Autour du Livre de l'Amour

HAL Id: hal-02087338

https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-02087338

Submitted on 2 Apr 2019

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access

archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

To cite this version:

François Gros. Autour du Livre de l’Amour. Colloque international ”Thirukkural, éthique et représen-tations : La Vertu, la Fortune et l’Amour”, Université de La Réunion; INALCO, Apr 2016, Saint Denis, La Réunion. pp.11–19. �hal-02087338�

11

)UDQoRLV*526

3URIHVVHXUpPpULWHGHV8QLYHUVLWpV $SUqVXQHDJUpJDWLRQGHJUDPPDLUHSUpSDUpHj/\RQHQPrPHWHPSVTXHGHVpWXGHVLQGLHQQHVj WUDYHUV OD JUDPPDLUH FRPSDUpH HW OH VDQVNULW WRXW HQ SDVVDQW XQH OLFHQFH G¶HWKQRORJLH VRXV $QGUp /HURL*RXUKDQ)UDQoRLV*526FRPPHQFHVDFDUULqUHLQGLDQLVWHHQTXDOLWpGH3HQVLRQQDLUHGH OD )RQGDWLRQ 7KLHUV j 3DULV DYDQW GH UHMRLQGUH O¶,QVWLWXW )UDQoDLV GH 3RQGLFKpU\ HQ  VRXV OD GLUHFWLRQ GH -HDQ )LOOLR]DW ,O \ DVVXPH OD JHVWLRQ GH OD VHFWLRQ G¶LQGRORJLH HW VLqJH j VRQ FRQVHLO VFLHQWLILTXH GqV VD FUpDWLRQ HQ  GDWH j ODTXHOOH O¶(FROH 3UDWLTXH GHV +DXWHV eWXGHV j 3DULV FUpH SRXUOXLXQH'LUHFWLRQG¶pWXGHVG¶+LVWRLUHHW3KLORORJLHGHO¶,QGHPpULGLRQDOHHWRLOGHYLHQWGLUHFWHXU GHO¶eFROH)UDQoDLVHG¶([WUrPH2ULHQWPHPEUHGHjGLUHFWHXUGHj

(Q ,QGH PrPH VD FDUULqUH VFLHQWLILTXH HVW FRQVXEVWDQWLHOOH j O¶DFWLYLWp GH O¶,QVWLWXW )UDQoDLV GH 3RQGLFKpU\HQOLWWpUDWXUHWDPRXOHFODVVLTXHGHODWUDGXFWLRQGX3DULSDWDOWH[WHGXSOXVDQFLHQFRUSXV GLW6DQJDP3UL[6DLQWRXUGHO¶$FDGpPLHGHV,QVFULSWLRQVHW%HOOHV/HWWUHVjFHOOHGX/LYUHGH O¶$PRXU GH 7LUXYDOOXYDU &RQQDLVVDQFH GH O¶2ULHQW *DOOLPDUG   GDQV OHV GLYHUV DVSHFWV GH OD GpYRWLRQ VKLYDwWH WDPRXOH  SRpVLH HW LFRQRJUDSKLH GH .DUDLNNDODPPDL\DU pWXGHV VXU OH 7HYDUDP pGLWLRQVRXVOHSDWURQDJHGHO¶81(6&2VXUOH3HUL\D3XUDQDPWH[WHIRQGDPHQWDOGHOD OLWWpUDWXUHPpGLpYDOHRXVXUO¶°XYUHG¶$UXQDJLULQDWDUODSOXVSDUIDLWHH[SUHVVLRQO\ULTXHG¶XQH FXOWXUHUpJLRQDOHELOLQJXHWDPRXOHHWVDQVNULWH

5HWUDLWpHQ)*URVQ¶DSDVFHVVpVDFROODERUDWLRQDFWLYHHWEpQpYROHjGHX[SURJUDPPHVPDMHXUV GH O¶,)3 O¶$WODV KLVWRULTXH GH O¶,QGH GX 6XG 3URI 6XEEDUD\DOX HW +LVWRLUH HW FXOWXUH 7DPRXOHV FRQWHPSRUDLQHV .DQQDQ 0 GRQW j FH WLWUH GLYHUV DUWLFOHV XQH DQWKRORJLH GH QRXYHOOHV WDPRXOHV /¶DUEUH 1DJDOLQJD  HW XQH pWXGH HW WUDGXFWLRQ GH URPDQV HW QRXYHOOHV GH * 1DJDUDMDQ SDUXH ILQ

/D7DPLO&KDLUGHO¶8QLYHUVLWpGH&DOLIRUQLH%HUNHOH\HWO¶,)3RQWSXEOLpHQ'HHS5LYHUVFKRL[ GH VHV pFULWV VXU OD OLWWpUDWXUH WDPRXOH HQ WUDGXFWLRQ DQJODLVH eOX PHPEUH OLEUH GH O¶$FDGpPLH GHV 6FLHQFHVG¶2XWUH0HUHQMXLQOHWLWUHGHVDFRPPXQLFDWLRQVXU©/HSRLGVGX6XGGDQVOHVpWXGHV

LQGLHQQHV ª V\PEROLVH WRXWH VD FDUULqUH GH FKHUFKHXU UpFRPSHQVpH HQ ,QGH SDU OH SUL[ © .RXUDO 3HHGDP ª GpFHUQp SRXU  SDU OH 3UpVLGHQW GH O¶8QLRQ ,QGLHQQH j 'HOKL OH GpFHPEUH

$XFRXUVG¶XQHQWUHWLHQWpOpSKRQLTXHDYHF&KULVWLDQ%DUDWLODDFFHSWpDYHFHQWKRXVLDVPHGHSUpVHQWHU XQH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DX &ROORTXH VXU OH 7KLUXNNXUDO SLORWp SDU )ORUHQFH &DOODQGUH 1RWRQV TX¶LO D SUpVLGpOHMXU\GHWKqVHGH&KULVWLDQ%DUDWGLULJpHSDUOHSURIHVVHXU3DXO2WWLQRHWVRXWHQXHHQj O¶(+(66j3DULVHWDpWpPHPEUHGXMXU\GHODWKqVHGH)ORUHQFH&DOODQGUHVRXWHQXHjO¶,QDOFRj3DULV HQ  /H 3URIHVVHXU )UDQoRLV *URV UHJUHWWDLW GH QH SDV SRXYRLU rWUH GHV Q{WUHV HQ DYULO j /D 5pXQLRQ 6RQ PpGHFLQ OXL LQWHUGLW OHV ORQJV WUDMHWV HQ DYLRQ 1pDQPRLQV LO D pWp WUqV KHXUHX[ TXH VD FRPPXQLFDWLRQVRLWUpVXPpHHWSUpVHQWpHSDU&KULVWLDQ%DUDWORUVGX&ROORTXH

'DQV VD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ OH 3URIHVVHXU )UDQoRLV *URV QRXV H[SOLTXH TXH V¶LO D FKRLVL GH WUDGXLUH /H /LYUHGHO¶$PRXUTXLFRXURQQHXQ /LYUHGHOD6DJHVVHHWXQ /LYUHGH /D)RUWXQHSRXUFRQVWLWXHUXQ WULSW\TXHOH7LUXNNXUDOF¶HVWSDUFHTXHGHVRQSRLQWGHYXHFH/LYUHGH/¶$PRXUUHIOqWHODVSpFLILFLWp WDPRXOH DORUV TXH OHV GHX[ DXWUHV VRQW O¶H[SUHVVLRQ G¶XQH UpIOH[LRQ VXU O¶,QGH HQ JpQpUDO ,O QRXV GpPRQWUH HQ TXRL FH /LYUH GH O¶DPRXU SHXW rWUH FRQWHPSRUDLQ GHV VWDQFHV VDQVNULWHV GX %KDUWULKDUL YHUV  HW FHUWDLQHPHQW FRQWHPSRUDLQ GH SOXVLHXUV VLqFOHV j OD PDMRULWp GHV SRqPHV GH FRXU GHV DQWKRORJLHVVDQVNULWHVDWWHVWHO¶DQFLHQQHWpHWO¶RULJLQDOLWpGXO\ULVPHWDPRXO

  

12

&KULVWLDQ%$5$7

3URIHVVHXU(PpULWHGHV8QLYHUVLWpV $SUqV GHV pWXGHV pFOHFWLTXHV PDLV IUXFWXHXVHV GH PDWKVJpQp GH OHWWUHV FODVVLTXHV G¶DOOHPDQG GH JpRJUDSKLH SXLV G¶HWKQRORJLH &KULVWLDQ %DUDW HQWDPH VD FDUULqUH SURIHVVLRQQHOOH SDU O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW GHVOHWWUHVj/\RQHUDQJGXFRQFRXUVQDWLRQDOSXLVLOHVWPXWpj/D5pXQLRQDXO\FpHGX%XWRU ,OVHUDGpWDFKpSHQGDQWVL[DQVDXVHUYLFHGH O¶8QLYHUVLWpGH /D5pXQLRQ SRXUFROOHFWHUOHVGLIIpUHQWV OH[LTXHV FUpROHV TXL FRQVWLWXHQW OHV $WODV OLQJXLVWLTXHV HW HWKQRJUDSKLTXHV GH /D 5pXQLRQ HW GH 5RGULJXHV ,O°XYUHSRXUODUHFRQQDLVVDQFHGHODODQJXHFUpROHHQ IRQGDQWO¶DQWHQQHUpXQLRQQDLVH GX PRXYHPHQW%DQQ]LOQpj6DLQWH/XFLH

