. S. CHAKER),}

Université de Provence, France, Nouvember 1989, 110p, p5.

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brus tebḍa azray γer tira deg temnaḍt n leqbayel γef 3 n talliyin(1)_:

- Tallit n yimsuda imezwura.

- Tallit n umussu n yimaziγen iɣelnaẓriyen. - Tallit tamirant.

2.1. Tallit n yimsuda imezwura.

Anaqel γer tira yebda deg tazwara n lqern wis 19 s lmendad n yimsuda imezwura wigi d Si Σmer Said Bulifa d Ben Sdira, Sidi Kawi. Boulifa yettwaḥsab d analas amezwaru aqbayli(2)_{: Adlis-ines «Méthode de langue kabyle» (350 n yisebtar) yebnan γef yiḍrisen s}

tmaziγt, dacu d iḍrisen i d-yettawin γef tudert n yal ass n Leqbayel.

Imsuda-agi imezwura (Bulifa, Ben Sedira, Sidi kawi) γas akken ur d-urin ara iḍrisen iseklanen (baxlaf Bulifa i ijerden isefran Si Muh Umḥend), dacu d nutni i d tiqenṭart n usiweḍ n tigemmi taqbaylit seg tsuta i ten-id-yezwaren γer tsuta i ten-id-iḍefren:

«imeddaḥen-nni iqburen neggren, tuddsa n leɛrac-nni i yeddmen tasekla teγli. Tasuta n yimsuda imezwura usan-d deg teswiɛt ilaqen iwakken ad ḍemnen asiweḍ n tgemmi»(3)_.

2.2. Tallit n yimazɣen iɣelnaẓriyen.

Γas akken ur yelli ara wassaγ usrid gar yimsuda imezwura d yimazɣen iɣelnaẓriyen dacu tafrit* n timagit tedda seg wannar adelsan γer unnar asertan dayen i yeğğan tazγent* n yismazzaγen i yeḍran daxel ukabar PPA-MTLD deg 1948-49 ad teglu s ustixer n yimeγansen seg ukabar. Ihi leqdic-nni n yineγmasen-a deg wannar n tsertit yerra-d tili-ines γer taγult tadelsant, imi deg leqdic-nsen suddsen-d yiwen n wammud ccna aγelnaẓri ladγa

«kker a mmi-s n umaziγ»anda d-tban tikli n unaqel γer tira.

Amgired yellan gar yimaγnasen-a d yimedyazen imensayen; tamezwarut, imeγnasen i d-isleγ uγerbaz afrensi, ttarun isefra-nsen. Tis snat, ineγmasen-a rnan-as afud i ukala-agi n uslugen asnilsan, seg tama n umawal, aya yettban-d s usnulfu n umawal atrar aya:

- S usemres n usuddem n wawalen ilmend n uẓar amawalan, md: kcem/amnekcam,

griwel/tagrawla.

- Asemres n wawalen iqburen, md: agdud.

(1)_{(D.), ABROUS, Op. cit, p5.}

(2)_{(S.), CHAKER, Op. cit.} (3)_Ibid.

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Ixef wis sin :

Seg tewsatin timensayin ɣer tewsatin tatrarin

27

- Areṭṭal n kra n wawalen seg tantaliwin-nniḍen, ladγa tantala tatergit d tacelḥit am wawal

«tilelli» i d-reḍlen seg Tergit, ihi areṭṭal-agi “i uslalay n umawal n ametti-asertan atrar, yessewseɛ lebγi akmaziγ i d-bdan yimsuda imezwura.

2.3. Tallit tamirant.

Deg tallit tamirant (seg timunent ar tizi n wass-a), tira ur teqqim ara kan deg ujerred n tsekla timawit, tewweḍ ar usnulfu n tewsatin timaynutin ladγa tawsit n wungal dayen ara tt-yessawḍen γer «talast n ukala n unaqel ar tira». D acu talast-a mačči anamek-ines d anegzum γef tewsatin timensayin neγ γef timawit s umata, am wakken iwehha γur-s Benbrahim deg umagrad-ines «La poésie orale kabyle de résistance»(1)_{: «ɣer umeslay i tettuɣal}

tira yal tikelt».

