doi:10.3166/R2IE.1.257-270 © 2009 Lavoisier SAS. Tous droits réservés
L’articulation entre la surveillance de l’environnement de l’entreprise et le système d’information : l’apport
d’une approche systémique
³ Par Az-Eddine Bennani
aet Soulaimane Laghzaoui
ba5HLPV0DQDJHPHQW6FKRRO5HLPV)UDQFH 8QLYHUVLWpGH7HFKQRORJLHGH&RPSLqJQH&RPSLqJQH
E$L[0DUVHLOOH8QLYHUVLWp
Résumé
Le système d’information et les pratiques de surveillance de l’environnement de l’entreprise se sont vus accorder une place importante dans les recherches en sciences de gestion grâce à la prise de conscience de l’importance de l’information dans ce champ de recherche et chez les professionnels. Il s’agit de deux démarches ayant pour objectif de soutenir la prise de décision par une meilleure gestion de l’information permettant de mieux saisir l’environnement dynamique de l’entreprise devenu de plus en plus complexe. En s’appuyant sur la systémique et la théorie de la complexité, ce travail tente de montrer comment l’activité de surveillance de l’environnement de l’entreprise peut être rapprochée à celle liée au système d’information. Ces deux activités sont comparées en vue de bien faire ressortir ce qui les distingue et d’identifier les liens qu’ils entretiennent au sein de l’entreprise. © 2009 Lavoisier SAS. Tous droits réservés
Mots clés : système d’information, surveillance de l’environnement, approche systémique, complexité, activité informationnelle
Abstract
The relationship between the company environment monitoring and the information system: the contribution of a systemic approach. The information system and the environment scanning activities have been solicited more attention in management science given the importance of the information in this research field and among professionals. There are two approaches to support decision making through better information management in order to better understand the dynamic environment of the enterprise and its increasingly complexity.
The object of the both activities is to improve the information management in the firm in order to assist its decision-making. Based on the systemic approach and the complexity theory, this research work attempts to show how the scanning activities-monitoring of business environment- could be linked to the information system. The main purpose is to make clear what distinguishes these activities, examine their similarities and dissimilarities, and identify the links developed within the company. © 2009 Lavoisier SAS. All rights reserved
Keywords: information system, scanning activities, systemic approach, complexity, information activity
Introduction
'XIDLWGXG\QDPLVPHHWGHODFRPSOH[LWpGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVHSRXU PLHX[FRPSUHQGUHVRQDFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHLOHVWQpFHVVDLUHG·pWXGLHUO·DUWLFXODWLRQ HQWUHFHWWHDFWLYLWpHWOHVV\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQ(QHIIHWFHWWHDUWLFXODWLRQHVWWUDGXLWHSDU GHVLQÁXHQFHVPXWXHOOHVGDQVOHEXWG·RSWLPLVHUOHSURFHVVXVGHFUpDWLRQGHYDOHXUSRXU OHFOLHQWHWG·HQJHQGUHUXQDYDQWDJHFRPSpWLWLISRXUO·HQWUHSULVH
'·DXWUHSDUWO·LQÁXHQFHGHVWHFKQRORJLHVGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQHWGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7,&
VXUO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHFHWHQYLURQQHPHQWHVWGHSOXVHQSOXVUHPDUTXDEOH(OOH HVWH[SOLTXpHSDUODPRGLÀFDWLRQSURIRQGHGHODVWUXFWXUHGHO·HQWUHSULVHHWOHFKDQJHPHQW RUJDQLVDWLRQQHOGHYHQXVQpFHVVDLUHVSRXUO·LQWpJUDWLRQGHVSURJUqVWHFKQRORJLTXHVWHOVTXH FHX[UHODWLIVjO·,QWHUQHW
/HVV\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQVRXWLHQGHO·HQWUHSULVHSULQFLSDOHPHQWSRXUODJHVWLRQHW ODÀQDQFHHWGHVRQHQYLURQQHPHQWLPSOLTXHQWGHVpOpPHQWVSURYHQDQWGHV7,&TXLVH PRGLÀHQWFRQVWDPPHQWHWGHYLHQQHQWSDUIRLVYLWHREVROqWHVDYHFFRPPHFRQVpTXHQFHXQ LPSDFWVXUODFRQÀJXUDWLRQGHFHVV\VWqPHVFRQGXLVDQWVRXYHQWjXQFKDQJHPHQWRUJDQL VDWLRQQHOHWRXPrPHjXQHUpRULHQWDWLRQVWUDWpJLTXH&RQVWUXLWVjSDUWLUGHVFRPSRVDQWHV 7,&LOVIDFLOLWHQWHWUHQGHQWSOXVSUDWLTXHO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGH O·HQWUHSULVH'HO·RXWLOGHFDOFXOGHWUDLWHPHQWHWG·DLGHjODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQFHVV\VWqPHV pYROXHQWHQIRQFWLRQGHODSRVLWLRQFRQFXUUHQWLHOOHGHO·HQWUHSULVHHWGHVRQRUJDQLVDWLRQ,OV VHWURXYHQWLQÁXHQFpVHWHQULFKLVFRQWLQXHOOHPHQWSDUOHVGRQQpHVGXPDUFKpHWGHO·HQYL URQQHPHQWpFRQRPLTXHGDQVOHTXHOO·HQWUHSULVHpYROXH&HGHUQLHUSUpVHQWHGHVSURSULpWpV G·RXYHUWXUHGHFRPSOH[LWpG·pYROXWLRQGHYDULpWpGHVpOpPHQWVHWGHOHXUVLQWHUDFWLRQV DLQVLTXHOHXUVFRQVWUXFWLRQVHWRXGHVWUXFWLRQV&HVSURSULpWpVUDSSHOOHQWELHQODGpÀQLWLRQ GHVV\VWqPHVFRPSOH[HVHWG\QDPLTXHV/H0RLJQHHW'HFHIDLWO·pWXGHGH HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVHHWGHO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHTXLOXLHVWDVVRFLpSRXUUDLW rWUHDSSUpKHQGpGDQVOHFDGUHGHODWKpRULHGHVV\VWqPHVFRPSOH[HV
'DQVFHWUDYDLODSUqVDYRLUSUpVHQWpO·DSSURFKHV\VWpPLTXHHWGpÀQLODFRPSOH[LWp QRXVGpYHORSSRQVGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVO·pYROXWLRQGHVSUDWLTXHVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGH O·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVHHWPRQWURQVHQTXRLFHOOHFLHVWXQHDFWLYLWpLQIRUPD WLRQQHOOHGDQVXQGHX[LqPHWHPSVQRXVUDSSHORQVFHTX·HVWXQV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ HWH[SRVRQVVHVSURSULpWpVV\VWpPLTXHV(QÀQDYDQWGHFRQFOXUHQRXVGpFULYRQVHW H[SOLTXRQVO·DUWLFXODWLRQHQWUHOHVV\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQHWO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFH GHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVH
1. L’approche systémique et la complexité
/DWKpRULHGX©6\VWqPHJpQpUDOªHWO·DSSURFKHV\VWpPLTXHSURSRVHQWGHPRGpOLVHU OHVSKpQRPqQHVFRPSOH[HVHQFRQVWUXLVDQWGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVGHODUpDOLWpSHUoXHDX FDUUHIRXUG·H[LJHQFHVPXOWLSOHV/H0RLJQHHW$ORUVTXHODWKpRULHGH ODFRPSOH[LWp0RULQ7KLpWDUWSHUPHWGHUDLVRQQHUjODIRLVRUJDQLVDWLRQ QHOOHPHQWWHFKQRORJLTXHPHQWHWVWUDWpJLTXHPHQW'HFHIDLWODPRELOLVDWLRQGHFHVGHX[