,OIHUDXQHWKqVHG¶DQWKURSRORJLHGHODTXRWLGLHQQHWpLQWLWXOpH1DUJRXODQ GDQVODTXHOOHLOVRXOLJQHOHV ULFKHV LQWHUIpUHQFHV FXOWXUHOOHV SUpPLVVHV GH O¶,QWHUFXOWXUDOLWp UpXQLRQQDLVH 'pVRUPDLV VSpFLDOLVWH GH FUpROH HW GRFWHXU HQ HWKQRORJLH VSpFLDOLVWH GH OD FXOWXUH HW GHV ULWHV PDOEDUV LO GHYLHQW 0DvWUH GH FRQIpUHQFHVHQDQWKURSRORJLH'LUHFWHXUGHO¶,QVWLWXWGH/LQJXLVWLTXHHWG¶$QWKURSRORJLHRLOHQVHLJQH HWIDLWHQVHLJQHUOHVODQJXHVHWFLYLOLVDWLRQVGHVSD\VIR\HUVGXSHXSOHPHQWGH/D5pXQLRQDLQVLTXHOH FUpROHUpXQLRQQDLV&RUUHVSRQGDQWGXMRXUQDO©/H0RQGHªPHPEUHWLWXODLUHG¶XQODERGX&156SXLV GHO¶,QDOFRLOUpGLJHDYHF5HQp5REHUWOH'LFWLRQQDLUHLOOXVWUpGH/D5pXQLRQHQYROXPHV,OGHYLHQW 3URIHVVHXU G¶8QLYHUVLWp HQ /DQJXHV HW &LYLOLVDWLRQV 2ULHQWDOHV WRXW HQ FRQWLQXDQW j HQVHLJQHU O¶DQWKURSRORJLHHWODFLYLOLVDWLRQFUpROHGDQVOHPDVWHUUHFKHUFKH©'\QDPLTXHVLGHQWLWDLUHVª 3URIHVVHXU(PpULWHGHV8QLYHUVLWpVLOVHFRQVDFUHGpVRUPDLVjPLOLWHUSRXUODSURWHFWLRQGHOD1DWXUH UpXQLRQQDLVH9LFH3UpVLGHQWGX&RQVHLO6FLHQWLILTXHGX3DUF1DWLRQDOGH/D5pXQLRQHW3UpVLGHQWGX &RQVHLO6FLHQWLILTXHGHOD5pVHUYHGHO¶(WDQJGH6DLQW3DXOLOOXWWHFRQWUHWRXWHIRUPHGHSUpGDWLRQ  )UDQoRLV*526 $XWRXUGXOLYUHGHO¶$PRXU

8QH SUHPLqUH WUDGXFWLRQ UHPDUTXDEOH HW SUHVTX¶LQWpJUDOH  GLVWLTXHV VXU OHV  GX /LYUH GH O¶$PRXUDpWpSXEOLpHGDQVODOLYUDLVRQGHPDLMXLQGX-RXUQDO$VLDWLTXHSDUOHVVRLQVG¶(XJqQH %XUQRXI SURIHVVHXU GH 6DQVFULW DX &ROOqJH GH )UDQFH /¶DXWHXU pWDLW VRQ pOqYH (GRXDUG $ULHO OH SLRQQLHU GHV pWXGHV WDPRXOHV IUDQoDLVHV 'DQV VRQ FKRL[ G¶H[WUDLWV GX 7LUXNNXUDO LO SULYLOpJLDLW GH IDoRQQRWRLUHOH/LYUHGHO¶$PRXU©3HXWrWUHG¶DLOOHXUVPHVDXUDWRQTXHOTXHJUp>@G¶DYRLUHXOD KDUGLHVVH GH SRVHU OD PDLQ VXU OH WURLVLqPH OLYUH OH SOXV GLIILFLOH HW j FHUWDLQV pJDUGV OH SOXV UHPDUTXDEOH 9pULWDEOH SRqPH LO VRXWLHQW LO PH VHPEOH OD FRPSDUDLVRQ DYHF WRXWHV OHV FUpDWLRQV DQDORJXHVDQFLHQQHVRXPRGHUQHVª

&HWWHLQLWLDWLYHQHVRUWLWSDVGXFHUFOHGHVVSpFLDOLVWHVHWODWUDGXFWLRQFRPSOqWHGX.XUDOSXEOLpHGDQV XQHFROOHFWLRQGH3RpVLHVSRSXODLUHVGXVXGGHO¶,QGHHQSDU0/DPDLUHVVHDQFLHQLQJpQLHXUGHV SRQWVHWFKDXVVpHVj3RQGLFKpU\µWUDGXFWLRQIDLWHjVDSULqUHSDUGHV,QGLHQV¶GLUD-XOLHQ9LQVRQQH ILW PDOKHXUHXVHPHQW JXqUH TX¶RXYULU OD EUqFKH FKH] OH PrPH pGLWHXU KpODV DX[ PXOWLSOHV VXSHUFKHULHVSVHXGRLQGLHQQHVGRQW/RXLV-DFROOLRWDOODLWLQRQGHUOHPDUFKpjODVXLWHGHVWURLVVHXOHV DQQpHVTX¶LOSDVVDOXLDXVVLFRPPHIRQFWLRQQDLUHj3RQGLFKpU\/H.XUDOGXµGLYLQSDULDK¶UpLQYHQWpHW UpFULWSDU-DFROOLRWF¶pWDLWXQPDXYDLVGpSDUW

0DLV YRLFL TX¶HQ  OH PHLOOHXU pGLWHXU SDULVLHQ GHV SOXV JUDQGV SRqWHV IUDQoDLV GX 3DUQDVVH DX 6\PEROLVPH$OSKRQVH/HPHUUHSXEOLH/H/LYUHGHO¶$PRXUGH7LURXYDOORXYDVLFWUDGXLWGX7DPRXO SDU*>pUDUG@GH%DUULJXHGH)RQWDLQLHXHWFHFLGDQVODPrPHVpULHGHµ%LEOLRWKqTXHFRQWHPSRUDLQH¶ PrPHORJRPrPHIRUPDWPrPHSUL[TXHOHVSRqWHVIUDQoDLVHQWUHDXWUHVFHX[GH©O¶vOHGHVSRqWHVª /HFRQWH GH /LVOH HW /pRQ 'LHU[ &H FROORTXH VH GHYDLW GH FpOpEUHU FHWWH DXGDFH pGLWRULDOH LQRXwH TXL IDLVDLW GH µ7LURXYDOOXYD¶ XQ SRqWH µFRQWHPSRUDLQ¶ F¶HVWjGLUH XQLYHUVHO FDU F¶HVW DLQVL TX¶RQ OH GpFRXYUH FLWp SDU H[HPSOH SDU -XGLWK *DXWLHU OD ILOOH GH 7KpRSKLOH *DXWLHU TXL UDFKqWH SDU VHV FXULRVLWpVRULHQWDOLVWHVVRQSqUH7KpRSKLOHTXLDYDLWEURFDUGpO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWLQGLDQLVWHGX&ROOqJHGH )UDQFHGDQV)DQWDVLR'DYDQWDJH)pOLFLHQ&KDPSVDXUMRXUQDOLVWHHWFKURQLTXHXUDXWDQW TX¶pFULYDLQ SUROL[H W\SLTXHPHQW µILQ GH VLqFOH¶ RXEOLp PDLV SHXWrWUH HQ YRLH G¶rWUH UHGpFRXYHUW D SXLVp GDQV OH /LYUH GH O¶$PRXU TX¶LO FLWH j SOXVLHXUV UHSULVHV VDQV OH QRPPHU O¶LGpH GH SODFHU VRXV

13

O¶LQYRFDWLRQGHODODQJXHWDPRXOHOHPDQXVFULWLPDJLQDLUH©pFULWHQWDPRXODYHFSDUIRLVGHVPD[LPHV IRUPXOpHVHQVDQVFULWªOHµURPDQKLQGRX¶TX¶LOSXEOLHHQFRPPH©XQHWUDGXFWLRQGXWDPRXOj WUDYHUV O¶DQJODLV ª VRXV OH WLWUH /H VHPHXU G¶$PRXU XQ EHDX WLWUH DXMRXUG¶KXL UHSULV SDU OH SRqWH PXVXOPDQ<RXFHI=LUHP

&HFLQ¶HVWSDVXQHGLJUHVVLRQFDUOHURPDQDFXULHXVHPHQWpFKDSSpjO¶DWWHQWLRQGHWRXVFHX[TXLGH -DFN\$VVD\DJj&DWKHULQH&KDPSLRQGH&KULVWLDQ3HWUj*XLOODXPH%ULGHWRQWDERUGpFHVILFWLRQVR O¶,QGH FURXOH VRXV O¶H[RWLVPH HW O¶pURWLVPH GH O¶LPDJLQDLUH ILQ GH VLqFOH 9RLFL XQ FRPSHQGLXP GHV ,QGHV JDODQWHV YLROHQWHV HW P\VWLTXHV DXWRXU GX V\PEROH VKLYDwWH SDU H[FHOOHQFH OH OLQJD GRQW LO SURSRVH XQ P\WKH IRQGDWHXU LQYHQWp FHUWHV PDLV TX¶RQ SHXW OLUH DXMRXUG¶KXL DYHF QRPEUH GH UpIpUHQFHVVpULHXVHV/¶LQWULJXHVHGpURXOHVXUGHX[SODQV&¶HVWG¶XQHSDUWO¶KLVWRLUHPpWDPRUSKRVpH HQ P\WKH GH O¶DPRXU HQWUH /LQJDP HW <RQL /XL HVW XQ MHXQH JXHUULHU YDOHXUHX[ HW SXU VRUWH GH /RKHQJULQTXLYRXGUDLWV¶XQLUj<RQLHOOHDXVVLGHFDVWHNVKDWUL\DPDLVDUUDFKpHjDQVjVDIDPLOOH SDUOHVEUDKPHVTXLHQIRQWXQHGHYDGDVLYRXpHjODSURVWLWXWLRQVDFUpHHWGRQWO¶pGXFDWLRQGHED\DGqUH HPSUXQWH SOXV DX[ NDPD VXWUD TXH OH qPH VLqFOH WUDGXLW j WRXUV GH EUDV TX¶DX /LYUH GH O¶$PRXU /LQJDP ILQLUD SDU EULVHU WRXV OHV WDERXV HW SDU FRPPHWWUH OH VDFULOqJH PDMHXU O¶HQOqYHPHQW GH <RQL 0DLVOHFRXSOHWUDTXpSDUODKDLQHGHVEUDKPHVGpFLGHUDGHVHVDFULILHUYRORQWDLUHPHQWVXUOHEXFKHU DXQRPGHO¶$PRXUVXEOLPpHWGHODIUDWHUQLWpXQLYHUVHOOH&HODQ¶HPSrFKHUDSDVODUXVHGHVEUDKPHV GHWULRPSKHUHQUpGXLVDQWODVLJQLILFDWLRQVXEOLPHGHFHVDFULILFHDXSOXVYXOJDLUHV\PEROLVPHFKDUQHO GHO¶XQLRQVH[XHOOHTXHOHVQRPVPrPHVGHVSURWDJRQLVWHVSUpGHVWLQDLHQWjUHSUpVHQWHU