Udem-nniḍen n ukala n unaqel γer tira yettban-d deg tsγulit n yiḍrisen n tsekla taberranit γer tmaziγt (taqbaylit) ama seg yidlisen izayriyen am wid n Mulud Ferɛun, Mulud Maɛmri, Kateb Yasin…Neγ seg yidlisen ibarraniyen am wid n Molière, Brecht, Kamu, Ernest Hemingway…

3. Tiwsatin tatrarin.

Ma yella aḍris n tsekla deg timawit yezdi-d akk imeskaren* n berra n uḍris, aḍris n tewsatin tatrarin yewwi-d fell-as ad yeɛmer ilem-nni i d-yeğğa ubɛad gar umsizzen d unermas, imi deg tewsatin tatrarin amsizzen (amaru) d unermas (ameγri) ur myussanen ara, deg ubrid-a Zamthour yenna-d : «Tira d udem n usiwel amegḍal»(2) _{Tiwsatin-a tatrarin}

uγalent tteṭṭfent cwiṭ cwiṭ adeg n tewsatin timensayin aya i teddu ilmend n ukala n unaqel γer tira d unegzum d tewsatin timensayin. Gar tewsatin-a ad naf:

3.1. Tizlit.

Nezmer ad d-nini tizlit tewwi aḥric meqqren, ma ur d-nenni aḥric aneγmar, deg tewsatin tatrarin, anect-a yettuγal γer timawit i yuγen aẓar meqqren deg tmettit, dγa «allalen n taywalt ur d-tewwi siwa asemyunet* n timawit. Seg tama-nniḍen tamḥeqranit i iḥuzen

(1)_{BENBRAHIM, «La poésie orale kabyle de résistance», In Littérature orale, Actes de la table ronde de juin 1979,}

Og.P.U., Alger, 1982.

(2)_{(P.), ZUMTHOR, «Pour une poétique de l’oralité », In Cahiers de littérature orale, n° 10 ,INALCO, 1987 :« L’écrit,est}

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idles n tmaziγt deg Lezzayer n timunent iḥuz udem n tira-ines ugar n wudem n timawit; taggara ilaq ad nesmekti d akken anerni n tewsit-a yella-d berra n ttawilat n udabu akked deg yinig almi d 1990»(1)

Deg tizi n wass-a tuget n yisefra (yettwarun) ttwacnan, ttwaskelsen deg tesfifin s wudem n tezlatin, tineggura-a sɛant azal meqqren deg usaki n tmetti taqbaylit γef timagit-ines, md : Slimane Σazem, Ayet Mengellat, Maɛub Lwennas…

3.2. Tullist.

Tullisin, ula d nutenti, ṭṭfent aḥric meqqren deg tesga n tewsatin tatrarin, ma yella nessemgared-itent d wungalen ad naf d tullisin i yegten, imi aḍris-nsen wezzil γef win n wungal, yerna imeγri yezmer ad iγer gar teswiɛt d tayeḍ. Taggara-agi aṭas n tullisin i d-yeffγen s wudem n wamuden, md: Nekni d wiyaḍ (Kamel Buɛmara), tuγalin (Aɛmer Mezdad), Ameddakel (Murad Zimu), Allen n tayri d Aṭlanta (Muḥend Ayet Yiγil)… Am wakken llant tullisin i d-yetteffγen deg tesγunin am Tisuraf d HCA…

3.3. Amezgun.

Tawsit-agi γas akken d tawsit tatrart, maca tisin-ines tebda seg yiseggasen n 40 s uslalay n tceqqufin timezwura deg umaṭṭaf wis sin.

Seg tama-nniḍen «ad naf Belɛid At Σli yura iḍrisen iseklanen ladγa afenğal n lqahwa i yettuneḥsaben d iḍrisen imezwura n tewsit-agi»(2)_.

LΣUFI Σmer, deg ukatay-ines n Magister(3) _{yefka-d snat n turdiwin γef tlalit n}

umezgun aqbayli:

- tamezwarut, γef later n M, Bachetarzi, LΣufi yerra talalit n umezgun aqbayli s usmejqer* (aɛaned) n umezgun agreγlan ladγa amezgun utrim* aya d agemmuḍ n umyetri* adelsan.

- Turda tis snat d tin yurzen amezgun aqbayli γer umhaz n kra n wansayen am umγar n uceqquf, Anẓar...

Muḥya yesnerna amezgun aqbayli s tserwest n kra n tceqqufin n yimura igreγlanen yettwassnen am Brecht, Molière, Lu Xun…

(1)_{(K.), BOUAMARA, Op. Cit.} (2)_{(A.) AMEZIANE, Op.cit, p 68.}

(3) _{LAOUFI, (A.), Récriture, traduction et adaptation en littérature kabyle: cas de Si Leḥlu de Mohia, Mémoire de}

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Ixef wis sin :

Seg tewsatin timensayin ɣer tewsatin tatrarin

29

3.4. Ungal.

Ungal amezwaru i d-yeffγen s teqbaylit d asfel n Racid Σellic, d acu talalit n tewsit-a tettuγal γer yiseggasen n 1940 s uḍris Lwali n udrar n Belɛid At Σli. Tuget n yisental n wungalen s teqbaylit d wid d-yettawin γef tilawt ideg tettidir tmurt n Leqbayel ladγa asuter n timagit γas akken taggara-agi kecmen yisental-nniḍen am tayri d yiγeblan i tettidir tmetti taqbaylit(1)_.