WKpRULHVRIIUHXQFDGUHG·DQDO\VHSHUWLQHQWSRXUDSSUpKHQGHUO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGH O·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVH
/HVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVDUWLÀFLHOOHVPRGqOHVSURGXLVHQWXQHJULOOHGHOHFWXUHSHUPHWWDQWj O·REVHUYDWHXUGHGpFU\SWHUODFRPSOH[LWpVDQVODVLPSOLÀHU(OOHVSUpVHQWHQWGHVV\VWqPHV FRPSOH[HVTXHVHORQ/H0RLJQHSDJHQRXVGHYRQVPRGpOLVHUSRXUFRQVWUXLUH OHXUVHQVGHODFRPSUpKHQVLRQ&HWDXWHXUFRQVLGqUHTXHOHXUVLPSOLÀFDWLRQSHUPHWVHXOH PHQWGHGpFRXYULUOHVHQVGHO·H[SOLFDWLRQ
&KHFNODQGTXDQWjOXLGLVWLQJXHODSHQVpHV\VWpPLTXH©GXUHªGHODSHQ VpHV\VWpPLTXH©VRXSOHª/DSUHPLqUHFRQVLGqUHTXHOHVV\VWqPHVGpÀQLVFRPPHXQ HQVHPEOHG·pOpPHQWVHQLQWHUDFWLRQVH[LVWHQWHQWDQWTXHWHOVGDQVODUpDOLWpTX·LOV RQWGHVREMHFWLIVIDFLOHPHQWGpÀQLVHWTXHOHVPR\HQVGHSDUYHQLUjFHVREMHFWLIVVRQW pJDOHPHQWGpWHUPLQpVGHPDQLqUHH[KDXVWLYH/DGHX[LqPHSHQVpHGDQVODTXHOOHQRXV LQVFULYRQVQRWUHWUDYDLOFRQVLGqUHTXHODUpDOLWpSHUoXHHVWHOOHPrPHSUREOpPDWLTXH VHVFRPSRVDQWVQHVRQWSDVIDFLOHPHQWGpWHUPLQpV/HXUSULVHHQFRPSWHQpFHVVLWHOD FRQVWUXFWLRQGHV\VWqPHVFRQVWLWXpVG·HQWLWpVJOREDOHVKRORQVPRGqOHVGHUHSUpVHQ WDWLRQTXLSHUPHWWHQWGHGpFULUHHWFRPSUHQGUHFHWWHSUREOpPDWLTXHjO·DLGHGHV\V WqPHVTXLQ·H[LVWHQWSDVGDQVODUpDOLWpSHUoXHPDLVGDQVOHGLVSRVLWLIPpWKRGRORJLTXH O·DSSUpKHQGDQW&HOXLTXHQRXVUHWHQRQVHVWSUDJPDWLTXHLOSHUPHWGHGpYHORSSHU XQHFRQQDLVVDQFHjSDUWLUGHO·REVHUYDWLRQLQFHVVDQWHGHO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGH O·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVH
/H0RLJQHVRXOLJQH©FHTXLHVWFRPSOH[HHVWFHGRQWRQQ·DUULYHSDVjVHGRQ QHUXQHXQLTXHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQSRVWXOpHFRPSOqWHQRQDPELJXsSRXUXQWLHUVREVHUYDWHXU HWTXLSHUPHWWHG·DQWLFLSHUWRXVOHVFRPSRUWHPHQWVRXpWDWVGHO·REMHWRXGXSKpQRPqQH REVHUYpª,OFRQVLGqUHTXHGDQVOHVHQVFRXUDQWODFRPSOH[LWpHVW©O·pWDWGHFHTXLHVW FRPSOH[HªF·HVWjGLUHGHFHTXLFRQWLHQWSOXVLHXUVpOpPHQWVGLIIpUHQWVOLpVHQWUHHX[HW GLIÀFLOHVjFRPSUHQGUH,ODMRXWHTXHSHQVHUHQWHUPHVGHFRPSOH[LWpVLJQLÀHDGPHWWUH OHIRQGHPHQWVHORQOHTXHOO·XQLWpGHO·DJHQFHPHQWQ·HVWSDVVLPSOLÀDEOHjODVRPPHGH VHVSDUWLHVFRQVWLWXWLYHV4XDQWj(GJDU0RULQ©HVWFRPSOH[HFHTXLQHSHXWVH UpVXPHUHQXQPDvWUHPRWFHTXLQHSHXWVHUDPHQHUjXQHORLFHTXLQHSHXWVHUpGXLUH jXQHLGpHVLPSOH«$ORUVTXHODSHQVpHVLPSOLÀDQWHGpVLQWqJUHODFRPSOH[LWpUpHOOH ODSHQVpHFRPSOH[HLQWqJUHOHSOXVSRVVLEOHOHVPRGHVVLPSOLÀDQWVGHSHQVHUPDLVUHIXVH OHVFRQVpTXHQFHVPXWLOLWDQWHVUpGXFWULFHVXQLGLPHQVLRQDOLVDQWHV«/DSHQVpHFRP SOH[HDVSLUHjODFRQQDLVVDQFHPXOWLGLPHQVLRQQHOOH«$XVVLODSHQVpHFRPSOH[HHVW DQLPpHSDUXQHWHQVLRQSHUPDQHQWHHQWUHO·DVSLUDWLRQjXQVDYRLUQRQSDUFHOODLUHQRQ FORLVRQQpQRQUpGXFWHXUHWODUHFRQQDLVVDQFHGHO·LQDFKqYHPHQWGHO·LQFRPSOpWXGHGH WRXWHFRQQDLVVDQFHª/HVV\VWqPHVFRPSOH[HVVHFDUDFWpULVHQWDLQVLSDUO·DXWRpPHUJHQFH OHWRXWHVWVXSpULHXUjODVRPPHGHVFRPSRVDQWVO·DXWRRUJDQLVDWLRQHWODFLUFXODULWp ODFDXVHpWDQWO·HIIHWTXLUHGHYLHQWFDXVH
2. L’évolution des pratiques de surveillance de l’environnement des entreprises /·DQDO\VHGHVWUDYDX[GHUHFKHUFKHV·LQWpUHVVDQWjO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQ YLURQQHPHQWGHVHQWUHSULVHVSHUPHWG·pWDEOLUWURLVFRQVWDWV/HSUHPLHUFRQVWDWPRQWUH O·H[LVWHQFHG·XQHPXOWLWXGHGHWHUPHVGHGpÀQLWLRQVHWG·DSSHOODWLRQVXWLOLVpVSDUOHV DXWHXUVSRXUGpVLJQHUFHWWHDFWLYLWpSDUWLUGHO·pWXGHGHVWLWUHVGHVRXYUDJHVHWG·DUWLFOHV SXEOLpVGHSXLV&RKHQDSXFRPSWDELOLVHUDXPRLQVH[SUHVVLRQVGLIIpUHQWHV GDQVOHVSXEOLFDWLRQVDQJORVD[RQQHVHWWRXWDXWDQWGDQVOHVDUWLFOHVIUDQFRSKRQHV%URXDUG DFRPSWDELOLVpSOXVGHH[SUHVVLRQVIUDQFRSKRQHVHWDQJORVD[RQQHVFRQIRQGXHV 3DUPLOHVWHUPHVOHVSOXVGpVLJQpVQRXVSRXYRQVFLWHUODYHLOOHVWUDWpJLTXHO·LQWHOOLJHQFH pFRQRPLTXHVFDQQLQJFRPSHWLWLYHLQWHOOLJHQFHEXVLQHVVLQWHOOLJHQFHHWF
/HGHX[LqPHFRQVWDWFRQFHUQHO·DVVRFLDWLRQGHFHWWHDFWLYLWpDYHFGHQRPEUHX[GRPDLQHV SURFKHVWHOVTXHFHX[GHODVWUDWpJLHGHVUpVHDX[GHO·DSSUHQWLVVDJHHWGHODJHVWLRQGHV FRQQDLVVDQFHV$EGXOVDODPHW3DWXUHO$PDELOH%DXPDUG%RL]DUG
%RXUQRLVHW5RPDQL%ORQGHOHWDO&DORI&KHQHWDO 5RXDFKHW6DQWL
(QÀQOHWURLVLqPHFRQVWDWVHUpIqUHjO·pYROXWLRQTX·DFRQQXHO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFH GHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHVHQWUHSULVHV&HWWHpYROXWLRQWUDGXLWFHOOHGHVSUDWLTXHVGHFHVGHU QLqUHVHWGHOHXUVUDSSRUWVDYHFOHXUHQYLURQQHPHQW
/HVDXWHXUV&RKHQHW%URXDUGRQWTXDQWjHX[LGHQWLÀpWURLVJUDQGHVSKDVHV
/DSUHPLqUHODSKDVHG·pPHUJHQFHROHVWHUPHV©YHLOOHWHFKQRORJLTXHª
©VFDQQLQJª©VXUYHLOODQFHªHW©LQWHOOLJHQFHªVRQWOHVSOXVXWLOLVpV(OOHHVWPDUTXpH SDUXQPRGHGHVXUYHLOODQFHSOXW{WLQIRUPHORO·LQIRUPDWLRQFROOHFWpHHVWSHXOLpH jODGpFLVLRQjSUHQGUHPDLVFRQFHUQHSULQFLSDOHPHQWFHOOHUHODWLYHjODFRQFXUUHQFH
/DGHX[LqPHOHVDQQpHVODSKDVHGHPDWXUDWLRQSHQGDQWODTXHOOHODSUDWLTXHGH VXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWWHQGYHUVODIRUPDOLVDWLRQHWO·XWLOLVDWLRQGHPpWKRGHV G·DQDO\VHTXDQWLWDWLYHV&HWWHSUDWLTXHV·HVWpWHQGXHjO·DQDO\VHGXVHFWHXUHWGHVHV DFWHXUV'HVWHUPHVFRPPH©FRPSHWLWLYHLQWHOOLJHQFHª©YLJLODQFHª©YHLOOHVWUDWp JLTXHªHW©LQWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXHªIRQWOHXUDSSDULWLRQ
/DWURLVLqPHODSKDVHGHFRQVROLGDWLRQSHQGDQWODTXHOOHOHVXQLWpVGHVXU YHLOODQFHRQWIDLWOHXUDSSDULWLRQGDQVOHVHQWUHSULVHV/HPRGHGHVXUYHLOODQFHHPSORLH GDYDQWDJHGHVPR\HQVIRUPHOVjWUDYHUVO·XVDJHGHPpWKRGHVG·DQDO\VHTXDQWLWDWLYHVHW TXDOLWDWLYHV/HOLHQDYHFODGpFLVLRQjSUHQGUHHVWGHYHQXSOXVIRUW'HFHIDLWOHVWHUPHV
©LQWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXHHWVWUDWpJLTXHª©LQWHOOLJHQFHVWUDWpJLTXHªHW©VWUDWHJLF LQWHOOLJHQFHªVRQWOHVSOXVXWLOLVpV
3. La surveillance de l’environnement est une activité informationnelle
/·H[DPHQGHODOLWWpUDWXUHVXUOHVSUDWLTXHVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWQRXVD SHUPLVGHUHOHYHUWURLVJUDQGHVGLPHQVLRQVO·DFWLYLWpLQIRUPDWLRQQHOOHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWHWOD GpFLVLRQTXLUHYLHQQHQWVRXYHQWGDQVOHVGpÀQLWLRQVUHQFRQWUpHV/·DFWLYLWpLQIRUPDWLRQQHOOH pWDQWRULHQWpHYHUVXQRXSOXVLHXUVDVSHFWVGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGDQVOHEXWGHVRXWHQLUODGpFLVLRQ
Pour plus d’informations, voir Cohen (2006).