0DLVG¶DXWUHSDUWOHURPDQGpSORLHXQHJLJDQWHVTXHIUHVTXHVRFLDOHPrODQWOHVVSOHQGHXUVGHVIrWHVR OD VHQVXDOLWp VH GpFKDvQH DX[ UpIOH[LRQV PRUDOHV VRFLRpFRQRPLTXHV RX SROLWLTXHV HW DX[ FRQIOLWV DUPpV VXU IRQG GH O¶DQWDJRQLVPH HQWUH OHV FDVWHV HW SOXV JpQpUDOHPHQW HQWUH WRXV OHV pOpPHQWV GH OD VRFLpWpLQGLHQQHGHVWULEDX[EDUEDUHVUHFUXWpVGDQVOHVDUPpHVGH0DKDUDMDVHQSDVVDQWSDUWRXWHVOHV QXDQFHV GHV LQWRXFKDEOHV HW GHV FDVWHV GH VHUYLFH TXL HOOHVPrPHV V¶HQWUHGpFKLUHQW MXVTX¶DX[ PDUFKDQGVTXLORXYRLHQWHQWUHOHVSRXYRLUVHWDX[SULQFHVTXLQ¶pFKDSSHQWSDVjO¶LQVLGLHXVHSUHVVLRQ GHVEUDKPHV/LQJDPV¶DIILUPHSHXjSHXHQJRXURXFKDULVPDWLTXHTXLSUrFKHFRQWUHODGRFWULQHHWOD W\UDQQLH GHV EUDKPHV DX QRP GH O¶DPRXU SXU HW GH OD IUDWHUQLWp HQWUH WRXV OHV KRPPHV 6RQ FRPEDW Q¶RXEOLH SDV O¶pPDQFLSDWLRQ GHV IHPPHV FH TXL DFFURvW VD SRSXODULWp 4XDQG OD UpYROWH JURQGH LO UHGHYLHQWFKHIGH JXHUUHHWEULOODQWVWUDWqJH /HV EUDKPHVDX[DERLVFRPSORWHQWVDPLVHjPRUWPDLV SOXV HQFRUH O¶pFKHF GH OD UpYROXWLRQ GX JUDQG QLYHOOHPHQW HW GH OD JUDQGH FKDULWp YRXOXV WURS W{W SDU /LQJDP ,OV WULRPSKHQW HW DYHF HX[ OH VWXSUH HW O¶pJRwVPH DYLGH © FDU OHV SUrWUHV VRQW  HW VHURQW WRXMRXUVSDUOHXUGLSORPDWLHOHXUKDELOHWpOHXUVRXSOHVVHOHXUVXSpULRULWpHQILQOHVGRPLQDWHXUVGHV KRPPHVª

,FLHIIORUHODSKLORVRSKLHGH)pOLFLHQ&KDPSVDXUTXLDEDQGRQQHO¶,QGHjVRQLQKXPDQLWpPDLVYRLWGDQV OH%RXGGKDSXLVGDQV-pVXVOHVKpULWLHUVVSLULWXHOVGH/LQJDPFHSHQGDQWTX¶XQHUpIpUHQFHHQQRWHjOD ORL GH  VXU OHV FRQJUpJDWLRQV ODLVVH SRLQWHU XQ DQWLFOpULFDOLVPH GLVFUHW QXDQFp GH WROpUDQFH PDoRQQLTXH FRQIRUPHV j O¶HVSULW GX WHPSV (Q IDLW OHV UpIOH[LRQV LQGLDQLVWHV GH 0D[ :HEHU RX GH /RXLV'XPRQWWURXYHUDLHQWjJODQHUGDQVFHURPDQHWOHVGpEDWVVXUODVLJQLILFDWLRQGXOLQJDGH6KLYD Q¶RQWULHQjHQYLHUDX[LPEURJOLRVGHO¶KLQGRXLVPHWUDGLWLRQQHOUHYXSDU$ODLQ'DQLpORX3DUDLOOHXUVOHV GpEDWVVRXOHYpVVRQWG¶XQHDFWXDOLWpEU€ODQWHTX¶LOV¶DJLVVHGHO¶pPDQFLSDWLRQHWGHODSURWHFWLRQ GHV IHPPHVRXGHODFRQVFLHQWLVDWLRQGHVGDOLWVTXLWURXYHUDLHQWGDQVOHWH[WHGHTXRLDOLPHQWHUOHXUFULWLTXH GH O¶KLQGRXLVPH GHV EUDKPHV /H MXJHPHQW GH 3KLOLSSH -XOOLDQ VXU )pOLFLHQ &KDPSVDXU © SOXV G¶DPELWLRQTXHGHPDWLqUH ªpWDLWSHXWrWUHGDQVOHFDVSUpVHQWXQSHXVpYqUH(QWRXWFDVFHµURPDQ KLQGRX¶DWWHVWHO¶LPSDFWGHODWUDGXFWLRQGH*GH%DUULJXHGH )RQWDLQLHXVXUOHPLOLHXOLWWpUDLUHGDQV OHTXHOLODYDLWUpXVVLjGRQQHUXQHSODFHjQRWUHFKHIG¶°XYUHWDPRXO

3XEOLHU LQGpSHQGDPPHQW VD WUDGXFWLRQ Q¶HVW SDV O¶DPSXWHU QL OH GpVDFUDOLVHU PDLV VHXOHPHQW PHWWUH O¶DFFHQW VXU VD TXDOLWp SRpWLTXH LQWULQVqTXH &¶HVW SRXUTXRL M¶DL KpVLWp LO \ D WUHQWH DQV j O¶RFFDVLRQ G¶XQHDQQpHGHO¶,QGHHQ)UDQFHHQWUHUppGLWHU%DUULJXHGH)RQWDQLHXRXRVHUXQHQRXYHOOHWUDGXFWLRQ DYHF XQH LQWURGXFWLRQ TXL PHWWUDLW j MRXU OHV SURJUqV FRQVLGpUDEOHV GH QRWUH FRQQDLVVDQFH GH OD OLWWpUDWXUHWDPRXOHFDUUDSSHORQVOHHQWRXWHODOLWWpUDWXUHGX6DQJDPUHVWDLWjUHGpFRXYULUHWj ₂

Le Semeur d’Amour, Fasquelle, Paris 1902, p.396. Voir aussi p. 397 et Note1

3

14

SXEOLHUVDQVSDUOHUGHODWUDGXLUHHQODQJXHVRFFLGHQWDOHV0DLVOHVpGLWHXUVGHSRpVLHVRQWSOXVIULOHX[ DXMRXUG¶KXL TX¶$OSKRQVH /HPHUUH 7RXV LQYRTXqUHQW OHXU EXGJHW YRLUH OHXU LQFRPSpWHQFH HW OH SOXV VROLGH$UWKqPH)D\DUGVDFUDLQWH©TX¶RQQRXVUHSURFKHGHIDLUHXQ¶OLYUHJDGJHW¶>WRXWHQGLVDQWTXH@ OH /LYUHGHO¶$PRXUHVW HQVRLXQHSHWLWHPHUYHLOOH ª6HXO5HQp(WLHPEOHV¶HQWKRXVLDVPDG¶HPEOpH SRXU OH SURMHW HW O¶DFFXHLOOLW G¶HPEOpH GDQV OD FROOHFWLRQ TX¶LO DYDLW FUppH &RQQDLVVDQFH GH O¶2ULHQW SXEOLpHDYHFO¶81(6&2SDU*DOOLPDUG /HVSURFUDVWLQDWLRQVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVGHFHSUHVWLJLHX[ JKHWWR QHGXUqUHQWTXHFLQTDQVHWOHOLYUHVRUWLWDXSULQWHPSV -¶DYDLVWURLVUDLVRQVPDMHXUHVGHUHSXEOLHU/H/LYUHGHO¶$PRXULQGpSHQGDPPHQWGHVGHX[DXWUHV WHQWHUGHODLVVHUOHSDSLOORQYROHUVDQVVDFKU\VDOLGHFRPPHXQHVLPSOHDQWKRORJLHGHSXUHSRpVLH GRQWO¶H[LVWHQFHDXWRQRPHLQGpSHQGDQWHGXSRLGVFXOWXUHOWUqVORXUGGHVGHX[DXWUHVSDUWLHVSRXYDLW DYRLUXQDWWUDLWOLWWpUDLUHVSpFLILTXHSRXUWRXWOHFWHXUFXOWLYp GRQFOHSUpVHQWHUKRUVGHODJDQJXHGRQWO¶HQWRXUHQWOHVFRPPHQWDWHXUVWUDGLWLRQQHOVTXLLQIOXHQFHQW QpFHVVDLUHPHQWQRWUHOHFWXUH

 OH UpLQVpUHU FHSHQGDQW GDQV VRQ FRQWH[WH SURSUH UHGpFRXYHUW FHOXL GH OD O\ULTXH DPRXUHXVH GX 6DQJDP,OHQHVWO¶XQHGHVH[SUHVVLRQVOHVSOXVDFKHYpHVHWGRLWGRQFrWUHOXFRPPHWHO