4. Tafelwit n userwes gar tewsatin timensayin d tewsatin tatrarin

(2)

_.

Tiwsatin timensayin Tiwsatin tatrarin

Tansayit: Aγbalu d ufrin s umata ur

yettwassen ara Aγbalu (amaru) d yiwen yerna yettwassen Tasgilt d termest dduklent Tasgilt d termest meẓlint (mgaradent) Amsizzen d unermas myussanen (llan

isin). Yella useḍru Amsizzen d unermas mbaɛden

Anermas yezmer ad d-iger iman-is Anermas ur yezmir ara ad d-iger iman-is Ttawil (abrid): s yimi Ttawil (abrid): imi/tira (arusrid)

Aḍris yettbeddil Aḍris d yiwen

(1)_{Deg teγzi n ukatay-agi, ad neɛreḍ ad d-nemmeslay aṭas γef tewsit-a, imi d nettat i d asentel n ukatay-nneγ.} (2)_{Tafelwit-a, yexdem-itt A.Amezyan ( 2009).}

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Taggrayt

Aγbel n usismel neγ n usemmi n tewsatin timensayin, yettuγal γer lewsaɛ n tmurt n tmazγa i yebḍan d tantaliwin.

Iferdisen n useḍru sɛan azal meqqren deg usileγ n uḍris aseklan n tewsatin timensayin. Timlilit n yiferdisen ḍemnen-d taywalt, taneggarut-a d timugent tanmettit i yettuγalen d aferdis agejdan deg tsekla timawit.

Talalit n tewsatin tatrarin, tusa-d seld anaqel γer tira, ibdan yimsuda imezwura deg tallit n temḥarsa n fransa, tafrit n timagit tezger γer yimaziγen iγelnaẓriyen deg wannar n tsertit s usnulfu n ccna aγelnaw seg useggas n 1949, anda smersen amawal akmaziγ i yettwehhin γer temlilit n umaḍral amaziγ.

Akala-agi n unaqel γer tira ikemmel deg tallit n timunent tikelt-agi s umennuγ utlayan i usteɛref s tutlayt n tmaziγt deg tmendawt am tutlayt n taɛrabt, imi adabu yettḥarab tira n tutlayt n tmaziγt ugar n tutlayt timawt. Tagnit-agi tewwi tasuta n timunent i yeγran idles aberrani, ad arun tutlayt-nsen s usnulfu n tewsatin tatrarin i yellan d timaynutin γer tsekla-nsen am tullisin d wungalen. Ineggura-agi (ungalen) d nutni i yewwin lwelha meqqren imi d nutni i d-sqef n ukala n unaqel γer tira. Deg yixef i d-iteddun ad newali amek i tedda tewsit-a seg wasmi d-tban ar tizi n wass-a.

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Tazwart.

Talalit n wungal s teqbaylit d ttbut γef umhaz n tsekla taqbaylit, imi akal n unaqel γer tira i d-bdan yimsuda imezwura yewweḍ γer lḥedd-is s tlalit n wungalen-a. Ungal amezwaru s teqbaylit d Asfel n Racid Σellic, d acu talalit n tewsit-a, akken i t-id-nebder tazwara, tettuγal γer Belɛid At Σli deg yiseggasen n 1940, s uḍris-ines «Lwali n udrar» imi aḍris-a yesɛa tulmisin n wungal; teγzi n uḍris, iwudam...

D acu seg yiseggasen n 80 d asawen i d-iban wungal s wazal-is: «…ungal s teqbaylit ur

d-iban s wudem yesɛan azal, alammi d iseggsen n 80. Deg yiseggasen-a i d-yessufeγ Σellic d Saɛdi ungalen-nsen»(1)_{(tasuγilt-nneγ).}

D acu iwumi neqqar ungal s teqbaylit?