3DU©DFWLYLWpLQIRUPDWLRQQHOOHªQRXVHQWHQGRQVXQHQVHPEOHG·RSpUDWLRQVDXWRXUGHVTXHOOHV V·DUWLFXOHO·LQIRUPDWLRQ&HVRSpUDWLRQVVRQWUHODWLYHVjO·DFTXLVLWLRQOHWUDLWHPHQWHWODGLIIXVLRQ GHO·LQIRUPDWLRQ(OOHVVRQWSUpFpGpHVVHORQFHUWDLQVDXWHXUVSDUXQHSKDVHSUpOLPLQDLUHGH SODQQLQJ IRFXV'H3HOVPDFNHUHWDO9LYLHUVHWDOHW(OOHFRQVLVWHjGpÀQLU OHVWKqPHVSRXUOHVTXHOVO·LQIRUPDWLRQHVWQpFHVVDLUH5RNDUW0DUWLQHWHW0DUWL
4XDQWjODGLPHQVLRQ©HQYLURQQHPHQWªO·DQDO\VHGHODOLWWpUDWXUHPRQWUHHQHIIHWTXH ODSOXSDUWGHVDXWHXUVV·LQWpUHVVDQWDX[DFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHMXVWLÀHQWFHVSUDWLTXHVSDU O·pWDWGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW$XGHW$PDELOH3RXUO·HQWUHSULVHFHGHUQLHUSHXW rWUHGpÀQLFRPPHO·HQVHPEOHGHVIDFWHXUVH[WHUQHVjO·HQWUHSULVHHWTXLVRQWVXVFHSWLEOHV GHO·LQÁXHQFHUHWRXG·rWUHLQÁXHQFpVSDUFHOOHFL'LOO
'HFHWWHGpÀQLWLRQQRXVUHPDUTXRQVTXHO·HQWUHSULVHHVWOLpHjO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHIDoRQ UpFLSURTXH'XQFDQ(QHIIHWLOSHXWrWUHFRQVLGpUpFRPPHLQÁXDQWVXUOHVRSpUDWLRQV HWVXUODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQGHO·HQWUHSULVHjWLWUHG·H[HPSOHO·DXJPHQWDWLRQRXODEDLVVHGX FRXUVGXSpWUROHHWO·LPSDFWFRQVpTXHQWVXUOHVHQWUHSULVHVGHWUDQVSRUW&RPPHLOSHXWOXL PrPHIDLUHO·REMHWG·LQÁXHQFHpPDQDQWGHVRSpUDWLRQVHWGHODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQGHO·HQWUHSULVH 3DUDLOOHXUVVRXOLJQRQVTXHWRXWHVOHVHQWUHSULVHVQHVRQWSDVFRQIURQWpHVDXPrPH W\SHG·HQYLURQQHPHQW(PHU\HW7ULVWGXIDLWTXHODUHODWLRQOHOLDQWO·HQWUHSULVHHVW FRQWLQJHQWH&HWWHUHODWLRQHVWDIIHFWpHSDUGHQRPEUHX[IDFWHXUVOLpVDX[FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV HWDX[REMHFWLIVGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQDLQVLTX·jFHX[GpSHQGDQWGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWWHOVTXH OHGHJUpG·LQFHUWLWXGHRXOHGHJUpGHWXUEXOHQFH
(QRXWUHO·H[DPHQGHODOLWWpUDWXUHVXUOHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW GDQVOHVHQWUHSULVHVPRQWUHTXHO·DLGHjODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQFRQVWLWXHO·REMHFWLIXOWLPHGH FHWWHDFWLYLWp(QHIIHWFHOOHFLDSRXUREMHFWLIGHIRXUQLUGHVLQSXWV)DKH\DXSUR FHVVXVGHGpFLVLRQHQYXHG·DPpOLRUHUODTXDOLWpGHVGpFLVLRQVjSUHQGUH1HJDVK
SDUWLUGXPRGqOHFODVVLTXHGXSURFHVVXVGHSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ,0&,QWHOOLJHQFH 0RGHOLVDWLRQHW&KRLFHGpFULWSDU6LPRQLOHVWSRVVLEOHGHFDUDFWpULVHUSRXUOHV GLIIpUHQWHVpWDSHVGXSURFHVVXVGHGpFLVLRQOHVIRUPHVG·DLGHjODGpFLVLRQIRXUQLHVSDUOHV LQIRUPDWLRQVLVVXHVGHODVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW
3HQGDQWODSKDVHG·LQWHOOLJHQFHOHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWRQWOHU{OH GHIRXUQLUGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQH[WHUQHLQGLTXDQWO·H[LVWHQFHG·XQSUREOqPHjUpVRXGUH&HV LQIRUPDWLRQVFRQVWLWXHQWXQHDLGHDXGLDJQRVWLFH[WHUQHGDQVOHVHQVRHOOHVSHUPHWWHQW GHIDFLOLWHUO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHVPHQDFHVHWGHVRSSRUWXQLWpVpPDQDQWGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW
3HQGDQWODSKDVHGHPRGpOLVDWLRQOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVIRXUQLHVSDUOHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXU YHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWSHUPHWWHQWGHIDFLOLWHUODUHFKHUFKHGHVROXWLRQV$LQVL GDQVFHWWHSKDVHOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVH[WHUQHVSHXYHQWDLGHUjODFRQFHSWLRQG·XQPRGqOH UHOLDQWGHVYDULDEOHVG·DFWLRQHWGHVUpVXOWDWV
3HQGDQWODSKDVHGHFKRL[OHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWYLHQQHQWHQ DLGHDXGpFLGHXUSRXUIDLUHOHFKRL[G·XQHVROXWLRQSDUPLFHOOHVGpYHORSSpHVDXFRXUV GHODSKDVHGHPRGpOLVDWLRQ
3HQGDQWODSKDVHG·pYDOXDWLRQOHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWSHX YHQWrWUHXWLOHVHQIRXUQLVVDQWGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVSHUPHWWDQWG·DSSUpFLHUDSRVWHULRULOD SHUWLQHQFHGHODGpFLVLRQSULVH
Les termes utilisés pour désigner ces phases différent d’un auteur à un autre, mais le contenu est pratiquement semblable.