2U SUpFLVpPHQW GqV  XQ ORQJ DUWLFOH GX -RXUQDO RI WKH $PHULFDQ 2ULHQWDO 6RFLHW\ SDU 1RUPDQ &XWOHUP¶DSSRUWDLWGHIDoRQLQDWWHQGXHXQHDUJXPHQWDWLRQVHUUpHHQIDYHXUGHVGHX[SUHPLqUHVUDLVRQV 1RWH]GpMjOHWLWUHOXLPrPH©,QWHUSUHWLQJ7LUXNNXUDO7KHUROHRIFRPPHQWDU\LQWKHFUHDWLRQF¶HVW PRLTXLVRXOLJQHRIDWH[Wª

8QSRLQWIRQGDPHQWDOGHO¶DUJXPHQWDWLRQGH&XWOHUHVWOHIDLWODUJHPHQWDYpUpGDQVWRXWHVOHVWUDGLWLRQV OLWWpUDLUHVGHO¶,QGHTXH ODPDMHXUHSDUWLHGHV FDQRQVOLWWpUDLUHVHVWIDLWH GHFROOHFWLRQVGHVWDQFHVRX YHUVHWVLVROpVG¶XQVHXODXWHXURXGHSOXVLHXUVUHJURXSpVVHORQXQVFKpPDRXXQSULQFLSHXQLILFDWHXU GRQWODORJLTXHHVWPRLQVGDQVFKDTXHSLqFHTXHGDQVODFRPSLODWLRQG¶XQHQVHPEOH&HTXLVLJQLILHTXH OHFRPSLODWHXUFUpHjVRQWRXUXQWH[WHHWTXHOHVFRPPHQWDWHXUVjOHXUWRXUUHFUpHQWXQHLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ TXLSHXWHQJDJHUOHGHVWLQG¶XQWH[WH3DUDGR[DOHPHQWGDQVOHFDVGX7LUXNNXUDORQPpPRULVHHWRQQH FLWHWRXMRXUVTXHGHVGLVWLTXHVLVROpVPDLVGqVTX¶RQGLVVHUWHF¶HVWWRXMRXUVVXUO¶HQVHPEOH3RXUWDQW WRXVOHVKRPPDJHVOLWWpUDLUHVYRQWjODIRUPHGXGLVWLTXHFKDFXQHVW©ODJRXWWHGHURVpHVXUXQJUDLQ GHPLOOHWTXLUHIOqWHOHSDOPLHUJpDQWª©ODJUDLQHGHPRXWDUGHpYLGpHTXLUHQIHUPHOHVVHSWRFpDQVª %UHIFHODpYRTXHOHKDLNXMDSRQDLV/H/LYUHGHO¶$PRXUQRXVRIIUHGHX[FHQWFLQTXDQWHµSKUDVHVSRXU pYHQWDLO¶HQIDFHGHV&HQWSKUDVHVSRXUpYHQWDLOR3DXO&ODXGHODMRXpDYHFO¶HQFUHGH&KLQHFHWWH© MRLHGXMXVQRLUª

2U TXH QRXV DSSUHQG OD WUDGLWLRQ PDQXVFULWH " /D VXFFHVVLRQ GHV FKDSLWUHV HVW LPPXDEOH PDLV j O¶LQWpULHXUGH FKDFXQRQ GpFRXYUHTXHO¶RUGUHGHVGLVWLTXHVHVWDOpDWRLUH © 6XUGLVWLTXHVVHXOV VRLW  VXU  GRQW  j O¶LQLWLDOH VRQW j OD PrPH SODFH j O¶LQWpULHXU G¶XQ FKDSLWUH FKH] WRXV OHV FRPPHQWDWHXUV3DVSOXVG¶XQHGRX]DLQHVXLYHQWO¶RUGUHSU{QpSDU3DULPHODODNDUGDQVFRPPHQWDLUHV VXUWDQGLVTXHGRQWODWRWDOLWpGXGHUQLHUFKDSLWUHVRQWWRXVSODFpVjXQUDQJLGHQWLTXHGLVWLQFWGH O¶RUGUHDVVLJQpSDU3DULPHODODNDUªTXLHVWGRQFVRXYHQWVHXOGHVRQDYLV-HUHMRLQVLFLO¶DUJXPHQWDLUH GH1RUPDQ&XWOHUTXHMHP¶H[FXVHGHFLWHULQWpJUDOHPHQW

³7LUXNNXUDO D 7DPLO WH[W ZKLFK VRPH VFKRODUV EHOLHYH ZDV FRPSRVHG E\ D -DLQ LQ WKH ILIWK RU VL[WK FHQWXU\ $' KDV ORQJ UHFHLYHG D JUHDW GHDO RI DWWHQWLRQ IURP FRPPHQWDWRUV $PRQJ WKH µFODVVLF¶ FRPPHQWDULHVRQ7LUXNNXUDOWKDWRI3DULPHODODNDUODWHWKLUWHHQWKHDUO\IRXUWHHQWKFHQWXU\KDVH[HUWHG WKH JUHDWHVW LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH ZD\ 7DPLOV KDYH XQGHUVWRRG WKLV WH[W¶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

4 _{AOS, 1112.4 (1992) p549-566.}

5 _{François Gros, ‘Cinq fois cinq vingt-cinq : autour des commentaires du Livre de l’Amour de Tiruvalluvar’, dans Genres littéraires en}

15

RSSUHVVLYHIHDWXUHVRI,QGR$U\DQFLYLOL]DWLRQVXFKDVFDVWH7KHMX[WDSRVLWLRQRI3DULPHODODNDU¶VDQG WKH'UDYLGLDQLVWV¶KLJKO\GLYHUJHQWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKH7LUXNNXUDOKLJKOLJKWVWKHLQIOXHQFHRIVRFLDO DQGFXOWXUDOQRUPVRQWKHZD\DWH[W¶VPHDQLQJLVDSSUHKHQGHGE\LWVDXGLHQFH´

/D GpPRQVWUDWLRQ FRQYDLQFDQWH GH 1RUPDQ &XWOHU QH UHSRVH j DXFXQ PRPHQW VXU OH 7URLVLqPH OLYUH PDLV VHXOHPHQW VXU OHV GHX[ SUHPLqUHV SDUWLHV )RUWV GH FHW DFTXLV LO QRXV HVW ORLVLEOH GH FRPSOpWHU O¶DUJXPHQWDWLRQ7LUXYDOOXYDUHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWJkWpSXLVTX¶RQpQXPqUHGL[FRPPHQWDWHXUVGHVRQ WH[WH6HXOVFLQTVXEVLVWHQWPDLVFHODVXIILWSRXUPRQWUHUFRPELHQSHXYHQWGLIIpUHUQRQSDVO¶HQVHPEOH TXL GHPHXUH LGHQWLTXH PDLV OH GpWDLO GH OD OHFWXUH JOREDOH &¶HVW DLQVL TXH OH SUHPLHU FRPPHQWDLUH FRQQXFHOXLGH0DQDNNXWDYDUSODFpjODILQGX;qPHVLqFOHSURSRVHWURLVW\SHVG¶XQLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[ DPDQWV (Q WURLV FKDSLWUHV  OH PLUDFOH GH OD SUHPLqUH UHQFRQWUH UpYqOH OHV GpOLFHV GH OD MRXLVVDQFH SK\VLTXH SXLV GL[KXLW FKDSLWUHV  VRQW FRQVDFUpV j O¶XQLRQ DX WHUPH GH OD VpSDUDWLRQGRQFjO¶DWWHQWHHWDX[PRGDOLWpVGHO¶DVSLUDWLRQjO¶XQLRQHQILQTXDWUHFKDSLWUHV FKDQWHQW OD YROXSWp GH O¶XQLRQ TXL SUHQG SODFH DSUqV OD GLVSXWH 0RLQV G¶XQ VLqFOH SOXV WDUG 3DULSSHUXPDO VXUDMRXWH j FHWWH YLVLRQ WULSDUWLWH GHX[ QRXYHDX[ SULQFLSHV G¶DQDO\VH /¶XQ HVW VDQVFULW F¶HVW OD VXULPSRVLWLRQ GHV WURLV pOpPHQWV GX UDVD DPRXUHX[ DX[ WURLV XQLRQV OH GpVLU GH O¶DXWUH OD VpSDUDWLRQHWODMRXLVVDQFH/¶DXWUHW\SLTXHPHQWWDPRXOHVWODUpIpUHQFHDX[FLQTUpJLRQVOLpHVjFLQT pWDWV GH O¶kPH MRXLVVDQFH VpSDUDWLRQ DWWHQWH GpSORUDWLRQ GLVSXWHV 1RXV UHYLHQGURQV VXU FH SRLQW HVVHQWLHOPDLVQRWH]VRQDSSDULWLRQGqVOHVGpEXWVGHO¶H[pJqVHGX.XUDOHWFHWWHSUHPLqUHWHQWDWLYHGH V\QWKqVHDYHFOHVWURLVXQLRQVHQUpXQLVVDQWHQXQHVHXOHOHVWURLVIRUPHVGHVpSDUDWLRQ $XVLqFOHVXLYDQWXQDXWUHFRPPHQWDWHXU.DOLQNDUYDV¶LQWpUHVVHUDX[SHUVRQQDJHVTXLVRQWVXSSRVpV pQRQFHUOHVGLVWLTXHVO¶DPDQWpQRQFHUDLWOHVVHSWSUHPLHUVFKDSLWUHVO¶DPDQWHOHVGRX]HVXLYDQWVHW O¶XQHWO¶DXWUHHQDOWHUQDQFHOHVVL[GHUQLHUVFKDSLWUHV4XHOTXHVGLVWLTXHVVRQWG¶DLOOHXUVDWWULEXpVjOD FRPSDJQHRXFRQILGHQWHGHO¶DPDQWH2QGHYLQHTX¶LOHVWLPSRVVLEOHGHIDLUHO¶XQDQLPLWpVXUXQHWHOOH UpSDUWLWLRQPDLVTXHOHMHXHVWVpGXLVDQW$ULHODYHUWLVVDLWOHOHFWHXU©/¶LQGLFDWLRQGHVSHUVRQQDJHVGH FHSHWLWGUDPHO\ULTXHQHVHWURXYHSDVGDQVOHWH[WHELHQTXHQpFHVVDLUHjVRQLQWHOOLJHQFHHOOHHVW IDLWH SDU OHV FRPPHQWDWHXUV ª %DUULJXH GH )RQWDLQLHX VXLW OD UpSDUWLWLRQ SURSRVpH SDU $ULHO VDQV FRPPHQWDLUH SDUWLFXOLHU 0DLV LO QH IDXW SDV V¶\ WURPSHU OH WH[WH Q¶HVW SDV XQ GLDORJXH VXLYL &¶HVW PRLQVXQpFKDQJHGHUpSOLTXHVTXHO¶H[SUHVVLRQFKDTXHIRLVLVROpHG¶DXWDQWGHµPRWVG¶DXWHXU¶TXLVH MX[WDSRVHQW'¶DLOOHXUVOHVFRPPHQWDWHXUVQHIDLVDLHQWOjTXHVXLYUHXQHGHVSLVWHVRXYHUWHVSDUOHSOXV IRQGDPHQWDO GHV WH[WHV TXL UpJLVVHQW OD SRpWLTXH WDPRXOH OH 7RONDSSL\DP TXL GpILQLW WRXV OHV LQWHUYHQDQWVSRVVLEOHVHWOHXUVU{OHVUHVSHFWLIV