Ungal s teqbaylit d ungal yettwarun s teqbaylit akken yebγu usentel iγef d-yewwi, seg tama-nniḍen ungal yettmeslayen γef teqbaylit s tutlayt-nniḍen, ur yettwaḥsab ara d ungal s teqbaylit akken yebγu yili umaru d wadeg n usiẓreg-ines neγ usnulfu-ines, d acu d ungal γef teqbaylit. Aγbel-a twehha-d γur-s Merolla mi d-tenna: «seg tama n usentel, «tasekla

taqbaylit» ad tili tesɛa anamek n «tsekla γef Leqbayel» akken bγun ilin yimura d wadeg n usnulfu-nsen […] ammud yettwarun s teqbaylit yemtawa aṭas γer usbadu n “tasekla teqbaylit’’ s unamek n tsekla s teqbaylit»(2)_{(tasuγilt-nneγ).}_{Tamuγli-agi ur temgarad ara d tin n Muḥend Akli Salḥi i}

d-yennan: «S wungal s teqbaylit, ilaq ad negzu, iwakken ad nessishel timsal, yal aḍris yettwarun s

teqbaylit yeddem awseḍris* ungal […] Γef waya aḍris yura uqbayli s tutlayt tafrensist neγ taɛrabt, ur yettwaḥsab ara deg tezrawt-a d ungal s teqbaylit. Aferdis n tutlayt d netta d lsas n usemgired»(3)_.

Lwelha i nerra deg tmuγliwin-agi d ayen yerzan tutlayt, imi taneggarut-agi d nettat i d asefren agejdan n usemgired gar wungal s teqbaylit d wungalen-nniḍen. Deg yixef-a ad neɛreḍ ad d-nefk tignatin n tlalit n wungal-a s teqbaylit, d tegnatin n umhaz-ines ar tizi n wass-a.

1. Talliyin n tlalit s umhaz n wungal s teqbaylit.

Tallit n temharsa d tallit anda tasekla taqbaylit terrez tennejbar, d acu mi tennejbar tuγal teḥla ugar n wasmi send ad terreẓ;

(1)_{(M.A.), SALHI, Etudes de la littérature kabyle, ENAG, Alger, 2011, p83.}

(2)_{(D.), MEROLLA, «Peut-on parler d’un espace littéraire kabyle?», EDB N° 13, Edisud, 1995.} (3)_{(M.A.), SALHI, Op.cit, p82.}

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Ixef wis kraḍ:

Ungal s teqbaylit

33

1.1.Tallit n temharsa 1871/1962.

1.1.1. Taruẓi n 1871.

Taruẓi n tmurt n Leqbayel mgal igen arumi deg useggas 1871 yegla-d s tehzel n unagraw imetti-adamsan ansayan. Anect-a yesruḥ i tmetti taqbaylit tuddsa-nni-ines n zik am leɛrac, dayen i d-yewwin γelli n uγanib n tudert tamensayt, aya iḥuz ula d taγult n yidles akken i d-yura Amezyan: «Tisegray n γelli-agi seg tama tadelsan yegla-d s rrwaḥ n

yimdanen i yesɛan azal, am yimedyazen, d yimeddaḥen anda tilin-nsen turez γer tudert tamensayt. Imi tallit-nni timawit d nettat i yesɛan azal deg usiweḍ n tmussniwin tidelsanin»(1)_{(tasuγilt-nneγ).}

1.1.2. Iγerbazen imezwura n Fransa deg tmurt n Leqbayel.

Akken i d-nebder deg yixef umenzu anaqel γer tira yebda seg yimsuda imezwura i d-isilleγ uγerbaz-agi arumi. Tira-agi teḥrez aṭas n tsekla timawit, yerna teslal-d ayen iwumi isemma Chaker tasekla qrib-tatrart (néo-littérature) ladγa s tira n Belɛid At Σli, dayen i izemren ad ijerred tasekla taqbaylit deg tegreγlanit akked tatrarit: «Idles qrib-atrar, d tsekla

qrib-tatrart tamaziγt (taqbaylit) erḍen xersum seg 1945, ad rren tamaziγt d allal n usenfali d usnulfu am imussuyen n tedmi n umaḍal atrar d yidles agreγlan»(2)_.

Ihi deg yiseggasen-agi n 40 i yefka Belɛid At Σli udem amaynut i tsekla taqbaylit.

1.1.3. Belɛid At Σli

(3)

_{…Talalit n tsekla tatrart.}

Deg tezwart i yexdem i wungal «Lwali n Udrar»(4), Amezyan Σmer yefka-d snat n temsal i yurzen γer tira n Belɛid At Σli, lammer ulac-itent- yura Amezyan – ur ttilin ara yittafttaren-ines (Belɛid At Σli):

Tamsalt tamezwarut tettuγal γer Yemma-s n Belɛid At Σli, imi nettat d taselmadt, gar tmezwura i yesselmaden tutlayt tafrensist, d ayen i yeğğan Belɛid ad yelmed tafrensist seg temẓi-ines. Tamsalt tis snat tettuγal γer temlilit n Belɛid d umrabeḍ irumyen Père Degezelle, aneggaru-agi tessewhem-it tmussni n Belɛid deg tutlay tafrensist akken yessen taqbaylit. Degezelle yessuter-as i Belɛid ad as-d-yaru timucuha yettidiren deg timawit s teqbaylit, dγa Belɛid yewhem amek tutlayt-is tayemmat tezmer ad tettwaru.