SDUWLUGHOjQRXVUHPDUTXRQVTXHOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVLVVXHVGHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFH GHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWSHXYHQWLQWHUYHQLUHQDPRQWGHODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQPDLVSDUIRLVDSUqV ODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ'DQVFHGHUQLHUFDVOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVRQWSRXUU{OHGHUpRULHQWHUHWGH FRUULJHUFHWWHGpFLVLRQ
WLWUHG·LOOXVWUDWLRQFRQVLGpURQVO·H[HPSOHVXLYDQWDXQLYHDXKLpUDUFKLTXHVXSpULHXU VWUDWpJLTXHOHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWSHXYHQWSURGXLUHGHVLQIRU PDWLRQVVHUYDQWGHVRXWLHQSRXUODGpÀQLWLRQGHODVWUDWpJLH©GpOLEpUpHª(OOHVSHXYHQW DXVVLLQWHUYHQLUDSUqVFHOOHFLPDLVFHWWHIRLVFLSRXUUpRULHQWHUFHWWHVWUDWpJLHHQIRQFWLRQ GHFHTXLVHSUpVHQWH/DVWUDWpJLHPRGLÀpHGHYLHQWHQFRQVpTXHQFHXQHVWUDWpJLHpPHUJHQWH 0LQW]EHUJHWDO
$LQVLO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWSRXUUDLWrWUHFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHXQ SURFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHOHWDSSDUWHQDQWjXQHQVHPEOHJOREDOG\QDPLTXHHWFRPSOH[H,O HVWRULHQWpYHUVO·H[WpULHXUHWPRELOLVDQWjGHVGHJUpVYDULpVOHVUHVVRXUFHVHWFRPSpWHQFHV GHO·HQWUHSULVHKXPDLQHVÀQDQFLqUHVRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOHVHWF&HSURFHVVXVFRPSRVp G·XQHQVHPEOHG·pWDSHVDOODQWGHODGpÀQLWLRQGHVEHVRLQVjODGLIIXVLRQGHVLQIRUPDWLRQV WUDQVIRUPpHVHQSDVVDQWSDUOHXUDFTXLVLWLRQHWOHXUWUDLWHPHQWDSRXUREMHFWLIGHQRXUULUOH SURFHVVXVGHGpFLVLRQGDQVGLIIpUHQWHVIRQFWLRQVVWUDWpJLTXHVLQQRYDWLRQVpFXULWpUHQVHL JQHPHQWRSSRUWXQLWpVHWPHQDFHVPDLVDXVVLVHFRQGDLUHPHQWRSpUDWLRQQHOOHVFOLHQWV IRXUQLVVHXUVHWF
4. Le système d’information
/HV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQDFRQQXXQHpYROXWLRQHWXQHH[WHQVLRQLPSRUWDQWHDXÀOGX WHPSV9LGDO9LGDOHW/HV]F]\QVND6HVSUHPLHUVXVDJHVQ·DYDLHQWSDVG·DXWUHV DPELWLRQVTXHFHOOHGHSURSRVHUO·DXWRPDWLVDWLRQGHFHUWDLQHVSURFpGXUHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHV )UDQFH/DQDUG'DYHQSRUWHW%URRNV'HQRVMRXUVOHVV\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPD WLRQVRQWGHYHQXVXQRXWLOHVVHQWLHOSRXUO·DLGHjODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ/HXUSHUFHSWLRQHVW SDVVpHG·XQHYLVLRQSXUHPHQWWHFKQLTXHjXQHYLVLRQRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOH/H0RLJQH
&HWWHPRGLÀFDWLRQSURIRQGHGHODFRQFHSWLRQGHVV\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQGDQVOHIRQF WLRQQHPHQWHWODJHVWLRQGHVHQWUHSULVHVWLHQGUDLWDXSURJUqVGHVWHFKQRORJLHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQ HWGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQPDLVDXVVLDX[FKDQJHPHQWVGHVEHVRLQVHWGHVFRPSRUWHPHQWVGHV GLULJHDQWVHWGHVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHVHQWUHSULVHV
'DQVFHFRQWH[WHGHQRPEUHXVHVGpÀQLWLRQVVRQWSURSRVpHVGDQVODOLWWpUDWXUHSRXU GpVLJQHUOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ3DUPLFHVGpÀQLWLRQVQRXVUHWHQRQVFHOOHVG·2·%ULHQ HWGH5HL[&HVGHX[DXWHXUVFRQoRLYHQWOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQFRPPH XQHQVHPEOHGHUHVVRXUFHVPDWpULHOORJLFLHOSHUVRQQHOGRQQpHVSURFpGXUHVSHUPHWWDQW G·DFTXpULUGHWUDLWHUHWGHVWRFNHUGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVjO·LQWpULHXUG·XQHRUJDQLVDWLRQ
'HODGpÀQLWLRQGH5HL[QRWRQVTXHOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ
&RQVWLWXHXQHQVHPEOHRUJDQLVpjSDUWLUGHGLIIpUHQWHVUHVVRXUFHV,OUHJURXSHOHVSHUVRQQHV XWLOLVDWHXUVHWFRQFHSWHXUVOHVPDWpULHOVRUGLQDWHXUVUpVHDX[LPSULPDQWHVGLVTXHV
Le lecteur peut se référer à Vidal (2000) pour une description détaillée de l’évolution des systèmes d’information.
Ses travaux nous les rapportons à partir de Brouard (2004).
GHVWRFNDJH«OHVORJLFLHOVHWSURFpGXUHVSURJUDPPHVHWDSSOLFDWLRQVLQIRUPDWLTXHV HWOHVGRQQpHVLQIRUPDWLRQVFRQQDLVVDQFHVPpPRLUH
5HSUpVHQWHXQHQVHPEOHÀQDOLVpSRXUDSSRUWHUXQVRXWLHQDXSURFHVVXVGHWUDYDLOGDQV O·RUJDQLVDWLRQVHORQWURLVPRGDOLWpVIRXUQLUGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQDVVLVWHUOHWUDYDLOKXPDLQ HWDXWRPDWLVHUOHWUDYDLO
3HXWrWUHGpÀQLjSOXVLHXUVQLYHDX[LQGLYLGXHOFROOHFWLIRUJDQLVDWLRQQHORXLQWHURUJDQL VDWLRQQHO&KDTXHQLYHDXLPSOLTXHGHVREMHFWLIVjDWWHLQGUHHWGHVPR\HQVSRXU\SDUYHQLU 3DUWDQWGHOjGLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGHV\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQSHXYHQWrWUHLGHQWLÀpVVHORQOHXUIRQF WLRQQDOLWpGDQVO·HQWUHSULVH2·%ULHQSURSRVHG·HQGLVWLQJXHUGHX[JUDQGHVFDWpJRULHV
/DSUHPLqUHFDWpJRULHFRUUHVSRQGDX[V\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQGHVRXWLHQGHVRSpUDWLRQV /HXUU{OHFRQVLVWHjWUDLWHUOHVWUDQVDFWLRQVG·DIIDLUHV2QSHXWLGHQWLÀHUGHVV\VWqPHVGH WUDLWHPHQWGHVWUDQVDFWLRQVGHVV\VWqPHVGHFRQWU{OHGHSURFHVVXVOHVV\VWqPHVGHFROODER UDWLRQHWOHVFROOHFWLFLHOV&HWWHSUHPLqUHFDWpJRULHSHXWrWUHUDSSURFKpHGHVDSSOLFDWLRQV LGHQWLÀpHVSDU5HL[OHVDSSOLFDWLRQVIRQFWLRQQHOOHVHWG·DLGHjODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
/DGHX[LqPHFDWpJRULHFRUUHVSRQGDX[V\VWqPHVG·DLGHjODJHVWLRQ/HXUU{OHHVWGH IRXUQLUGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVDX[JHVWLRQQDLUHVDÀQGHOHVDLGHUGDQVOHXUVSULVHVGHGpFLVLRQ (OOHFRPSUHQGOHV\VWqPHGHJHVWLRQOHVV\VWqPHVG·DLGHjODGpFLVLRQHWOHVV\VWqPHV G·LQIRUPDWLRQSRXUOHVGLULJHDQWVFHWpJDUGRQSHXWUHSpUHUOHVIRQFWLRQVG·DLGHjOD GpFLVLRQHWG·DLGHjODJHVWLRQGHVFRQQDLVVDQFHVGpÀQLHVSDU5HL[
3DUDLOOHXUVQRXVLGHQWLÀRQVWURLVJUDQGHVFDWpJRULHVGHUHVVRXUFHVPRELOLVpHVSDUOH V\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ5HL[
/HVUHVVRXUFHVLQIRUPDWLRQQHOOHVODYRFDWLRQSUHPLqUHGXV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQHVWGH IRXUQLUGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQjVHVXWLOLVDWHXUV&HWWHLQIRUPDWLRQSRXUrWUHXWLOLVDEOHGRLWrWUH PDWpULDOLVpHVRXVIRUPHGHVLJQDX[DFFHVVLEOHV&HODFRQGXLWjFRQVWUXLUHGHVUHSUpVHQ WDWLRQVGHVLPDJHVTXLYRQWrWUHXWLOLVpHVSDUOHVDFWHXUVGDQVOHXUSURFHVVXVGHWUDYDLO
/HVUHVVRXUFHVWHFKQLTXHVODWHFKQRORJLHSHXWrWUHDVVLPLOpHDX[pTXLSHPHQWV DX[RXWLOVDX[GLVSRVLWLIVHWDX[WHFKQLTXHVPLVHQSODFHHQYXHGHSHUPHWWUHDX[