0DLV DX ;,,qPH VLqFOH F¶HVW XQH DXWUH OHFWXUH TXL WULRPSKH /D FXOWXUH WDPRXOH HVW ELOLQJXH OD GLIIXVLRQ SRSXODLUH GH OD EKDNWL IDYRULVH j OD IRLV FH ELOLQJXLVPH HW O¶DFFqV j OD OHFWXUH GHV DQFLHQV WH[WHV OLWWpUDLUHV WDPRXOV TXL UHWURXYHQW XQ SXEOLF JUkFH DX[ FRPPHQWDWHXUV PpGLpYDX[ $X VHLQ GX PRQGHEUDKPDQLTXHRUWKRGR[HGH.DQFLSXUDP3DULPHODODNDUFKHUFKHDORUVjVHUYLUDXPLHX[DXSUqV GH FHWWH pOLWH OH /LYUH GH O¶$PRXU 3RXU FHOD LO IDYRULVH O¶LQWHUIDFH DYHF OD FXOWXUH VDQVFULWH SDU XQ SURGLJLHX[WRXUGHSUHVWLGLJLWDWLRQTXLWLHQWHQVHXOHPHQWTXHOTXHVSKUDVHV&RPPHFHWDXWUHµOLYUHGX SODLVLU¶TX¶HVWOH6UQJDUDSUDNDVDVDQVFULWGH%KRMDOHWH[WHWDPRXODGHX[REMHWVODMRXLVVDQFHHWOD VpSDUDWLRQSXQDUFFLHWSLULYXTXLHQIDLWUHFRXYUHQWOHVGHX[PRWVFOpVGHO¶pURWLTXHWDPRXOHNDODYX HWNDUSXO¶DPRXUVDXYDJHHWO¶DPRXUHQPpQDJH*UkFHjO¶LQWHUIDFHSXQDUFFLHWSLULYX3DULPHODODNDU IDLW EDVFXOHU j YRORQWp WRXW OH V\VWqPH GX F{Wp VDQVFULW RX GX F{Wp WDPRXO *UkFH j OXL OH /LYUH GH O¶$PRXUYDYRJXHUSRXUOHVVLqFOHVjYHQLUVRXVODGRXEOHEDQQLqUHGH%KRMDHWGX7RONDSSL\DP2QQH UHPHWWUD SOXV MDPDLV HQ FDXVH VpULHXVHPHQW FHWWH SDUWLWLRQ GX WURLVLqPH OLYUH HW WRXWHV OHV pGLWLRQV GX .XUDOSDUDLVVHQWGDQVODYHUVLRQGH3DULPHODODNDU\FRPSULVORUVTX¶HOOHVRIIUHQWHQSDUDOOqOHOHWH[WHGHV DXWUHV FRPPHQWDWHXUV UHGpFRXSp DORUV SRXU VXLYUH O¶RUGUH WUDGLWLRQQHO TXL Q¶HVW HQ IDLW TXH OH GLFWDW G¶XQ EUDKPDQH GH .DQFLSXUDP GH OD ILQ GX ;,,,qPH VLqFOH7RXV OHV WUDGXFWHXUV QH VXLYHQW TXH FH WH[WH /H UpVXOWDW HVW TXH VL O¶DPRXU VDXYDJH D G¶DERUG FKRTXp OD SXGLERQGHULH GHV PLVVLRQQDLUHV EHDXFRXSG¶H[pJqWHVPRGHUQHVRQWpWpWHQWpVGHQHIDLUHGHO¶DPRXUHQPpQDJHTXHODVXLWHORJLTXHGHV GHX[SUHPLHUVOLYUHVOHVTXHOVpQRQFHQWGHVUqJOHVGHFRQGXLWHLOVHQRQWIDLWXQHVRUWHGHEUpYLDLUHGH O¶DPRXUFRQMXJDOTXDQGLOVQ¶RQWSDVDSSHOp+DYHORFN(OOLVjODUHVFRXVVH2QVHSUHQGUDLWjUHJUHWWHU /H6HPHXUG¶$PRXU

3RXUWDQWGqVO¶RULJLQHGHODOLWWpUDWXUHDPRXUHXVHGX6DQJDPLOH[LVWDLWXQHDXWUHJULOOHGHOHFWXUHSRXU WRXV FHV SRqPHV H[SRVpH HQ GpWDLO SDU OH 7RONDSSL\DP HW XQDQLPHPHQW PLVH HQ SUDWLTXH /HV

16

SRpWLFLHQV RQW GpILQL VHSW FRPSRUWHPHQWV IDFH j O¶DPRXU /HV GHX[ H[WUrPHV XQ DPRXU XQLODWpUDO LPSRVVLEOHjSDUWDJHUHWXQDPRXUPDODVVRUWLHQWUHGHX[DPDQWVTXLQHVRQWSDVIDLWVSRXUV¶XQLUVRQW pFDUWpV GH OD QRUPH 5HVWHQW DORUV FLQT VLWXDWLRQV RX pWDWV GH O¶kPH FLQT PRGHV RX FRPSRUWHPHQWV KpEHUJpVSDUOHVFLQTUpJLRQVTXLVHSDUWDJHQWOHSD\VDJHWDPRXO2QSDUOHUDGRQFGHVFLQTWLQDLjOD IRLVUpJLRQVGXSD\VWDPRXOHWpWDWVGHO¶kPHWRXWFRPPHOHPRWYLODNNXHVWjODIRLVODODPSH HWOD OXPLqUH  FHOOHFL Q¶H[LVWH SDV VDQV OH VXSSRUW GH OD ODPSH GRQW OD UDLVRQ G¶rWUH HVW OD OXPLqUH $. 5DPDQXMDP D SURSRVp OD WHUPLQRORJLH GH µSD\VDJH LQWpULHXU¶ TXH GpILQLW DXVVL ELHQ OD IRUPXOH URPDQWLTXH IUDQoDLVH G¶$PLHO  © XQ SD\VDJH HVW XQ pWDW GH O¶kPH ª /HV DUWV SRpWLTXHV RQW QDWXUHOOHPHQWGpWDLOOpWRXWFHTXLDFFRPSDJQHFKDTXHUpJLRQHWG¶DERUGOHWHPSVFRXUWXQPRPHQWGH ODMRXUQpHRXORQJOHVVDLVRQVGHO¶DQQpHHWELHQG¶DXWUHVDWWULEXWVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVFRQQXVGHVSRqWHV XQH EUqYH DOOXVLRQ j O¶XQ G¶HX[ VXIILW j ORFDOLVHU O¶DFWLRQ HW j QRXV UHQVHLJQHU VXU OH VHQWLPHQW G¶XQ SURWDJRQLVWH(FRXWRQVO¶HVVHQWLHOVHORQOHVWHUPHVGX7RONDSSL\DP /HPRQGHRFFXSpSDUODIRUrWDLPpGH9LVKQRX/HPRQGHGHVQRLUHVPRQWDJQHVDLPpGH.RXPDUD/H PRQGHGHVGRXFHV HDX[DLPpG¶,QGUD /HPRQGHRV¶pWDOHOHVDEOHDLPpGH9DURXQD6RQWG€PHQW pQRQFpVVRXVOHVQRPVGHIRUrWPRQWDJQHSODLQHFXOWLYpHSD\VPDULWLPH/HSOXYLHX[DXWRPQHHWOH VRLUSRXUODIRUrW/HIUDLVKLYHUHWODPLQXLWSRXUODPRQWDJQH(WOHVURVpHVSUpFRFHVDXVVLGLVHQWOHV GRFWHV/¶DXURUHHWOHPDWLQSRXUODSODLQHFXOWLYpH/DILQGXMRXUSRXUOHSD\VPDULWLPH3RXUOD]RQH LQWHUPpGLDLUHPLGLHWO¶pWp&RPPHDXVVLODVDLVRQGHVWDUGLYHVURVpHV>@8QLRQVpSDUDWLRQDWWHQWH SDWLHQWHGpVHVSRLU)kFKHULHVDYHFOHXUVGpWDLOVVRQWGHFHVUpJLRQV7RXWELHQFRQVLGpUpOHVDFWLRQV VSpFLILTXHV

2Q QRWH TXH OH GpVHUW SDODL Q¶HVW SDV GpVLJQp QRPPpPHQW HW Q¶D SDV GH GLYLQLWp WXWpODLUH &¶HVW VHXOHPHQWOD©]RQHLQWHUPpGLDLUHªVRUWHGHGHJUp]pURGHVTXDWUHDXWUHV'RPDLQHSDUH[FHOOHQFHGH O¶DEVHQFHHWGXGpVHVSRLUTX¶HOOHVXVFLWHF¶HVWFHSHQGDQWODUpJLRQTXLUDVVHPEOHOHSOXVJUDQGQRPEUH GHSRqPHV