(1)_{(A.), AMEZIAN, Op.cit, p 18-19/} (2) _{(S.), CAKER, Op. cit, p15.}

(3)_{Ugar n yisalen γef Belɛid At Σli wali aḥric n wammud asebter 64.}

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Gar yiḍrisen i d-yufraren deg tira n Belɛid At Σli – yerna yerza tazrawt-nneγ - aḍris

Lwali n Udrar. Aḍris-agi yewwi-d γef: «temsalt n lawliyat isellaḥen d wazal-nsen deg tmetti

taqbaylit, imi imdanen n tmetti-agi rran-ten d nutni d tiqenṭart gar-asen d Rebbi am Lwali n Udrar»(1)_.

Dacu ayen yellan d amaynut deg uḍris-a, yettuγal γer tarrayt i yessemres Belɛid At Σli i d-yefkan udem-nniḍen i uẓayer n lawliyat ssalḥin; asaḍ n teḥkayt-agi (lwali) yemgarad aṭas d wasaḍ i mucaɛen deg tmetti tamensayt, imi lwali deg uḍris n Belɛid At Σli d amdan am netta am wiyaḍ, ma ur d-nenni ddaw-nsen, imi amaru yessels-as i wasaḍ udmawen yellan deg yimdanen merra am tugdin, ildayen, tafekka-as yesseḍsan…

Anaqel γer tira d unegzum γef tewsatin timensayin gar yiferdisen igejdanen iseg yettwassen Belɛid At Σli, dacu iferdisen-a ur sɛin ara deffir-sen tamuγli n timagit akken i d-tura Berdus Nadya:

«ur ilaq ara ad nger asentel-a gar tmuγliwin tatrarin i yettnadin γef timagit, neγ tiririt n wazal i tutlayt n tmaziγt. Ad naf Belɛid At Σli ur yerri ara lbal-ines γer temsalt-agi, yecγel kan iman-is γef ugmar n tsekla timawit iwakken ur yettruḥ ara, meblama yesɛa deffir n wahil-is kra n tesnakta neγ tasertit, yerna ur t-yexdim ara deg taγult n unadi γef timagit, imi mazal t-tekcim tikti-agi, γas akken d netta i d amezwaru γer temsalt-a, yessers-as asurrif amezwaru»(2)_.

1.2.Tallit n timunent.

Asmi d-tewwi Lezzayer timunent, yebda ukala n useɛreb deg wakal akk n tagduda, dayen i iğğan aggagen* n tmurt n Leqbayel (imura, imedyazen…) ad nḍen i yidles-nsen:

«a wid ifaqen Yegra-d yiwen ulqaf

D idles γlayen Deg ṭṭiq i t-nttaf

Idles γlayen

(1)

/

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35

Γurwat win ara t-yerren Gar yiγuraf Akken ad aγ-t-rẓen Idles γlayen Γurwat ad nettu Yiwen ur t-irehhen Yiwen ur t-yeznuzu(1).

Iḥi akala n useɛreb iqubel-it-id seg tama-nniḍen uzbu γef tmagit tamaziγt ladγa tizlit tamḥaddit. D acu ayen i iceγben aggagen-a mačči kan d asteɛreb s timagit tamaziγt, maca s uslmed n tutlayt neγ akken-nniḍen tira n tutlayt tamaziγt, imi ayen yettagad udabu d tamaziγt yettwarun , mačči d tin umeslay n yal ass.

Seg tama-nniḍen akala n unqel γer tira yewweḍ lḥedd-is s usnulfu n wungalen imezwura i yeddmen azneḍres ungal, wigi d asfel d fafa n Racid Σellic, askuti n Saɛid Saɛdi. Ma yella ajerred n tewsatin timensayin sγur yimsuda imezwura, yusa-d deg lwaqt-is, imi imsuda-agi smenɛen-d tigemmi-nsen seg rwaḥ d tatut. Talalit n wungal amezwaru yusa-d daγen deg lwaqt-is, imi tamurt n leqbayel tettidir taswiḥt «ili neγ ur ttili ara » ladγa seld isuḍaf n tmendawt i yefkan afud i useɛreb n tmetti tazzayrit d tedyanin n tefsut n 80.