LQGLYLGXVG·DFFRPSOLUOHXUVWkFKHV&·HVWG·DLOOHXUVjFHQLYHDXRLQWHUYLHQWOD QRWLRQGHV\VWqPHLQIRUPDWLTXHSRXUGpVLJQHUHQWUHDXWUHVOHVORJLFLHOVHWOHV UpVHDX[G·RUGLQDWHXUVXWLOLVpVGDQVO·HQWUHSULVH
/HVUHVVRXUFHVRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOHVFHWWHGLPHQVLRQSHXWrWUHDQDO\VpHVHORQXQHGRXEOH SHUVSHFWLYHFHOOHGXIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGpURXOHPHQWGHVSURFHVVXVGHWUDYDLOjO·LQWpULHXU HWDX[IURQWLqUHVGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQHWFHOOHGHODVWUXFWXUHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVFDUDFWpULV WLTXHVUHODWLYHPHQWVWDEOHVGHWRXWHRUJDQLVDWLRQ
$LQVLQRXVUHPDUTXRQVTXHFRPPHSRXUO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHFHOOHOLpHDXV\VWqPH G·LQIRUPDWLRQV·H[HUFHDXVVLGDQVO·HQYLURQQHPHQWG\QDPLTXHHWFRPSOH[HGHO·HQWUHSULVH 0DLVFRPPHQWSRXUULRQVQRXVOHVUDSSURFKHU"
5. Articulation entre l’activité de surveillance de l’environnement et celle du système d’information
6LOHVGHX[DFWLYLWpVVHPEOHQWVXLYUHXQHORJLTXHVHPEODEOHGDQVOHXUSURFHVVXVLQIRUPD WLRQQHOHOOHVOHIRQWVXLYDQWGHVGpPDUFKHVTXLOHXUVRQWSURSUHV1RXVDQDO\VRQVOHVGHX[
DFWLYLWpVVHORQTXDWUHGLPHQVLRQVODÀQDOLWpREMHFWLISRXUVXLYLO·REMHWOHVFKDQJHPHQWV
VRXVREVHUYDWLRQHWVRXVDQDO\VHOHSURFHVVXVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQQpFHVVDLUHSRXUDWWHLQGUH OHVREMHFWLIVSRXUVXLYLVHWO·HQYLURQQHPHQWO·HQVHPEOHGHVIDFWHXUVTXLHQWRXUHQWOHF\FOH GHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ%URXDUG
5.1 La finalité
3RXUOHVGHX[DFWLYLWpVO·REMHFWLIJpQpUDOHVWGHIRXUQLUGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQSRXUDLGHUj ODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ&HWWHLQIRUPDWLRQDFWLRQQDEOH$UJ\ULVGHYUDLWSHUPHWWUHGH IDFLOLWHUHWGHVRXWHQLUODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQDX[GLIIpUHQWVQLYHDX[KLpUDUFKLTXHVGHO·HQWUH SULVHVWUDWpJLTXHHWRSpUDWLRQQHO
1pDQPRLQVHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVDFWLYLWpVVRXVWHQGDQWOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQLO HVWXWLOHGHUDSSHOHUO·H[LVWHQFHGHFHUWDLQHVDFWLYLWpVGRQWO·REMHFWLISULPDLUHQ·HVWSDVGH VRXWHQLUODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQPDLVSOXW{WG·DVVLVWHUFHUWDLQHVRSpUDWLRQV2·%ULHQ5HL[
2QSHQVHQRWDPPHQWDX[WkFKHVG·DXWRPDWLVDWLRQDWWULEXpHVjFHUWDLQVSURJUDPPHV LQIRUPDWLTXHVHQSURGXFWLRQHQSD\HHQFRPSWDELOLWpRXELHQG·pFKDQJHG·LQIRUPDWLRQV DYHFFHUWDLQVSDUWHQDLUHVGHVIDFWXUHVRXGHVFRPPDQGHVDYHFOHVFOLHQWVHWRXOHVIRXU QLVVHXUVSDUH[HPSOH
SDUWLUGHOjRQSHXWDVVRFLHUDXV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQGHX[ÀQDOLWpVSULQFLSDOHV/DSUH PLqUHV·DJLVVDQWG·DOLPHQWHUFKDTXHQLYHDXGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQDYHFOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVGLVSRQLEOHV jO·LQWpULHXUGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHPDQLqUHjIDFLOLWHUHWjUHQGUHSOXVFRKpUHQWHVOHVSULVHVGH GpFLVLRQ/DGHX[LqPHÀQDOLWpDWWULEXpHjFHV\VWqPHHVWO·DSSRUWGHVRXWLHQDX[RSpUDWLRQV 4XDQWDX[DFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWOHXUÀQDOLWpFRQVLVWHjIRXUQLUj O·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQSXLVpHGDQVO·HQYLURQQHPHQWSRXUVRXWHQLUODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ 5.2 L’objet
/HVGHX[DFWLYLWpVXWLOLVHQWOHPrPHSURFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHORO·LQIRUPDWLRQUHSUp VHQWHO·pOpPHQWFOp(OOHHVWODPDWLqUHSUHPLqUHLQSXWHWOHSURGXLWÀQLRXWSXWGHVGHX[
DFWLYLWpV3DUDLOOHXUVFRPSWHWHQXGHODQDWXUHVSpFLÀTXHGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQHWGHVGLPHQVLRQV TX·HOOHPRELOLVHLOHVWSHUWLQHQWGHFRQVLGpUHUSDUDOOqOHPHQWWRXWHVOHVDXWUHVUHVVRXUFHV UHQWUDQWGDQVFHSURFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHOFHQLYHDXLOIDXWWHQLUFRPSWHGHVUHVVRXUFHV KXPDLQHVRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOHVHWWHFKQLTXHVPRELOLVpHVGDQVFHSURFHVVXV
/HVUHVVRXUFHVKXPDLQHVFRQFHUQHQWOHVSHUVRQQHVXWLOLVDWULFHVHWGHVFRQFHSWHXUVGX V\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQOHVSHUVRQQHVFKDUJpHVGHVXUYHLOOHUO·HQYLURQQHPHQWHWF
/HVUHVVRXUFHVRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOHVTXDQWjHOOHVHQJOREHQWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHO·HQ WUHSULVHSRXYDQWMRXHUXQU{OHLPSRUWDQWGDQVOHSURFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHO2Q\WURXYH QRWDPPHQWGHVIDFWHXUVUHODWLIVjODVWUXFWXUHGHO·HQWUHSULVHHWVDFXOWXUH
/HVUHVVRXUFHVWHFKQRORJLTXHVSRXUUDLHQWrWUHUpVXPpHVGDQVOHVGLIIpUHQWVSURJUDPPHV HWpTXLSHPHQWVLQIRUPDWLTXHVV\VWqPHLQIRUPDWLTXHIDFLOLWDQWOHSURFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHO 5.3 Le processus
/HVGHX[DFWLYLWpVPRELOLVHQWSUDWLTXHPHQWOHPrPHSURFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHOFRQVLVWDQW jDFTXpULUGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQODWUDLWHUHWHQVXLWHODGLIIXVHUDX[SHUVRQQHVVXVFHSWLEOHVGH OHVLQWpUHVVHUGDQVO·HQWUHSULVH
/DGLIIpUHQFHHQWUHOHVGHX[DFWLYLWpVSURYLHQWGXIDLWTXHODSDUWLHGXV\VWqPHG·LQIRU PDWLRQGpGLpHjO·DLGHGHSULVHGHGpFLVLRQWUDQVIRUPHO·LQIRUPDWLRQpPDQDQWHVVHQWLHOOH PHQWGHO·LQWpULHXUGHO·HQWUHSULVHWDQGLVTXHO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW UHFKHUFKHO·LQIRUPDWLRQHQGHKRUVGHO·HQWUHSULVHSXLVODJqUHHQVRQVHLQ
5.4 L’environnement
/DQDWXUHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWDXTXHORQV·LQWpUHVVHSUpVHQWHSUREDEOHPHQWODJUDQGH GLIIpUHQFHHQWUHOHVGHX[DFWLYLWpV(QHIIHWOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQDSRXUYRFDWLRQGH SRUWHUVRQDWWHQWLRQVXUWRXWVXUOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVLQWHUQHVjO·HQWUHSULVH&HFLpWDQWRQSHXW WURXYHUFHUWDLQHVHQWUHSULVHVRXYUDQWHQSDUWLHOHXUV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQjFHUWDLQVGH OHXUVSDUWHQDLUHVSURFKHVGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQUpVHDX([WUDQHWGHVGRQQHXUVG·RUGUHVGHV VRXVWUDLWDQWVGHVFOLHQWVUpJXOLHUVSDUH[HPSOH