&HWWH &DUWH GX 7HQGUH WDPRXOH UHVSHFWH GRQF XQ FRGH VXEWLO TXL SRXU OH PHLOOHXU LQWqJUH OD SV\FKRORJLHDPRXUHXVHDX[DVSHFWVFKDQJHDQWVGXSD\VDJHWDPRXOGDQVXQHIXVLRQSDUIDLWHPDLVSRXU OH SLUH MRXH VXU GHV FRQYHQWLRQV TXL SRXUUDLHQW WRPEHU GDQV O¶DUWLILFH &HOD HVW pYLWp SDUFH TXH OD SV\FKRORJLHGHVVHQWLPHQWVDOHSDVVXUOHVWHUPHVGXFRGHSUpFLVpPHQWOHMHXSRpWLTXHOHSOXVVXEWLO FRQVLVWH j DFFRPSDJQHU OD FRQIXVLRQ PHQWDOH GDQV ODTXHOOH OHXU DPRXU HQWUDvQH OHV SURWDJRQLVWHV SDU XQH FRQIXVLRQ HQWUH OHV SD\VDJHV TXL UHQG j OD QDWXUH WRXWHV VHV SRVVLELOLWpV G¶HPSDWKLH HW GH VXJJHVWLRQ /D OLFHQFH SRpWLTXH OD SOXV SUDWLTXpH V¶DSSHOOH WLQDL PD\DNNDP PpODQJH FRQIXVLRQ GHV FRQYHQWLRQVGHODQDWXUHHWGHVVHQWLPHQWV&KDTXHSRqPHG¶DPRXUHVWGRQFUDWWDFKpSDUXQFRORSKRQj O¶XQGHVFLQTWLQDLPrPHVLOHOLHQTXLVHPEOHVRXYHQWWpQXHVWSDUIRLVFRQWHVWp2QGLUDLWTXHSOXVOH SRqPHHVWFRXUWSOXVOkFKHHVWOHOLHQFKDTXH GLVWLTXHGX /LYUHGHO¶$PRXUSHXWDLQVLQ¶rWUHTX¶XQ VLPSOH IODVK IXJLWLI OD VLOKRXHWWH JUDFLOH GH O¶DPDQWH VXJJpUpH SDU OD IUDJLOLWp GH OD IOHXU DQLWFKD OD VHQVLWLYHO¶pFKRSURORQJpG¶XQVRQODIO€WHGXEHUJHUGDQVO¶DQJRLVVHGXVRLUpYRTXDQWODPRUWRXOD FRQWHPSODWLRQG¶XQHLPDJHFKqUHVXUODTXHOOHRQV¶DWWDUGH

/DWUDGLWLRQQRXVLPSRVHjSUHPLqUHYXHXQFDGUHULJLGH6XUOHVFLQTDQWKRORJLHVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWOH SUHPLHUFRUSXVDPRXUHX[GX6DQJDPVHXOOH.XUXQWRNDLHVWFODVVpVHORQOHVORFXWHXUVOH1DUULQDLµOHV ERQV 7LQDL¶  OLYUH GDQV OH GpVRUGUH VHV SRqPHV WDQGLV TXH O¶$LQNXUXQXUX HVW IDLW GH FLQT FHQWXULHV EUqYHVGRQWFKDFXQHFKDQWHXQWLQDLGLIIpUHQW /HV SRqPHVGX.DOLWWRNDLVXLYHQWXQRUGUHSUpFLV GpVHUWPRQWDJQHSODLQHIRUrWULYDJHFKDTXHVpULHSDUIRLVDWWULEXpHSDUOHVPDQXVFULWVjGHVDXWHXUV GLIIpUHQWV/HFRPEOHHVWO¶$NDQDQXUXVXUWRXVOHVSRqPHVLPSDLUVVRQWDWWULEXpVDXGpVHUW FHX[GRQWOHVQXPpURVILQLVVHQWSDUHWjODPRQWDJQHSDUjODIRUrWSDUjODSODLQH HWSDUDXULYDJH'DYDQWDJHHQFRUHGDQVOHV'L[&KDQWVFRQVWLWXDQWOHVHFRQGJURXSHGH WH[WHVDQFLHQVVXUTXDWUHTXLUHOqYHQWGHODO\ULTXHDPRXUHXVHWURLVSRUWHQWOHQRPG¶XQWLQDLGDQVOHXU WLWUHPrPH&KDQWGHODPRQWDJQH&KDQWGHODIRUrW+DYUHGpVHUW4XDQWjODGHUQLqUHYDJXHGHWH[WHV GX6DQJDPFHOOHGHV'L[KXLW5HFHQVLRQV0LQHXUHVDX[TXHOOHVDSSDUWLHQWOH7LUXNNXUDOOXLPrPHFLQT VXU OHV VL[ TXL UHOqYHQW H[FOXVLYHPHQW GH OD O\ULTXH DPRXUHXVH SRUWHQW DXVVL GDQV OHXU WLWUH PrPH

6 _{Sur 1859 poèmes recensés dans les Huit Anthologies majeures de Sangam 530 appartiennent au ‘désert’, contre 488 à la montagne,}

17

O¶pYLGHQFH TX¶HOOHV VRQW RUGRQQpHV VHORQ OH SULQFLSH GHV FLQT WLQDL  &LQTXDQWH VWURSKHV VXU OHV FLQT WLQDL 6RL[DQWHGL[ VWURSKHV VXU OHV FLQT WLQDL &LQTXDQWH VWURSKHV VXU OH ODQJDJH GHV WLQDL &HQW FLQTXDQWHVWURSKHVVXUODJXLUODQGHGHVWLQDL/DFRQGXLWHVHORQOHVWLQDL(WOHVL[LqPHWH[WHQ¶pFKDSSH SDV DX SULQFLSH SXLVTX¶LO FRQWLHQW 4XDUDQWH VWURSKHV VXU OD VDLVRQ GHV SOXLHV GRQF VXU OD IRUrW 7URS F¶HVWWURS(WLO \DGDQVFHWWHLQVLVWDQFHXQDUULqUHJR€WGHUpVLOLHQFHFRPPHVLO¶RQVHEDWWDLWSRXU VDXYHUODPpPRLUH GHWUDGLWLRQVJORULHXVHVSOXVDQFLHQQHVHQWUDLQGHWRPEHUHQGpVKpUHQFH ,OIDXW DYRXHU TX¶DXFXQ GHV WH[WHV GH FHWWH GHUQLqUH YDJXH Q¶D JDUGp OD QRWRULpWp GX SOXV DQFLHQ WH[WH GH FH VRXVHQVHPEOHOH7LUXNNXUDOOXLPrPH

2QQRWHUDTXHVXUFHVGL[VpULHVGHVFLQTWLQDLWRXWHVDGRSWHQWXQRUGUHGLIIpUHQW\FRPSULVOHRQ]LqPH FDV OD WUDGXFWLRQ DQJODLVH GX .XUXQWRNDL SDU 6KHQPXJDP 3LOODL HW /XGGHQ TXL RQW SULV OD OLEHUWp GH UHJURXSHU OHV SRqPHV HQ FLQT WLQDL PDLV HX[ DXVVL OH IRQW GDQV XQ RUGUH TXL QH FRUUHVSRQG j DXFXQ DXWUH&HWWHOLEHUWpTXLFRQILQHjODGpVLQYROWXUHVRXOLJQHTXHO¶LPSRUWDQWHVWDLOOHXUV(QHIIHWTXDQGLO QHV¶DJLWSOXVGHODQDWXUHGHVSD\VDJHVPDLVGHVFRPSRUWHPHQWVSV\FKRORJLTXHVGHVpWDWVGHO¶kPHOD VXFFHVVLRQ GHYLHQW LPPXDEOH  O¶XQLRQ OD VpSDUDWLRQ O¶DWWHQWH SDWLHQWH O¶DWWHQWH GpVHVSpUpH OHV TXHUHOOHV SOXV VRXYHQW H[SULPpH HQ WDPRXO SDU GHV QRPV YHUEDX[  V¶XQLU rWUH VpSDUpV DWWHQGUH VH UDYDJHUVHGLVSXWHU-RKQ5DOVWRQ0DUUYR\DLWOj©O¶RUGUHOHSOXVQDWXUHOSRXUXQHpQXPpUDWLRQªF¶HVW DXVVL FHOXL GX FKDSLWUH FRUUHVSRQGDQW O¶$NDWWLQDL\L\DO GX 7RONDSSL\DP YHUVHW  PDLV OH YHUVHW  LQWURGXLWXQHYDULDQWH

2QFRPSUHQGPLHX[GqVORUVTX¶DX;,,,qPHVLqFOH3DULPHODODNDUQ¶DLWSDVPLVpVXUODQRWLRQGHWLQDL SRXU VDXYHU OH SUHVWLJH GX /LYUH GH O¶$PRXU DX[ UHJDUGV GH VHV FRQWHPSRUDLQV 0DLV RQ SHXW DXVVL SHQVHUTX¶LOQ¶DSDVYRXOXRFFXOWHUFRPSOqWHPHQWFHWpOpPHQWVWUXFWXUDQWGHO¶°XYUHHWTX¶LOO¶DPrPH FRQVHUYpHQWRXWHGLVFUpWLRQGDQVO¶RUGUHPrPHTX¶LOQRXVSURSRVHFLQTIRLVFLQTYLQJWFLQTFKDSLWUHV UHJURXSpVVHORQOHVFLQTWLQDLWUDGLWLRQQHOV(Q730HHQDNVKLVXQGDUDQFLWDLWOHWpPRLJQDJHGH VRQ PDvWUH &KHOYDNHVDYDUD\D 0XGDOLDU TXL SRVVpGDLW XQH FRSLH GX FRPPHQWDLUH GH 0DQDNNXWWDYDU GLYLVDQW DLQVL OH /LYUH GH O¶$PRXU $ FH WpPRLJQDJH V¶DMRXWH FHOXL GH OD QRWH PDQXVFULWH G¶XQ H[HPSODLUH G¶XQH pGLWLRQ GX 7LUXNNXUDO .DPDWWXSDO DYHF OHV FRPPHQWDLUHV GH .DOLQNDU HW 3DULSSHUXPDOSXEOLpHj7LUXSDWLHQHWSURSULpWpGH566DPEDVLYD6DUPDOXLPrPHpGLWHXUHQ  G¶XQH YHUVLRQ GX .XUDO DYHF OH FRPPHQWDLUH GH 0DQDNNXWDYDU &HWWH QRWH GpFULW HQ IRUPH GH WDEOH GX FRQWHQX GHX[ PDQXVFULWV DYHF OH FRPPHQWDLUH GH 3DULPHODODNDU SUpVHQWDQW OH PrPH GpFRXSDJH-¶DLFpGpjODWHQWDWLRQGHUHVWLWXHUGLVFUqWHPHQWFHGpFRXSDJHGDQVODPLVHHQSDJHGHPD WUDGXFWLRQ

