Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨ-ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɟɨɛɥɢɤɜɚɬɢɜ ɜ ɬɭɪɚ:
gbíélaڦ
‘ɜɨɥɨɱɢɬɶ’ vs.
gbíé
‘ɬɹɧɭɬɶ (ɡɚ)’
1. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɭɪɚ,1 ɜɵ-ɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ |-LAڦ| [ɂɞɢɚɬɨɜ 2003, 2009; Idiatov 2008]2. ɇɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ|-LAڦ| ɦɚɪɤɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ.3 ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬ-ɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ (1) ɢ (2) ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦyàà ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɦ yàlaڦ. Ɉɛɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɢɦɟ-ɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ‘ɫɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ’. (1) . Yàlaڦ! ɫɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ.LAڦ ‘ɋɚɞɢɫɶ!’ b. *Yàà! ɫɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ ‘ɋɚɞɢɫɶ!’ 1 əɡɵɤ ɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɦɚɧɞɟ. Ɉɧ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɇɚɧ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ Ʉɨɬ ɞ’ɂɜɭɚɪɚ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 40 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. 2 Ɍɨɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:aڦ (ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɬɨɧ),á (ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɬɨɧ), à (ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɬɨɧ), (ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɬɨɧ). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɟlɢn, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟªɢmɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ. Ɂɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɟɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɨ-ɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ, ɚ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɨ-ɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ — ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ. ɇɨɬɚɰɢɹ |-LAڦ| ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ-lÞڦɩɨɫɥɟÞ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟdÞڟlÞڦ ‘ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ; ɠɞɚɬɶ’ (ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ dÞڟ ‘ɫɬɨɹɬɶ; ɠɞɚɬɶ; ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ’); ɞɥɹ -naڦ۞ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟziڟ۞naڦ۞ ‘ɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ, ɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɫɹ’ (ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦziڟ۞ ‘ɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ’); ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ-laڦɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟsèèlaڦ ‘ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ; ɩɟɪɟ-ɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ’. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-ɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ |-LAڦ|. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ CVV ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ CV, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜyàlaڦ ‘ɫɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ’, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚyàà ‘ɫɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ’. 3 Ɍɭɪɚ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɦ ɦɚɧɞɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ A-O-V-X ɜ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɢ S-V-X ɜ ɢɧɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɏ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɦɚɪ-ɤɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɟɥɨɝɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɚɡ-ɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ|-LAڦ| ɡɧɚɱɟ-ɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɥɢ ɏ ɩɨɫɥɟɥɨɝɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ.
(2) a. Yàà gb nŲۡڦ t ! ɫɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɭɥ ɊɊ ‘ɋɚɞɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɥ!’ b. ?Yàlaڦ gb nŲۡڦ t ! ɫɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ.LAڦ ɫɬɭɥ ɊɊ ‘ɋɚɞɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɥ!’ Ⱦɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ |-LAڦ| ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ-ɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ʌɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɚɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹ-ɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ |-LAڦ|, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɶ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɏ. Ʌɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟ ɧɚ|-LAڦ|, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɧɚ |-LAڦ| ɢ ɨɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɏ. ɇɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ|-LAڦ| ɜ ɬɭɪɚ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟ-ɝɨ, ɧɚ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɰɢɩɚɧɬɚ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,|-LAڦ| ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɚɧɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɢ [ɉɥɭɧɝɹɧ 2000:214]. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɚɧɬɧɚɹ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ “ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵ-ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ”, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɚɤɬɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ⱦɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ|-LAڦ| ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɨɛɫɬɨɹ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɰɢɩɚɧɬɚ: ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ-ɧɵɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɝɦɚ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ; ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɩɟɪɟ-ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ (ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɞɨ-ɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ). ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ |-LAڦ| ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ — ɤɚɤ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɚɧɬɧɚɹ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɹ, ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ|-LAڦ| ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ. ɉɪɢ-ɱɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɭɠɟ ɭɬɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɞɢɨɦɚ-ɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɦɨɠ-ɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ [ɉɥɭɧɝɹɧ 2000: 218],