7RXWHIRLVLOFRQYLHQWGHVRXOLJQHUTX·DYHFFHW\SHGHSDUWHQDLUHVODQDWXUHGHV LQIRUPDWLRQVYpKLFXOpHVGpSHQGGHUHODWLRQVpWDEOLHVHQWUHO·HQWUHSULVHHWFHVSDUWHQDLUHV 'DQVODSOXSDUWGHVFDVFHVRQWGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVGHIRQFWLRQQHPHQW3KLOLSSH RXFLUFXODQWHV-XOLHQ(OOHVFRQFHUQHQWGHVRSpUDWLRQVURXWLQLqUHVFRXUDQWHV RXUpJXOLqUHV2QSHXWFLWHUSDUH[HPSOHXQUpVHDX([WUDQHWOLDQWOHVDVVXUDQFHVHWOHV JDUDJLVWHVDJUppVXQHHQWUHSULVHVRXVWUDLWDQWHHWVRQGRQQHXUG·RUGUHVHWF
(QUHYDQFKHOHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWVRQWIRFDOLVpHVVXU O·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVHPrPHVLHOOHVVRQWSDUIRLVDPHQpHVjV·DSSX\HUVXUGHV UHVVRXUFHVLQWHUQHV/pRHW3KLOLSSH&HVGHUQLqUHVVHUYLURQWSRXUIRXUQLUGHO·LQIRU PDWLRQRSpUDWLRQQHOOHDX[DFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWFHQVpHVFKHUFKHU GHVLQIRUPDWLRQVHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWGHW\SHGHGpYHORSSHPHQWF·HVWjGLUHFHOOHVLPSOLTXDQW XQHGpFLVLRQ3KLOLSSH/pR
1RXVUpVXPRQVGDQVOHWDEOHDXWDEOHDXQVXLYDQWOHVTXDWUHGLPHQVLRQVSRXUOHV GHX[DFWLYLWpV
7DEOHDXQ$FWLYLWpVGXV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQHWFHOOHGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW 6\VWqPHG¶LQIRUPDWLRQ 6XUYHLOODQFHGHO¶HQYLURQQHPHQW
2EMHW
3URFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHO
*HVWLRQGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVWHQXHj MRXUDQDO\VHGLIIXVLRQSULQFLSDOHPHQW LQWHUQH
3URFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHO
$FTXLVLWLRQHWDQDO\VHGH O¶LQIRUPDWLRQHQYLURQQHPHQWDOH
(QYLURQQHPHQW 6RXUFH
,QWHUQH
([WHUQH ([WHUQH
3URFHVVXV
7UDQVIRUPDWLRQGHO¶LQIRUPDWLRQ SRXUO¶DLGHjODGpFLVLRQ
$XWRPDWLVDWLRQGHVRSpUDWLRQV
7UDQVIRUPDWLRQGHO¶LQIRUPDWLRQ HQYLURQQHPHQWDOHSRXUO¶DLGHjOD GpFLVLRQ
)LQDOLWp $LGHjODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ
6RXWLHQDX[RSpUDWLRQV
$LGHjODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQV VWUDWpJLTXHHWRSpUDWLRQQHOOH
3DUWDQWGHFHTXLSUpFqGHIRUFHHVWGHFRQVWDWHUTX·LOH[LVWHERQQRPEUHG·DUJXPHQWV TXLSODLGHQWHQIDYHXUG·XQUDSSURFKHPHQWGXV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQGHO·DFWLYLWpGH VXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW/·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWVHUDLWXQ V\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQSDUWLFXOLHU6HVUHODWLRQVDYHFOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQSHXYHQWrWUH UHJURXSpHVHQGHX[FRQFHSWLRQV
8QHSUHPLqUHFRQFHSWLRQFRQVLVWHjFRQVLGpUHUO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW FRPPHXQXWLOLVDWHXUGHVRXWLOVHWPR\HQVPLVjVDGLVSRVLWLRQSDUOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ (QHIIHWO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWHPSUXQWHGLIIpUHQWVPR\HQVKXPDLQV HWWHFKQRORJLTXHVSRXUDVVXUHUVRQSURFHVVXVLQIRUPDWLRQQHO'HFHIDLWOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRU PDWLRQIDYRULVHODVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWHQIRXUQLVVDQWGHVRXWLOVGHUHFKHUFKH GHWUDLWHPHQWHWGHGLIIXVLRQGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQHQWUHOHVSHUVRQQHVLQWUDHWLQWHUHQWUHSULVHV
8QHVHFRQGHFRQFHSWLRQSODFHOHV\VWqPHGHODVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHYDQW OHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ(QFHVHQVODVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWUHPSOLWOHU{OH GH´JRXYHUQDLOµGXV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQGDQVODPHVXUHRHOOHVHUWjOLPLWHUOHULVTXH G·REVROHVFHQFHGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVTXLVHUDLHQWIRFDOLVpHVVXUODJHVWLRQLQWHUQHGHO·HQWUHSULVH
%ORQGHOHWDO/HV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQVHUDLWSOXVFHQWUpVXUO·H[SORLWDWLRQGHV LQIRUPDWLRQVH[LVWDQWHVDORUVTXHODVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWIRXUQLWXQFDGUHj O·H[SORUDWLRQGHQRXYHOOHVLQIRUPDWLRQV(QRXWUHO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQ QHPHQWFRQVWLWXHXQRXWLOGHUHFKHUFKHG·LQIRUPDWLRQSRXYDQWMRXHUOHU{OHGHUpYpODWHXU GHQRXYHDX[EHVRLQVHQWHUPHVGHPR\HQVWHFKQRORJLTXHVKXPDLQVHWRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOV GRQWDEHVRLQOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQSRXUVRQIRQFWLRQQHPHQWHWVRQGpYHORSSHPHQW 5D\PRQGSURSRVHXQHGpFRPSRVLWLRQGXV\VWqPHRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOHQWURLVVRXV V\VWqPHVLQWHUUHOLpV
/HV\VWqPHRSpUDQWTXLHVWFRPSRVpGHODFKDvQHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHjVDYRLUOHSURFHVVXV G·DIIDLUHVTXLWUDQVIRUPHOHVUHVVRXUFHVSURYHQDQWGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWHQOHXUDMRXWDQW GHODYDOHXUSRXUSURGXLUHGHVELHQVHWVHUYLFHV
/HV\VWqPHGHJHVWLRQG·RpPDQHQWOHVVWUDWpJLHVHWOHVGpFLVLRQVUHODWLYHVjODSURGXF WLYLWpHWjODFRPSpWLWLYLWpGHODFKDvQHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpH
/HV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQTXLjSDUWLUGHV7,&FRQVWLWXHODPpPRLUHRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOH HWDVVXUHOHVWUDLWHPHQWVTXLVRXWLHQQHQWOHVRSpUDWLRQVODJHVWLRQHWODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ DLQVLTXHOHVUHODWLRQVHQWUHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQHWVRQHQYLURQQHPHQW
3DUWDQWGHFHWWHGpFRPSRVLWLRQRQSHXWVLWXHUO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQH PHQWSDUPLFHVTXDWUHVRXVV\VWqPHV)LJXUHQ
)LJXUH'pFRPSRVLWLRQGXV\VWqPHRUJDQLVDWLRQQHO
6\VWqPHGHJHVWLRQ
6\VWqPHRSpUDQW
6\VWqPHGHVXUYHLOODQFH 6\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ
6\VWqPH G·LQIRUPDWLRQ
/HV\VWqPHGHJHVWLRQTXLWUDQVPHWOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVDX[V\VWqPHVRSpUDQWHWGHVXUYHLOODQFH
/HV\VWqPHRSpUDQWUHoRLWOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVGHW\SHRSpUDWLRQQHOGXV\VWqPHGHJHVWLRQ /HV\VWqPHRSpUDQWUHQYRLHSDUODVXLWHGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVDXV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ JHVWLRQGHVVWRFNVDFKDWV
/HV\VWqPHGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWUHoRLWGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVGHO·HQYLURQQH PHQWHQVXLWHLOOHVUHQYRLHDXV\VWqPHGHJHVWLRQ