0DLVLOQHV¶DJLWSOXVGHUHPSODFHUXQHJULOOHGHOHFWXUHSDUXQHDXWUH,OV¶DJLWVXUWRXWGHWHQWHUGHVH UDSSURFKHUOHSOXVSRVVLEOHGHODOHFWXUHODSOXVDXWKHQWLTXHPHQWWDPRXOHGX/LYUHGHO¶$PRXUHWSRXU FHODLOIDXWUHYHQLUHQFRUHVXUODQRWLRQGHWLQDLFHWWHIRLVFLHQFRPSDJQLHGHO¶,UDL\DQDU$NDSSRUXO &H WLWUH UHQYRLH DX SUHPLHU RXYUDJH WDPRXO pFULW HQ SURVH ,O VH SUpVHQWH FRPPH OH FRPPHQWDLUH UHWUDQVPLV j WUDYHUV SOXVLHXUV JpQpUDWLRQV j SDUWLU G¶XQ FHUWDLQ 1DNNLUDU VHXO LQWHUSUqWH DXWRULVp G¶XQ WH[WHPLUDFXOHXVHPHQWUHWURXYppFULWSDUOH6HLJQHXU6KLYDOXLPrPHHWGHVWLQpjGRQQHUWRXWOHXUVHQV DX[°XYUHVOLWWpUDLUHVSDVVpHVGRQWODFRPSUpKHQVLRQV¶HVWSHUGXHjODVXLWHG¶XQHORQJXHIDPLQH2U TXHSUpWHQGFHWH[WH",OHVWIRUPHOLOWUDLWH©GXWDPRXOªDXWUHPHQWGLWGHO¶DPRXUOHTXHOV¶H[SULPHj WUDYHUV FLQT PRGHV RX WLQDL  1RXV VRPPHV j OD ILQ GX 9,,qPH VLqFOH j 0DGXUDL DX PRPHQW R OD G\QDVWLH 3DQG\D UpDIILUPH VRQ DXWRULWp HW UHIRQGH VD OpJLWLPLWp (OOH IDLW OD SODFH OD SOXV ODUJH DX WULRPSKHGHODEKDNWLEUDKPDQLTXHVXUOHVKpUpVLHVERXGGKLVWHRXMDLQGRQWOH.XUDODXUDLWSXSRUWHUOD WUDFH PDLV HQ PrPH WHPSV IDFH j O¶LQYDVLRQ GH OD FXOWXUH VDQVFULWH HOOH YHXW UHVWDXUHU OD OpJLWLPLWp G¶XQFODVVLFLVPHWDPRXOTXLVHUpYHLOOH(QPrPHWHPSVTX¶LOUpDIILUPHTXHODYLVLRQGHVFLQTWLQDLHVW IRQGDPHQWDOHGDQVODO\ULTXHDPRXUHXVHWDPRXOHOHFRPPHQWDLUHGH1DNNLUDULQYLWHWUqVVXEWLOHPHQWj ODUHFRQVWUXLUHPDLVVDQVFRQWUHGLUHGLUHFWHPHQWOH7RONDSSL\DP(QUDSSHODQWG¶HQWUpHGHMHXTXHOD IRUPHG¶XQLRQSDUH[FHOOHQFHHQSRpVLHOHPDULDJHGHVPXVLFLHQVFpOHVWHVOHV*DQGKDUYDQ¶DSDVVD SODFH GDQV QRWUH PRQGH QDWXUHO PDLV TX¶HOOH Q¶HVW TX¶XQH YLVLRQ SXUHPHQW LPDJLQDLUH © &¶HVW EHDX F¶HVW ERQ oD Q¶H[LVWH SDV ª GLWLO EUXWDOHPHQW LO LQYLWH OHV WKpRULFLHQV DEVWUDLWV j PHWWUH GDQV OHXU DSSURFKH SOXV GH VRXSOHVVH HW SOXV GH VLPSOH KXPDQLWp $X IXU HW j PHVXUH TX¶LO LQYHQWRULH OHV

18

VLWXDWLRQV VXFFHVVLYHV HW OHV LOOXVWUH SDU OD VpULH FRQWLQXH TXH FRQVWLWXH OH 3DQWLNNRYDL HW VHV  VWURSKHVLORXYUHODYRLHDXFKHUFKHXUG¶DXMRXUG¶KXLTXLGpPRQWUHTXHG¶XQHFHUWDLQHIDoRQOHVFLQT WLQDLVRQWELHQVHSW

5DSSHOH]YRXVFHVGHX[VLWXDWLRQVH[WUrPHVTXLQ¶DYDLHQWSDVSODFHGDQV OHVFLQTSD\VDJHVO¶DPRXU XQLODWpUDO HW O¶DPRXU LPSRVVLEOH PDO DVVRUWL (K ELHQ SOXVLHXUV pOpPHQWV GH FHV GHX[ PRGHV G¶H[LVWHQFHUHMHWpVRQWLQVSLUpGHVSRqPHVTXLRQWSDUIDLWHPHQWOHXUSODFHGDQVOHVPRGHVWUDGLWLRQQHOV TX¶LO V¶DJLVVH GH O¶pPRL HW GHV LQWHUURJDWLRQV VXVFLWpHV DYDQW OD SUHPLqUH XQLRQ SDU OD GpFRXYHUWH LQRSLQpHGHO¶DXWUHHWGHVWURXEOHVTXHFHODVXVFLWHRXTX¶LOV¶DJLVVHGHVPXOWLSOHVIRUPHVGHO¶DEVHQFH TXLRQWWRXWHVSRXUFRPPXQGpQRPLQDWHXUOHODUJHVSHFWUHGHVVRXIIUDQFHVGHODWULVWHVVHDXGpVHVSRLU 6LOHVIRUPHVOHVSOXVH[WUrPHVUHVWHQWEDQQLHVFHVGHX[FDWpJRULHVQ¶HQVRQWSDVPRLQVGHVpOpPHQWV FRQVWLWXWLIVGHODOLWWpUDWXUHGX6DQJDPDXPrPHWLWUHTXHOHVFLQTDXWUHVFDWpJRULHV /H/LYUHGHO¶$PRXUV¶LQWqJUHGRQFSDUIDLWHPHQWjO¶XQLYHUVGHODSRpVLHO\ULTXHWDPRXOHGX6DQJDP &HODVLJQLILHHQWUHDXWUHVTX¶LOV¶pSDQRXLWDXVHLQGHODQDWXUHHWGXSHXSOHWDPRXODXPrPHWLWUHSDU H[HPSOHTXHODSOXVLPSRUWDQWHGHVDXWUHVDQWKRORJLHVGHWH[WHVG¶DPRXUO¶$NDQDQXUXGRQWOHGHUQLHU H[FHOOHQWWUDGXFWHXUHQDQJODLV*HRUJH/+DUWpFULWTXH©6HVMHX[G¶LPDJHVSHXYHQWrWUHVDLVLVVDQWVHW VXEOLPHVGDYDQWDJHOHXUpYRFDWLRQGHODYLHG¶LO\DDQVGDQVWRXVVHVDVSHFWVVRQQHYUDL$X WUDYHUVGHVHVSRqPHVQRXVSRXYRQVHQWUHUGDQVXQPRQGHTXLYLWHWTXLUHVSLUHXQPRQGHGDQVOHTXHO QRXV SRXYRQV YLYUH QRWUH H[SpULHQFH FRPPH V¶LO pWDLW OH Q{WUH ª (W IDLW HVVHQWLHO LO HQFKDvQH j FH SURSRVVXUFHSRqPHGH.DSLODUTXLHVWXQKRPPDJHDX[.XUDOGH9DOOXYDUH[WUDLWGHOD*XLUODQGHGH 7LUXYDOOXYDU  ³2 \RX RI D IHUWLOH ODQG  ZKHUH KHQV VOHHS LQ WKH KRXVH  WR WKH VLQJLQJ RI ZRPHQ SRXQGLQJWKHJUDLQWKHEUHDWKRI9DOOXYDQ¶VYHQSDVLVOLNHDWLQ\GURSRIZDWHUVPDOOHUWKDQDPLOOHW VHHGDQGLWUHIOHFWVWKHH[WHQWRIDJUHDWSDOP\UD´