Γef waya yewwi-d fell-aγ ad neɛreḍ ad nẓer tagnit n tlalit n wungalen-a imezwura deg tallit n timunent d wamek i ikemmel usnulfu n wungalen-nniḍen ar tizi n wass-a.

1.2.1. Tallit n wungalen imezwura: Asfel, Askuti, Faffa.

Talalit n wungalen-a tella-d seld tidyanin n tefsut n 80, d anect-a i yefkan i yimura-agi «ad fken tiṭ γer Umezruy, ad d-silγen inaw asertan usrid γef yidabuyen i iɛeddan γef Lezzayer seg

timunent; Saɛdi yesseγzef tiṭ-is γer umussu aγelnaw seg 1945»(2)_.

Ilmend n tmuγli n D.brus, ungalen-a jerden anegzum γef wungalen n yiseggasen n 50 (Ferɛun, Mɛemri) imi isental-nsen bnan γef(3)_:

- Amyekcam ikersen gar yiferdisen n tansayit d yiferdisen n tegreγlanit ladγa deg

wungalen n Racid Σellic.

- Sin yimura-agi (Σellic, Saɛdi) ugin ad qeblen amtayal γer umaḍal n usammar aɛrab.

(1)_{Ait MENGULLET deg tezlit« Ce}__{let-aɣ tafat».} (2)_{(D.), ABROUS, Op.cit. p 48.}

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- Amgired (anegzum) γef yinawen-nni iγelnawen i yesɛan yiwet n tmuγli imi ungalen-a

sɛan asenqed asertan d usrid iban.

- Tazamulit n umaḍal amaziγ ladγa γer Σellic.

- Tamuγli-nsen γer umaḍal n tmeṭṭut, imi tameṭṭut taqbaylit deg wungalen-a tettwabdar

kan seg tama n twuri-ines deg tmetti am tin iḥerzen ansayen, tagrawla…

Asuter n timagit tamaziγt iressa γef usuter asnilsan neɣ utlayan, aneggaru-agi d asuter n usteɛref s tmaziγt am tutlayt taγelnawt tunsibt imi «tutlayt dima tettwaḥsab d ajgu

alemmas n usuter n timagit deg tmazγa»(1)_{. (tasuγilt-nneγ).}

Imura-agi n tallit n yiseggasen n 80, iswi-nsen d tira n tutlayt-nsen, imi adabu yettḥarab tira n tutlayt n tmaziγt ugar n umeslay deg tutlay-a. Lammer d tikti kan ibγan d-siwden yimura-agi i yimeγriyen tili ahat uran-d s tutlayt-nniḍen i fehmen akk tuget n yimeγriyen am tefrensist neγ taɛrabt akken i as-yenna umedyaz: «ad ak-n-heḍreγ s teqbaylit

kečč s wayen i ak-yehwan kteb-it»(2).

Ihi talalit n kraḍ n wungalen-a ufan-d tutlayt iseg ttwarun tettidir tagnit n ẓẓmek ameqqran ahat deg umezruy-ines, imi yal asaḍuf i d-yeffγen irennu ljerḥ i tutlayt-a.

Ihi timagit d asentel agejdan deg wungalen-a imezwura:



Asfel.

Deg usfel anadi γef timagit yewweḍ γer lḥedd-is, Amaru iglem-d tamurt n tmazγa am tbeckurt yerẓen ur tezmir ad teddem aman daxel-is, iwakken ad nejmaɛen yiceqfan-is, tamsalt tɛedda akin i tmurt n Leqbayel, tewweḍ γer Tihert, Γdames, Tugurt…Γef waya ad naf awal asfel γer Racid Σellic, d asfel n timagit, anwa ara yefken iman-is d asfel i tmagit tamaziγt:

«Tamazγa neγ tammurt n Yimaziγen d taneggarut deg ddunit i mazal

ddaw uzaglu n yimnekcamen, amek a tawaγit gar wazal n ɛecrin melyun d aterras, gar wacḥal d ajenyur, d amejjay, d aselmad, ulac meyya ara yemmten γer tikelt d asfel…»(3)

(1)_{(D.) MEROLLA, « Peut-on parler d’un espace littéraire kabyle?», Op. cit.} (2)_{(T.), YACINE, Ait Mengulet chante…, Awal, Alger, 1990, p212.}

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Ungal s teqbaylit

37



Faffa.

Faffa akken i d-as-tsemma D.brus (1989) d ungal n tdukkli tawezγit (unité impossible). Asaḍ yerẓa-t yinig, yenneslax seg teqbaylit-is yuγal d taγawsa. Σmer i yeffγen seg teqbaylit-is yuγal d taγawsa d akli deg tmurt tawardanit.mer asaḍ yefsi yuγal yebḍa γef kraḍ n yiwudam, ineggura-ya, ttnaγen fell-as, wigi d amγar azemni, aderwic d yilemẓi.