/HV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQLQWHUDJLWDYHFOHVTXDWUHV\VWqPHV,OUHoRLWHWHQYRLHHQHIIHW GHVLQIRUPDWLRQVDYHFOHV\VWqPHRSpUDQWOHV\VWqPHGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQW OHV\VWqPHGHJHVWLRQPDLVDXVVLGLUHFWHPHQWDYHFO·HQYLURQQHPHQW
&HVLQWHUDFWLRQVV·H[HUoDQWVXUOHVTXDWUHV\VWqPHVGLIIpUHQWVVRXOLJQHQWELHQO·LPSDFW SUpSRQGpUDQWTXHSRXUUDLWDYRLUOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQVXUO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGH O·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVH/HVGLIIpUHQWVFRPSRVDQWVTXLOHFRQVWLWXHQWWUDGXLVHQWj ODIRLVOHVGLPHQVLRQVVWUDWpJLTXHWHFKQRORJLTXHHWRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOHGHO·HQWUHSULVH,OV SHUPHWWHQWG·pFKDQJHUGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVWHFKQLFRpFRQRPLTXHVHWVWUDWpJLTXHVDYHFVRQ HQYLURQQHPHQWRXYHUWLQWHUDFWLIHWFRPSOH[H
/HSURJUqVWHFKQRORJLTXHUpVXOWDQWGHODUHFKHUFKHHWGXGpYHORSSHPHQWHQ7,&LQGXLW GHVLQQRYDWLRQVTXLG\QDPLVHQWHWDFFURLVVHQWOHQRPEUHGHIRQFWLRQQDOLWpVGHFHV\VWqPHHW PXOWLSOLHQWOHVFRPELQDLVRQVSRVVLEOHVUpSRQGDQWVRLWG·XQHPDQLqUHGLIIpUHQWHDX[EHVRLQV H[LVWDQWVVRLWjGHQRXYHDX[EHVRLQVLPSRVpVSDUXQQRXYHDXSRVLWLRQQHPHQWFRQFXUUHQWLHO
$XVVLOHVV\QHUJLHVGpYHORSSpHVHQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVWHFKQRORJLHVLQIRUPDWLTXHpOHF WURQLTXHDXGLRYLVXHOWpOpFRPPXQLFDWLRQHWODFRQYHUJHQFHGHFHOOHVFLVRQWGHVIDFWHXUV TXLFRQGLWLRQQHQWFHVIRQFWLRQQDOLWpVHWIRQWpPHUJHUGHQRXYHOOHVSUDWLTXHVVWUDWpJLTXHV HWXQHQRXYHOOHRUJDQLVDWLRQGHO·HQWUHSULVH
7RXWHVOHVIRQFWLRQQDOLWpVVRQWHQLQWHUDFWLRQVFRQWLQXHOOHVOHVXQHVDYHFOHVDXWUHV HWGHIDoRQVLPXOWDQpH,OGHYLHQWGRQFGLIÀFLOHG·HQGLVWLQJXHUOHVFDXVHVHWOHVHIIHWV
&HVLQWHUDFWLRQVWUDGXLVHQWOHVUHODWLRQVHQWUHOHV7,&ODVWUDWpJLHHWO·RUJDQLVDWLRQ(OOHV LQFOXHQWODFRPSOH[LWpGXHDXG\QDPLVPHGHVpOpPHQWVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWFHVGHUQLqUHV(OOHV VRQWGHQDWXUHVGLVWLQFWHVHWGRQQHQWQDLVVDQFHDX[QRXYHOOHVIRQFWLRQQDOLWpVQpFHVVDLUHj ODVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVH(OOHVVRQWUpFXUVLYHVHWHQSHUPDQHQWH pYROXWLRQHQIRQFWLRQGHODVWUDWpJLHSRXUVXLYLHSDUO·HQWUHSULVHGHVDOWpUDWLRQVWHFKQLFR pFRQRPLTXHVGHV7,&HWGHODIRUPHRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOH
&HV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQpYROXHHWVHUHGpÀQLWSDUGHVIXVLRQVHWGHVpFODWHPHQWV G·pOpPHQWVSURYHQDQWGHV7,&GHODVWUDWpJLHHWGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQ/HVFRPSRVDQWHVGHV 7,&pYROXHQWGDQVOHVHQVGHODSXLVVDQFHHWGHODGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQPDWpULHOVORJLFLHOV VHUYLFHV/HVDPpOLRUDWLRQVGHVIRQFWLRQQDOLWpVDVVXUDQWODVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQ QHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVHQHVRQWSDVQpFHVVDLUHPHQWFRQQXHVDXGpSDUWFDUHOOHVGpSHQGHQW GHODVWUDWpJLHjPHWWUHHQ±XYUHHWGHODIRUPHRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOH(OOHVVHSURGXLVHQWGDQV OHWHPSVHQIRQFWLRQGHVQRXYHOOHVH[LJHQFHVGHO·HQWUHSULVHHWGHVFRQGLWLRQVGXPDUFKp
$XWUHPHQWGLWO·HQVHPEOHGHVFRPSRVDQWVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWFHVIRQFWLRQQDOLWpVpYROXHGX SRLQWGHYXHWHFKQLTXHVWUDWpJLTXHHWRUJDQLVDWLRQQHO$XVVLOHVDPpOLRUDWLRQVVRQWGXHV jO·DGRSWLRQG·XQHQRXYHOOHWHFKQRORJLHG·XQHQRXYHOOHVWUDWpJLHHWRXG·XQFKDQJHPHQW RUJDQLVDWLRQQHO&HOOHVFLVRQWGRQFOHVUpVXOWDWVGHODFRQIURQWDWLRQGHVFRQWUDLQWHVWHFK QLTXHVWUDWpJLTXHHWRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOH
Conclusion
&HWUDYDLOSHUPHWG·H[SOLFLWHUODQDWXUHV\VWpPLTXHHWFRPSOH[HGHVGHX[DFWLYLWpVj VDYRLUFHOOHGDQVODTXHOOHOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQGHO·HQWUHSULVHV·H[HUFHHWFHOOHOLpHj ODVXUYHLOODQFHGHVRQHQYLURQQHPHQW,OVRXOLJQHTXHFHWWHFRPSOH[LWpVHWUDGXLWSULQFLSD OHPHQWSDUODGLYHUVLWpGHVGLPHQVLRQVPRELOLVpHVSDUOHVGHX[DFWLYLWpV,OH[SOLTXHDXVVL FRPPHQWFHVGHX[DFWLYLWpVSHXYHQWVHUDSSURFKHUHWV·DUWLFXOHUDYHFO·REMHFWLIG·LGHQWLÀHU G·pYHQWXHOOHVFRQYHUJHQFHVHWRXGLYHUJHQFHV
3DUDLOOHXUVLODSSXLHTXHVLOHVDFWLYLWpVGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWIRQWLQWHU YHQLUOHVPrPHVGLPHQVLRQVTXHFHOOHVLGHQWLÀpHVSDU5HL[SRXUGpFULUHOHV\VWqPH G·LQIRUPDWLRQHWVDFRPSOH[LWpFHOOHVFLVRQWKLpUDUFKLVpHVDVVH]GLIIpUHPPHQW
,OSURSRVHDXVVLELHQSRXUOHVFKHUFKHXUVTXHSRXUOHVSURIHVVLRQQHOVXQHQRXYHOOH GpPDUFKHSRXUVDLVLUO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·HQWUHSULVHHQUDSSRUW DYHFVRQV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ6XUOHSODQWKpRULTXHGHX[DSSRUWVSULQFLSDX[OHSUHPLHU DSSRUWUHWLHQWO·LGpHGHPRELOLVDWLRQGHVWKpRULHVGHVV\VWqPHVHWGHODFRPSOH[LWpFRPPH FDGUHG·DQDO\VHSRXUGpFULUHFRPSUHQGUHHWH[SOLTXHUO·DUWLFXODWLRQGHFHWHQYLURQQHPHQW DYHFOHV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQGHO·HQWUHSULVHOHGHX[LqPHDSSRUWFRQFHUQHOHUHFHQVHPHQW HWO·H[DPHQGHVSRLQWVGHVLPLOLWXGHVHWGLVVLPLOLWXGHVGHVGHX[DFWLYLWpV
3RXUOHVSUDWLFLHQVGLULJHDQWVG·HQWUHSULVHVHWRXFRQVHLOOHUVFHWUDYDLORIIUHXQHFRQQDLV VDQFHTXLOHXUSHUPHWWUDLWGHPLHX[VDLVLUO·DFWLYLWpGHVXUYHLOODQFHGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWGH O·HQWUHSULVHHQUHODWLRQDYHFVRQV\VWqPHG·LQIRUPDWLRQ&HTXLOHXUIDFLOLWHUDLWO·H[HUFLFH GHOHXUVWkFKHVQRWDPPHQWFHOOHVOLpHVjO·H[HUFLFHGXPDQDJHPHQW
Bibliographie
$*8,/$5)-6FDQQLQJEXVLQHVVHQYLURQPHQW0DF0LOODQ1HZ<RUN
$/$%'86$/$00(73$785(/5/HVV\QGLFDWVSURIHVVLRQQHOVVRQWLOVXQRXWLOSHUPDQHQWDX[30(
30,O·DFFqVjODGpPDUFKHG·LQWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXH;9H&RQIpUHQFHGHO·$,06MXLQ
$0$%,/(6'HODYHLOOHVWUDWpJLTXHjXQHDWWHQWLRQUpWLFXOpH/HUpVHDXLQWHURUJDQLVDWLRQQHOGHVPXWXHOOHV G·DVVXUDQFHVDXWRPRELOH6\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQHWPDQDJHPHQW
$0$%,/( 6 5DSSRUW G·+DELOLWDWLRQ j 'LULJHU GHV 5HFKHUFKHV 8QLYHUVLWp 3DXO &p]DQQH$L[0DUVHLOOH ,,,
$5*<5,6&6DYRLUSRXUDJLU,QWHU(GLWLRQV3DULV
%$51(<-%)LUPUHVRXUFHVDQGVXVWDLQHGFRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJH-RXUQDORI0DQDJHPHQW
%$57/(77&HW*+26+$/6OHPDQDJHPHQWVDQVIURQWLqUHV/HV(GLWLRQVG·2UJDQLVDWLRQ3DULV
%$80$5'36WUDWpJLHHWVXUYHLOODQFHGHVHQYLURQQHPHQWVFRQFXUUHQWLHOV0DVVRQ3DULV