ɞɟɨɛɴ-ɟɤɬɢɜ (“deobjective”), ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ (“indefinite object
deletion”) ɢɥɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɜ (“absolutive”) [Haspelmath & Müller-Bardey 2004: 1131]. ɉɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ |-LAڦ| ɜ ɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ (ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ)
ɞɟ-ɨɛɥɢɤɜɚɬɢɜ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ (locative) deobliquative ɢɥɢ deoblique)
[Idiatov 2008; ɂɞɢɚɬɨɜ 2009].4 ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ 4 Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɨɤɚɬɢɜ, ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɜ. Ⱦɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ|-LAڦ| ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɭ ɚɤɬɚɧɬɧɨ-ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ [Haspelmath & Müller-Bardey 2004], ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɚɤɬɚɧɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɰɢɩɚɧɬɚ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ |-LAڦ|, ɜ ɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ-ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɟɨɛɥɢɤ-ɜɚɬɢɜ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ (1) ɢ (2)) ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨ-ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɟɨɛɥɢɤɞɟɨɛɥɢɤ-ɜɚɬɢɜ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨ-ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɞɟɨɛɥɢɤɜɚɬɢɜ-ɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ |-LAڦ| ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚgbíé ‘ɬɹ-ɧɭɬɶ (ɡɚ) ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ’ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚgbíélaڦ ‘ɜɨɥɨɱɢɬɶ, ɭɜɨ-ɥɚɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ (ɩɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ)’. Ɉɛɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɧɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟ-ɤɚɭɡɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ gbíé ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 2. ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚgbíélaڦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 3. ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɦ 4, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɞɵɬɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. 2. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥgbíé Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ gbíé ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ‘ɬɹɧɭɬɶ ɡɚ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ’ (3–4ɚ), ‘ɬɹɧɭɬɶ, ɬɚɳɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ (ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɤ ɫɟɛɟ)’ (4b–5), ‘ɜɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ, ɜɞɵɯɚɬɶ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ)’ (6) ɢ ɬ. ɩ. (3) Í kpaۡڮ=ŲڦŲڦ kpŲڦŲڦ gbɠņ-é, ké yΗó
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ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɬɶɫɹ\PFV-PFV ɬɹɧɭɬɶ ɞɟɥɨ\IZF PP
‘ȿɫɥɢ ɬɵ ɩɨɬɹɧɭɥ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɨɯɲɢɣ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ, ɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɥɫɹ (ɛɭɤɜ.: ‘ɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɬɹɧɭɬ’), [ɬɨ ɡɚɬɨɥɤɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɜ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɢ]’ (ɩɨ-ɫɥɨɜɢɰɚ) [Bearth & Bearth-Braun 1972: 48].
(4) È ªŲڮ=ŲڦŲڦ gbíé-ɠì. 3SGIb ɜɟɪɟɜɤɚ ɬɹɧɭɬɶ-PROG ɚ. ‘Ɉɧ ɬɹɧɟɬ ɡɚ ɜɟɪɟɜɤɭ’ b. ‘Ɉɧ ɬɹɧɟɬ ɜɟɪɟɜɤɭ’ (5) È gΕlΕ gbíé-ɠì. 3SGIb ɩɢɪɨɝɚ ɬɹɧɭɬɶ-PROG ɚ. ‘Ɉɧ ɬɹɧɟɬ / ɬɚɳɢɬ [ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ] ɩɢɪɨɝɭ [ɩɨ ɜɨɞɟ]’. b. ‘Ɉɧ ɬɹɧɟɬ (ɡɚ) ɩɢɪɨɝɭ’ (6) Aۡڦ w maۡڦiۡڦmaۡڲiۡڲ gbíé-ɠì. 1SGIb ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɹɧɭɬɶ-PROG ‘ə ɜɞɵɯɚɸ / ɜɬɹɝɢɜɚɸ [ɜ ɫɟɛɹ] ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ’. ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ «ɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ» (“removal of an indirect object or an oblique argument”).
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ [giڦ ‘ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ’ + gbíé] ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ‘ɜɵɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ (ɪɭɤɭ, ɧɨɝɭ)’ (7), ‘ɜɵɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ, ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɷɥɚ-ɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ)’ (8). (7) À é kÞڮÞڮ giڦ gbíé. 1SGIb 3SG.LOGV ɪɭɤɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɹɧɭɬɶ ‘Ɉɧ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɥ (ɫɜɨɸ) ɪɭɤɭ’ [NTMAT: 8.3]. (8) È lΗ͡ڲ giڦ gbíé-ɠì. 3SGIb ɤɚɭɱɭɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɹɧɭɬɶ-PROG ‘Ɉɧ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɥ / ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɥ ɪɟɡɢɧɤɭ’ Ɇɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ (9), ɝɞɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ gbíé ɛɵɥ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧ ɫ ɨɛ-ɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ. (9) ...lè pè wŲڟɠ mŲۡڲŲۡڲ bΗ laڦ ͡ڲ dó CNJ 3SGV POSS ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ\IZF PL ɬɨɬ 3PLV ɨɞɢɧ ké=eڦ é ª sɠ ͡ڲ wŲڦŲڦ gbìè-é giڦ. ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ=PM 3SG.LOGV POSS ɦɟɱ ɬɹɧɭɬɶ\PFV-PFV 3SGV PP ‘[Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɥɢ, ɧɚɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɧɚ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɢ ɜɡɹɥɢ ȿɝɨ.] ɂ ɜɨɬ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɫ ɧɢɦ (=ɂɢɫɭɫɨɦ) ɜɵɯɜɚɬɢɥ ɫɜɨɣ ɦɟɱ [ɢ, ɭɞɚɪɢɜ ɪɚɛɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ-ɧɢɤɚ, ɨɬɫɟɤ ɟɦɭ ɭɯɨ]’ [NTMAT: 26.51] Ɉɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ giڦ ‘ɜ ɧɟɦ’, ɝɞɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟ-ɧɢɟ 3SGV ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɭɡɢɪɭɟ-ɦɵɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹé ª sɠ ͡ڲ wŲڦŲڦ ‘ɫɜɨɣ ɦɟɱ’. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ (9) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ-ɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦ ɬɢɩɚ (7–8) ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɟɫɫɨɪɚ (é ª sɠ ͡ڲ wŲڦŲڦ ‘ɫɜɨɣ ɦɟɱ’) ɫ ɟɝɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ (é ª sɠ ͡ڲ wŲڦŲڦ ‘ɫɜɨɣ ɦɟɱ’ = 3SGV). Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ (9) ɏ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ giڦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ (7–8) ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɏ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ “ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ” ɱɚɫɬɢgiڦ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟ-ɧɢɹ , ɤɨɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɫɫɨɪɭ é ª sɠ ͡ڲ wŲڦŲڦ ‘ɫɜɨɣ ɦɟɱ’, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-ɞɢɦɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ giڦ ‘ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ’ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɥɨɝ ‘ɜ’, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ ‘ɜɧɭɬɪɢ’. 3. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥgbíélaڦ Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ gbíélaڦ. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ gbíélaڦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ gbíé, ɩɪɟɢɦɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ. ȿɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ — ‘ɜɨɥɨɱɢɬɶ, ɭɜɨɥɚɤɢ-ɜɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ (ɩɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ)’. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥgbíélaڦ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚsaڦ á ‘ɩɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ’ ɢ é peڦ ‘ɪɹɞɨɦ / ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ’ (10–11).
(10) È ªŲڮ=ŲڦŲڦ gbíélaڦ-ɠì {saڦ á} {é peڦ}.
3SGIb ɜɟɪɟɜɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɱɢɬɶ-PROG ɩɨ.ɡɟɦɥɟ 3SG.LOGV PP
(11) È gŲۡڮŲۡڮ gbíélaڦ-ɠì {saڦ á} {é peڦ}. 3SGIb ɧɨɝɚ ɜɨɥɨɱɢɬɶ-PROG ɩɨ.ɡɟɦɥɟ 3SG.LOGV PP ‘Ɉɧ ɢɞɟɬ ɜɨɥɨɱɚ ɧɨɝɢ {ɩɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ / ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ}’ ɋɪ. (10) ɫ gbíélaڦ ɢ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ (4) ɫ gbíé. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ (12) ɢ (13). ȼ (12), ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧgbíélaڦ, ɤɚɭɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟ-ɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɞ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɯɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ (13), ɝɞɟ ɤɚɭɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɟɲɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɝɥɚɝɨɥgbíé. (12) È bó-ó pŲڮlŲڮ-aڦ, lè wΕ 3PLIb ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ\PFV-PFV ɩɚɞɚɬɶ-DEP CNJ 3PLIa 3SGV gbíélá á, lè wΕ gó ó naۡڲ=á ɜɨɥɨɱɢɬɶ\PFV PFV CNJ 3PLIa ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ\PFV PFV CNJ:3SG=PP pŲڦŲڟ yaۡڦaۡڲ ª . ɝɨɪɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ PP ‘[ɇɨ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɧɬɢɨɯɢɢ ɢ ɂɤɨɧɢɢ ɢɭɞɟɢ ɢ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɜ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɩɨɛɢɥɢ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ] ɢ ɜɵɬɚɳɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɪɨɞ (ɛɭɤɜ.: ‘ɨɧ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɚɥ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɭɜɨɥɨɤ-ɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɲɭɜɨɥɨɤ-ɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ’), [ɞɭɦɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɟɪɬɜ]’ [ACT: 14.19]. (13) WΕ kӢ-Ӣ, lè wΕ gbìè-é, lè 3PLIa 3SGV ɯɜɚɬɚɬɶ\PFV-PFV CNJ 3PLIa 3SGV ɬɹɧɭɬɶ\PFV-PFV CNJ wΕ gó-ó naۡڲ=á pŲڦŲڟ yaۡڦaۡڲ ª . 3PLIa ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ\PFV-PFV CNJ:3SG=PP ɝɨɪɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ PP ‘[ȼɫɟ ɩɨɞɧɹɥɢ ɤɪɢɤ, ɡɚɬɤɧɭɥɢ ɭɲɢ, ɞɪɭɠɧɨ] ɛɪɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ; ɢ, ɜɵɬɚɳɢɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɪɨɞ (ɛɭɤɜ.: ‘Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɬɹɧɭɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɲɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ’), [ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɛɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ]’ [ACT: 7:58] Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ [leڦ ‘ɤɪɚɣ, ɤɨɧɱɢɤ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ’ + gbíélaڦ + é wŲڟɠ ‘ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ’] ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ‘ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ (ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɦɢ, ɢɞɟɹɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) (ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ — é wŲڟɠ )’.