Terẓeg d lḥif n lγerba tessegra-d i Ɛmer tifrat n tunγiman imi yewweḍ almi yetteffeγ i leqel-is akken i as-semman aṭṭan n «schizophrénie»(1)_{; dγa} __{mer mi yeqqim γef yiri n}

wuzzlan n lbabur i qal ara t-yessawḍen γer Lezzayer (netta yesker), iwakken ad yessemsalaḥ gar kraḍ n yiwudam (amγar azemni, aderwic d yilemẓi) i yettwali qqimen-as-d deg yigenni, yefka iman-is d asfel iḍegger iman-is γer yilel agrakal. Amsalaḥ gar 3 n yiwudam-a tusa-d s yiwet n tugna yettwehhin γer yiwen n unamek meqqren:; učči deg yiwen n tbaqit; igenni d

yil mqaraben, uẓen wa γer wa alarmi mlalen. Tlull-d teḥbult n tafat γef wadeg qqumcen amzun-d agun-ines, ilemẓi, aderwic d umγar azemni. Deg tlemmasat, tabaqit tessawal i tacart, swaden-as-d s uneruḍ, izwer s uqerru yerza-ten.

Aṭas n yisental i d-yemmalen amḍal amaziγ, neγ s wudem arusrid timagit tamaziγt gar-asen:

- Aessas (iessasen): Mi ara yinig yiwen, timγarin tiyemmatin Ɛennunt iƐessasen, akken ad

asen-yeḥrez iminig-nsen, dγa deg wungal-a ad naf ibder-d aya: timγarin, tiyemmatin-nsen

Ɛennunt iƐessasen, aƐessas n tmazirt, aessas n lḥara d win n ljame iwakken ad ḥarben fell-as, akken ad hennin, ad seḥḥin, ad emren ad ilin d tafat i uxxam(2)_.

- Amγar azemni: Amγar azemni yettwassen deg tmucuha n umaḍal amaziγ neγ aqbayli, d

azamul n tjaddit, d azamul yessebaden ayen n dir, d azamul n tmussni d netta i yemmalen iberdan i wasaḍ mi ara yeḥsel, dγa deg ungal-a ad naf aglam-ines dayen yettwehhin γer ccbaḥa d leqder; Amγar azemni, d amellal. D amellal. Aqendur, abernus, tawenza, tamart timƐelleqt, mellul-it(3)_.

(1) _{ABROUS (Dahbia) : Asfel (compte- rendu) de roman, Revue de l’Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 44,}

1987,p.150

(2)_(R.),__{ELLIC, Faffa, Fédérop, Mussidan, 1986, pp 25-26.} (3) _{Ibid, p136.}

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- Aderwic: Aderwic mačči d win yeffγen i leqel-is, d aderwic acku aṭas n temsal i yessen, i yessefray ula d netta tilufa, maca deg ungal-a aglam-ines dayen ur necbiḥ ara : « Aderwic. Deg yiẓri ameṭṭƐawej d aderwic, deg tmelsiwt tajḍit tameqqarsut d aderwic»(1)_.

- Amjaḥ: deg wungal-a, anamek n umjaḥ ur yemgarad ara γef win mucaƐen deg tmetti taqbaylit, imi win yeğğan axxam-is aṭas n yiseggasen ur d-iḍal ara fell-as , mi ara d-yuγal ur tterḥiben ara yes-s wat uxxam ula d arraw-is ad t-nekren d ayen ara naf deg ungal fafa ; ad

d-ikcem taddart, ad t-smeƐqalen lγaci, mi ara yini temγart alaxir, yusa-d urgaz-im, lxir tafeḍ-t, ur sƐiγ argaz, arraw selmen γef bab-tsen am uberrani, ur neṭṭqen γer-s ad zzin γer win win i t-id-yessawḍen «’ nekkni d arraw n uzniq»(2)_.

-Tgella d lmelḥ: učči deg yiwet n tqedduḥt tesƐa azal meqqren deg tmetti taqburt anamek-ines d timlilt d lewfeq gar yimdanen n twacult neγ n tmetti imi d tagella d lemleḥ i ttbut n temlilit d lewfeq gar yimdanen alammi tuγal d limin (lemgillat) anect-a yusa-d deg ungal-a s yimi n umγar azemni ; « uheq tagella d lmelḥ i aγ-d-yessemlalen»(3)_.



Askuti.