%$80$5'3HW67$5%8&.:/DFRQQDLVVDQFHGDQVOHVRUJDQLVDWLRQVLQ$//28&+(-HW/28$573 /·HQF\FORSpGLHSRXUOHVUHVVRXUFHVKXPDLQHV(FRQRPLFD3DULV
%($/ 5 0&RPSHWLQJ HIIHFWLYHO\ HQYLURQPHQWDO VFDQQLQJ FRPSHWLWLYH VWUDWHJ\ DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO SHUIRUPDQFHLQVPDOOPDQXIDFWXULQJÀUPV-RXUQDORI6PDOO%XVLQHVV0DQDJHPHQW-DQ
%/21'(/)('28$5'6HW(/0$%528.,014XHOOHDUWLFXODWLRQHQWUHLQWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXHHW NQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWDXVHLQGHO·HQWUHSULVH";9H&RQIpUHQFHGHO·$,06MXLQ
%2,=$5'2,QWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXHHWIDFWHXUKXPDLQ:RUNLQJSDSHU(XURPHG0DUVHLOOH
%28512,6 ) HW 520$1, 3 - /·LQWHOOLJHQFH pFRQRPLTXH HW VWUDWpJLTXH GDQV OHV HQWUHSULVHV IUDQoDLVHV (FRQRPLFD3DULV
%528$5')'pYHORSSHPHQWG·XQRXWLOGLDJQRVWLTXHGHVSUDWLTXHVH[LVWDQWHVGHODYHLOOHVWUDWpJLTXHDXSUqV GHV30(7KqVHGH'RFWRUDW8QLYHUVLWpGX4XpEHFj7URLV5LYLqUHV
%528$5')8QHUHFKHUFKHDFWLRQSRXUGLDJQRVWLTXHUOHVSUDWLTXHVGHYHLOOHVWUDWpJLTXHGHV30(5HYXH ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH30(
%8/,1*( ) $QDO\VH G·LQIRUPDWLRQ YHUV XQ FKDQJHPHQW GH SDUDGLJPH $FWHV GX FROORTXH ,QWHOOLJHQFH pFRQRPLTXH &RPSpWLWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOH
&$/2)-/&RPSHWLWLYHLQWHOOLJHQFHDQGWKHVPDOOÀUP5HTXLHUPHQWVDQGEDUULHUV$FWHVGHO·LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRXQFLORIVPDOOEXVLQHVV,&6%&RQIHUHQFH7DLSHL-XQH
&+(&./$1'3)URPIUDPHZRUNWKURXJKH[SHULHQFHWROHDUQLQJ7KHHVVHQWLDOQDWXUHRIDFWLRQUHVHDUFKµLQ
&+(&./$1'3DQG6&+2/(6-6RIW6\VWHPV0HWKRGRORJ\LQ$FWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV&KLFKHVWHU
&+(1+&+$80HW=$1*'&,6SLGHUDWRROIRUFRPSHWLWLYHLQWHOOLJHQFHRQWKHZHE'HFLVLRQ6XSSRUW 6\VWHPV
&+728528:/HGpYHORSSHPHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDOGHV30(SURÀOHVHWGpÀVLQIRUPDWLRQQHOV*HVWLRQ
&2+(1&,QWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXHHWVWUDWpJLTXHFRPPHQWDPpOLRUHUO·HIÀFDFLWpGHO·,(6HWVRQLPSDFWVXU ODSHUIRUPDQFHGHO·HQWUHSULVH"$FWHVGXFROORTXH,(&,3DULV
'$)7 5 / 625081(1 - HW 3$5.6 '&KLHI ([HFXWLYH VFDQQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG FRPSDQ\SHUIRUPDQFH6WUDWHJLF0DQDJHPHQW-RXUQDO
'(3(/60$&.(5308//(5099,9,(56:6$$<0$1$&8<9(56/HW-(*(560&RPSHWLWLYH ,QWHOOLJHQFH3UDFWLFHVRI6RXWK$IULFDQDQG%HOJLDQH[SRUWHUV0DUNHWLQJ,QWHOOLJHQFH 3ODQQLQJ
'81&$1 5&KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO (QYLURQPHQWV DQG SHUFHLYHG HQYLURQPHQW XQFHUWDLQW\
$GPLQLVWUDWLYH6FLHQFH4XDWHUO\
)5$1&(/$1$5' % /D SUREOpPDWLTXH GH V\VWqPHV G·LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ %$/$17=,$1 * /HV V\VWqPHV G·LQIRUPDWLRQ$UWHW3UDWLTXHV(GLWLRQVG·RUJDQLVDWLRQ3DULV
*(1(7 &/D GLIIXVLRQ GHV FRQQDLVVDQFHV YHUV OHV 30( YHUV XQ PRGqOH G·H[SORUDWLRQ FROOHFWLYH 5HYXH ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH30(
*52205-HW'$9,')5&RPSHWLWLYHLQWHOOLJHQFHDFWLYLW\DPRQJVPDOOÀUPV6$0$GYDQFHG0DQDJHPHQW -RXUQDO:LQWHU
+866(,1 6 HW 6$//(6 0 8QH FODVVLÀFDWLRQ GHV EHVRLQV HQ LQWHOOLJHQFH pFRQRPLTXH H[SULPpHV SDU OHV GLULJHDQWVGHV30(&RQIpUHQFHLQWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXHUHFKHUFKHVHWDSSOLFDWLRQVDYULO -8/,(13$(QWUHSUHQHXULDWHWpFRQRPLHGHODFRQQDLVVDQFH3UHVVHVGHO·8QLYHUVLWpGX4XpEHF4XpEHF
/$5,9(76/·LQWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXHpWXGHGHFDVG·XQHSUDWLTXHPDQDJpULDOHDFFHVVLEOHDX[30($FWHV GXH&,)(30(RFWREUH
/(02,*1(-//DPRGpOLVDWLRQGHVV\VWqPHVFRPSOH[HV'XQRG3DULV
/(02,*1(-//D7KpRULHGX6\VWqPH*pQpUDOWKpRULHGHODPRGpOLVDWLRQ38)3DULV
/e23<6WUDWpJLHVGHGpYHORSSHPHQWjO·LQWHUQDWLRQDOLQ-8/,(13$/(23<HW3+,/,33(-30(HW JUDQGVPDUFKpV/·+DUPDWWDQ3DULV
/(6&$+9HLOOHVWUDWpJLTXHODPpWKRGH/(6&$QQLQJ(PV0DQDJHPHQWHW6RFLpWp3DULV
0$57,1(7%0$57,<0/·LQWHOOLJHQFHpFRQRPLTXH&RPPHQWUHGRQQHUGHODYDOHXUFRQFXUUHQWLHOOHj O·LQIRUPDWLRQeGLWLRQVG·2UJDQLVDWLRQ3DULV
02112<(50&0DvWULVHGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQSRXUO·H[SRUWDWLRQGDQV30(HWJUDQGVPDUFKpVVRXVODGLUGH -8/,(13$/e23<HW3+,/,33(-/·+DUPDWWDQ3DULV
025,1(,QWURGXFWLRQjODSHQVpHFRPSOH[H(6)3DULV
025,1('HODFRPSOH[LWp&RPSOH[XVLQ628/,()/HVWKpRULHVGHODFRPSOH[LWp6HXLO3DULV 2·%5,(1 - $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ DX[ V\VWqPHV G·LQIRUPDWLRQ XQ RXWLO HVVHQWLHO SRXU O·HQWUHSULVH EUDQFKpH
&KHQHOLqUH0F*UDZ+LOO0RQWUpDO
3$785(/ 5 /·LQWHOOLJHQFH pFRQRPLTXH HW OD SUDWLTXH G·LQÁXHQFH GDQV XQH SHWLWH HQWUHSULVH XQH GpPDUFKH DFFHVVLEOH HW HIÀFDFH LQ /(9(7 -/ /HV SUDWLTXHV GH O·LQWHOOLJHQFH pFRQRPLTXH KXLW FDV G·HQWUHSULVHV (FRQRPLFD3DULV
35(6&277 - (7KH HYROXWLRQ RI &RPSHWLWLYH ,QWHOOLJHQFH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 6WUDWHJLF 0DQDJHPHQW
3+,/,33(-6WUDWpJLHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVGHV30(GHVHUYLFHVLQ/e23<02112<(50&HW3+,/,33(- 30(6WUDWpJLHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHV(FRQRPLFD3DULV
5$<021'/PRQGLDOLVDWLRQpFRQRPLHGXVDYRLUHWFRPSpWLWLYLWpXQFDGUHGHYHLOOHGHVWHQGDQFHVHWGHV HQMHX[VWUDWpJLTXHVSRXUOD30(*HVWLRQ
5(,;56\VWqPHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQHWPDQDJHPHQWGHVRUJDQLVDWLRQVHpGLWLRQ9XLEHUW3DULV
52.$57-)&KLHIH[HFXWLYHVGHÀQHWKHLURZQGDWDQHHGV+DYDUG%XVLQHVV5HYLHZPDUFK$SULO 528$&+ ' HW 6$17, 3&RPSHWLWLYH LQWHOOLJHQFH DGGV YDOXH ÀYH LQWHOOLJHQFH DWWLWXGHV (XURSHDQ
0DQDJHPHQW-RXUQDO
60(/7(5/5)$11*/HW1,.26$,1(191(QYLURQPHQWDOVFDQQLQJSUDFWLFHVLQVPDOOEXVLQHVV -RXUQDORIVPDOO%XVLQHVV0DQDJHPHQWMXQH
7+,(7$575$0DQDJHPHQWHWFRPSOH[LWpFRQFHSWVHWWKpRULHV&DKLHUVGHUHFKHUFKH'0638QLYHUVLWp GH'DXSKLQH3DULV
9,'$/3HW/(6=&=<16.$'/HV30(IDFHjODQRXYHOOHUpYROXWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQQHOOHGDQV$FWHVGHO·$,0
9,9,(56:6$$<0$1$08//(50/HW&$/2)-&RPSHWLWLYHLQWHOOLJHQFHSUDFWLFHVDVRXWKDIULFDQ VWXG\6$IU-%XV0DQDJH
9,9,(56:6$$<0$1$08//(50/(QKDQFLQJDFRPSHWLWLYHLQWHOOLJHQFHLQ6RXWK$IULFD,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI6RFLDO(FRQRPLFV
:5,*+76HW&$/2)-7KHTXHVWIRUFRPSHWLWLYHEXVLQHVVDQGPDUNHWLQJLQWHOOLJHQFH(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI 0DUNHWLQJ