(14) ...lè eڦ ªá mŲۡڲŲۡڲ kpé kpaڦá leڦ gbíélá-á
CNJ 3SGIa ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɜɨɥɨɱɢɬɶ\PFV-PFV é wŲڟɠ. 3SG.LOGV PP ‘[ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɂɭɞɚ Ƚɚɥɢɥɟɹɧɢɧ ɜ ɞɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɢ] ɢ ɭɜɥɟɤ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɡɚ ɫɨ-ɛɨɣ. [ɉɨɝɢɛ ɢ ɨɧ, ɢ ɜɫɟ, ɤɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ, ɪɚɫɫɵɩɚɥɢɫɶ]’ [ACT:5.37] 4. Ⱦɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɹ:gbîe ࣰ gbíélaڦ ɉɨɞɵɬɨɠɢɜɚɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢgbíé ɢ gbíélaڦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ 1) ɝɥɚɝɨɥ gbíélaڦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɭɡɢɪɭɟ-ɦɵɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɏ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ-ɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ gbíé ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢ ɩɨ
ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɏ ɧɢɤɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ; 2) ɝɥɚɝɨɥgbíélaڦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɏ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟ-ɧɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɩɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤgbíé ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɦ-ɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ. ɋɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ gbíélaڦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɏ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬ-ɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤgbíé ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢ, ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɏ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɚɝɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ gbíé ɢ gbíélaڦ, ɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ gbíélaڦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɬ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚgbíé ‘ɬɹɧɭɬɶ’, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɵɣ ɫ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɧ-ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɜ (9). ɇɚɩɨɦɧɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜ (9) ɦɟɫɬɨ-ɢɦɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ giڦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟ-ɧɢɸ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɤɚɭɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɏ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨé ª sɠ ͡ڲ wŲڦŲڦ ‘ɫɜɨɣ ɦɟɱ’. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢgbíélaڦ, ɏ ɜ (9) ɩɪɢ gbíé ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɢ-ɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ (9), ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢgbíélaڦ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ gbíé, ɨɞ-ɧɚɤɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ, ɱɬɨ ɏ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ gbíélaڦ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɢɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦsaڦ á ‘ɩɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ’. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚ-ɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟgbíélaڦ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ
Ia,Ib... – ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, DEP – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣɝɥɚɝɨɥ, CNJ – ɫɨɸɡ, COND – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ, FOC – ɮɨɤɭɫ, IZF – ɢɡɚɮɟɬ, LOG – ɥɨɝɨɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ,NEG – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ,PFV – ɩɟɪɮɟɤɬɢɜ,PL– ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫ-ɥɨ,PM – ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ (ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞ-ɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɥɨɤɭɫɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ), POSS – ɩɨɫɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ,ɊɊ – ɩɨɫɥɟɥɨɝ,PROG – ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜ,SG – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ACT Ⱦɟɹɧɢɹ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɭɪɚ NTMAT ɇɨɜɵɣ Ɂɚɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɭɪɚ ɂɞɢɚɬɨɜ, Ⱦ.ɂ. 2003. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɭɪɚ (Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ, ɫɟɦɶɹ ɦɚɧɞɟ): ɷɥɟ-ɦɟɧɬ |-LAڦ|. Ɇɚɝ. ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɋɉɛȽɍ. ɂɞɢɚɬɨɜ, Ⱦ.ɂ. 2009. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɹ: ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɭɪɚ // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ 2. 66–74. ɉɥɭɧɝɹɧ, ȼ.A. 2000. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ: ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ. Ɇ.: ɗɞɢɬɨɪɢɚɥ ɍɊɋɋ. Bearth, Thomas & Ilse Bearth-Braun. 1972. Ween-meebo kaan pianbo: Proverbes toura. Abidjan:SIL.
Haspelmath, Martin & Thomas Müller-Bardey. 2004. Valence change // Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds.). Morphology: A handbook on in-flection and word formation, Vol. 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1130–1145.
Idiatov, Dmitry. 2008. Antigrammaticalization, antimorphologization and the case of Tura // Elena Seoane, María José López-Couso & (in collaboration with) Teresa Fanego (eds.), Theoreti-cal and empiriTheoreti-cal issues in grammatiTheoreti-calization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 151–169.