Askuti d ungal i izerwen tamsalt n timagit s wudem usrid ladγa tidyanin n tefsut n 80 anda amaru yessexdem asaḍ (Mezyan) n tehkayt-ines d yiwen i yettekkin deg tegrawla n Lezzayer, dacu seld timunent yufa-d iman-is ixeddem d amsaltu n udabu, dayen i t-yeğğan yebḍa γef sin:

Seg tama asaḍ d win yekkaten γef timagit-ines tamaziγt, taneggarut-a aɛdaw-ines d adabu d yimsulta-ines.

Seg tama-nniḍen axeddim-ines yewwi-d fell-as ad iḥareb akk wid yebγan ad salin tiγri-nsen s ufella n teγri n udabu ladγa, imaziγen i yeḥseb udabu seg wid yebγan ad bḍun tamurt ladγa deg tedyanin n 80 anda Mezyan yedda d yimessulta-nniḍen i iceyyeɛ udabu iwakken ad nnaγen mgal inelmaden n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu γef tmentilt n uḥbas n usarag n Mulud Mɛemri γef Yisefra iqburen n Leqbayel. Anect-a iγaḍ aṭas Mezyan d ayen i t-yeğğan taggara ad yeğğ axeddim-ines γef ljal n tmagit-ines.

(1) _{Op. cit, p 30.} (2) _Ibid. (3) _{Ibid, p 138.}

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1.2.2. Tallit seg 1990 ɣer tizi n wass-a.

Seld talalit n wungalen imezwura deg yiseggasen n 80, tennulfa-d tsuta-nniḍen n yimura i d-yessufγen ddeq-s n wungalen s teqbaylit, ladγa deg yiseggasen n 2000 d asawen, γas akken llan sḍis n wungalen i d-yeffγen deg yiseggasen n 1990 akken i d-yura Muḥend Akli Salḥi: «Deg yiseggasen n 90 ffγen-d sḍis (06) n wungalen wigi n A. Mezdad (1990), A. Uḥemza

(1994), S. Zinya (1995), B. Hemdani (1998?), Nekkar (1999) d Ayet Budawud (1999)»(1)_.

Iseggasen n 2000 izad usnulfu n wungalen s teqbaylit imi 11 n wungalen i d-yeffγen:

«d ayen i d yefkan zyada n 100℅ γef wayen yellan yakan»(2)_.

Tagnit n usnulfu n wungalen-a ur temgarad ara s waṭas d tegnit n usnulfu n wungalen imezwura ladγa deg yiseggasen n 90 imi aẓayer n tutlayt mazal-it akken kan yella deg tazwara, dayen ara yeğğen ahat asentel n timagit ad yawi aḥric meqqren deg wungalen-a. Iwakken ad negzu ugar tagnit-a yewwi-d ad nemmeslay fell-as seg yal tama; Aẓayer n tutlayt, imura, imeγriyen d usiẓreg:

Aẓayer n tutlayt ur ibeddel ara deg yiseggasen 90, maca amaynut ahat ara d-nebder d tulya n sin n yigezduyen n Tutlayt d Yidles n Tmaziγt deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu d Bgayet (1992) d unekcum n tmaziγt γer uγebaz azzayri (1995), aya seld aḥbas n yinelmaden γer leqraya azal n useggas deg temnaḍt n Leqbayel, d usbeddi n Usqamu Unig n Timmuzγa (HCA), am wakken yella-d usteɛref s tutlalyt n tmaziγt d tutlayt taγelnawt seld tidyanin n tefsut taberkant 2001. Anect-a ma yella yerna-d afud yezmer ad t-id-yernu seg tama n yimeγriyen d uslugen n tutlayt, ladγa asiẓreg n wungalen i yellan d agur seg tama tadamsant n yimura, imi aṭas n wungalen i d-yessufeγ usqamu unnig n timmuzγa s texriḍt-ines.

Ayen yellan d amaynut deg tallit-agi d ayen yerzan imeγriyen, imi seg 1992 ar tizi n wass-a, aṭas n yinelmaden i ilemden tamaziγt ama deg tesdawiyin neγ deg yiγerbazen ladγa tisnawiyin. Aselmed n tmaziγt yeldi abrid i tγuri n wayen yuran s tmaziγt, dacu aḥat taγuri n wungalen s teqbaylit yezmer kan ad yili s ubrid n timuγnest neγ n tezrawin γef lmendad n wungalen-a, imi ungal s teqbaylit mazal ahat ur yebbeɛzeq ara am wungalen-nniḍen i d-yettefγen s tefrensist neγ s taɛrabt.

(1)_{M.A.SALHI, Etudes de la littérature kabyle, Op. cit, p84.} (2)_Ibid.