&¶HVW ELHQ HQ HIIHW OD PrPH ,QGH SURIRQGH TXL YLEUH j WUDYHUV OHV UHODWLYHPHQW ORQJV SRqPHV GH O¶$NDQDQXUXHWOHVEUHIVGLVWLTXHVGX.XUDO-HQ¶HQGRQQHUDLTX¶XQH[HPSOHSHXWrWUHOHSOXVIUDSSDQW (Q HIIHW VL OD SDVVLRQ EU€OH GDQV OH VHFUHW GHV F°XUV YRLU OHV FKDSLWUHV  HW  R O¶DPDQWH V¶HQ SUHQGUHVSHFWLYHPHQWjVHV\HX[SXLVjVRQSURSUHF°XUTXLWRXVGHX[VHGpUREHQWjVRQFRQWU{OHULHQ QHSHXWpFKDSSHUDX[UHJDUGVGXYLOODJHHW©ODUXPHXUSXEOLTXHªHVWXQFRQFHSWDVVH]LPSRUWDQWSRXU PpULWHUXQFKDSLWUHHQWLHU/DSUHVVLRQGHODVRFLpWpSqVHORXUGVXUOHFRXSOHDYDQWPrPHTX¶LODLW pWpRIILFLDOLVpSDUOHPDULDJH&HWWHUXPHXUDDXVVLVHVDVSHFWVSRVLWLIVFDUO¶LQIOXHQFHTX¶HOOHH[HUFHVXU OHVIDPLOOHVHVWYRORQWLHUVIDYRUDEOHDX[DPRXUHX[TX¶HOOHHQFRXUDJHLQGLUHFWHPHQW©3OXVRQVHJULVH SOXVRQYHXWERLUHSOXVRQHQSDUOHSOXVO¶DPRXUP¶DJUpHª 6LDXFRQWUDLUHO¶DPDQWVHKHXUWHjXQUHIXVLOSHXWVHOLYUHUPrPHjXQHIRUPHGHFKDQWDJHHQIDLVDQW pWDODJHGHVDSDVVLRQDX[\HX[GHWRXWOHYLOODJH&¶HVWOHSKpQRPqQHHWKQRJUDSKLTXHWUqVSDUWLFXOLHUj ODYLHWDPRXOHTX¶RQDSSHOOHODFKHYDXFKpHGX PDWDOjODTXHOOHHVWFRQVDFUpGHIDoRQWUqVLQDWWHQGXH WRXW XQ FKDSLWUH  6RXV VD IRUPH EpQLJQH F¶HVW XQH VRUWH GH FKDULYDUL DX FRXUV GXTXHO O¶DPDQW PDOKHXUHX[ HVW FRQGXLWVXU XQH VRUWH GH FKHYDO G¶DUoRQ HQ µIHXLOOHV¶ GH SDOPLHU j WUDYHUV OHV UXHV GX YLOODJHGDQVXQDFFRXWUHPHQWTXLVRXOLJQHO¶DFFXHLOPpSULVDQWTXLOXLDpWpUpVHUYpSDUODIDPLOOHGHVD ELHQDLPpHGRQWLOWLHQWXQSRUWUDLWGDQVVHVPDLQV,OHVWFHQVpGHPHXUHUDXFDUUHIRXUSULQFLSDOH[SRVp DX[\HX[GHWRXVjWRXWHVOHVLQWHPSpULHV,OOXLDUULYHPrPHGHFKDQWHUVRQPDOKHXUHWRQDTXHOTXHV pFKDQWLOORQVGHWHOOHVGpSORUDWLRQV2QDGpQRPEUpGDQVOHVDQWKRORJLHVGX6DQJDPMXVTX¶jSRqPHV TXL PHWWHQW FH VFHQDULR HQ VFqQH 7RXWHIRLV RQ V¶HQ WLHQW SOXV VRXYHQW j OD PHQDFH GX VFDQGDOH TXL VXIILWjFRQYDLQFUHHWSHUPHWG¶pYLWHUO¶pSUHXYH1RWRQVHQSDVVDQWTXHOHVGLVWLTXHVUHODWLIVDXPDWDO IRQW SDUWLH GHV  GLVWLTXHV GRQW $ULHO DYDLW RPLV OD WUDGXFWLRQ GDQV VRQ HQYRL j 3DULV 9RXODLWLO V¶pSDUJQHUODORQJXHGHVFULSWLRQTXHMHYRXVLPSRVHRXSHQVDLWLOTXHFHWpSLVRGHQHJUDQGLVVDLWSDVOH SRqPH"

8 _{Prakash Venkatesan, communication présentée à Hambourg au cours d’un Colloque du 6-8 octobre 2014,« Kaikkillai and Peruntinai,}

The constitutive principles of Tinai tradition » draft de la communication à paraître de Pondichéry, 2015. Citation du Tiruvalluvamalai 5 page XIV.

9 _{The Four Hundred Songs of Love, An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil The Akananuru, translated and annotated by George L.}

Hart, Regards sur l’Asie du Sud / South Asian Perspectives-7, Institut Français de Pondichéry, 2015. Citation du Tiruvalluvamalai 5 page XIV.

19

0DLVFHWWHYHUVLRQIDYRULWHGHODILFWLRQOLWWpUDLUHGLVVLPXOHXQHDXWUHIDFHGXPDWDOTXHODSRpVLHLJQRUH HWTXHQRXVUpYqOHXQFRPPHQWDLUHGX;9,,,qPHVLqFOHjXQH°XYUHFRQQXHGX;,,,qPHVLqFOH1RXV EDVFXORQVDORUVGDQVXQHYpULWDEOHRUGDOLHSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWFUXHOOH7RXWFHTXLSUpFqGHQ¶pWDLWTXHOD SUHPLqUHpWDSH6LOHKpURVFRQILUPHDORUVTX¶LOHVWELHQGpFLGpjFKHYDXFKHUOHPDWDORQSUpYLHQWOH URL  VHV RIILFLHUV FRQILUPHQW VRQ DFFRUG /H KpURV TXL SRUWH DX FRX XQH JXLUODQGH G¶RV HW GHV IOHXUV FRPPXQHVPDORGRUDQWHVHWVRXYHQWjODWH[GRQWRQSDUHG¶KDELWXGHXQFRQGDPQpjPRUWRXOHFDGDYUH G¶XQFpOLEDWDLUHFKHYDXFKHELHQ©ODIHXLOOHGHSDOPLHUªF¶HVWjGLUHOHSpWLROHTXLUHOLHOHVIHXLOOHVGX ERUDVVXVjODWLJHRXVWLSH&HVSpWLROHVVRQWERUGpVGHFKDTXH F{WpG¶XQUDQJG¶pSLQHVpSDLVVHV WUqV GXUHV TXL IRUPHQW GHX[ VRUWHV GH VFLHV DX[ JURVVHV GHQWV DFpUpHV TXL DX PRLQGUH PRXYHPHQW VH WUDQVIRUPHQWHQLQVWUXPHQWGHWRUWXUH'HMHXQHVJDUoRQVWLUHQWDORUVOH©FKHYDOªjWUDYHUVODYLOOH6L OHKpURVGRQWOHVDVSpULWpVGHVSpWLROHVFLVDLOOHQWOHVFXLVVHVjODPRLQGUHVHFRXVVHQHUpSDQGTXHGX VSHUPHHQpYLGHQFHGHVRQFRXUDJHHWGHVDYLULOLWpLOHVWLQYLWpSDUWRXWHODFLWpjpSRXVHUVDEHOOH6LOH VDQJFRXOHLOHVWPLVjPRUWRXGRLWDXPRLQVTXLWWHUODYLOOH&¶HVWOHVRXYHQLURFFXOWpGHFHWWHRUGDOLH TXL IDLW GX PDWDO XQ V\PEROH XQLTXH YUDLPHQW WUqV IRUW MXVWLILDQW OD SODFH TXH OXL GRQQH OH /LYUH GH O¶$PRXU $X ,;qPH VLqFOH O¶XQ GHV SOXV JUDQGV SRqWHV GH OD OLWWpUDWXUH GH %KDNWL YLVKQRXLWH 7LUXPDQNDL $OYDU FRPSRVH GHX[ SRqPHV VXU OH WKqPH GX PDWDO HW FHWWH IRLV F¶HVW O¶KpURwQH GRQF O¶kPH GX GpYRW pSULV GH .ULVKQD TXL YHXW FKHYDXFKHU OH PDWDO 7UqV FRQVFLHQWH TXH OHV FRQYHQWLRQV OLWWpUDLUHV WDPRXOHV LQWHUGLVHQW FH JHVWH DX[ IHPPHV F¶HVW PrPH O¶REMHW G¶XQ GLVWLTXH  HOOH MXVWLILH VD FRQGXLWH SDU OHV RXWUDQFHV GRQW VRQW FDSDEOHV OHV IHPPHV GX 1RUG TXL QH UHFXOHQW GHYDQW DXFXQH[FqVSRXUH[SULPHUOHSDUR[\VPHGHOHXUDPRXUSRXU'LHX

(QGHKRUVGHFHFDVH[FHSWLRQQHOVLOH/LYUHGHO¶$PRXUQ¶LJQRUHULHQGHVFRQYHQWLRQVSRpWLTXHVGX µSD\VDJHLQWpULHXU¶SDVSOXVTXHGHSOXVLHXUVGpWDLOVVSpFLILTXHVGHODYLHGXSHXSOHWDPRXOLODSOXW{W UHVVHUUpHWGpOLEpUpPHQWLQWpULRULVpOHFKDPSGXO\ULVPHDPRXUHX[VHFRQFHQWUDQWVXUO¶HVVHQWLHOGDQV XQHVW\OLVDWLRQGpSRXLOOpHGHWRXWSLWWRUHVTXHVXSHUIOX'DQVFHWWHSHUVSHFWLYHOH/LYUHGHO¶DPRXUGH 7LUXYDOOXYDU DSSDUDvW GRQF DX ILQDO FRPPH XQH YLVLRQ DUFKpW\SDOH GH OD SRpWLTXH WUDGLWLRQQHOOH GX 6DQJDPHWGHVFLQTUpJLRQVGHVRQSD\VDJHLQWpULHXU&HODOXLFRQIqUHDXVHLQGHODOLWWpUDWXUHWDPRXOH XQU{OHXQLTXHTXLOXLYDXWG¶rWUHFRQVLGpUpDYHFOHVGHX[DXWUHVOLYUHVGX.XUDOFRPPHXQHVRUWHGH 9HGD WDPRXO $LQVL V¶DFKqYH QRWUH SUDGDNVKLQD DXWRXU GX VDQFWXDLUH GX /LYUH GH O¶$PRXU -H YRXV LQYLWHGpVRUPDLVjHQWUHUGDQVOHWH[WHOXLPrPHSRXUHQPLHX[VDYRXUHUORQJXHPHQWFKDTXHGLVWLTXH                     

10 _{Commentaire de Cokkan de Kunrattur à la strophe 101 du Tancaivanankovai.}

11 _{Voir Friedhelm}