doi:10.3166/R2IE.1.291-304 © 2009 Lavoisier SAS. Tous droits réservés
Étude sur l’origine et les fondements de l’intelligence territoriale : l’intelligence territoriale comme une simple déclinaison
de l’intelligence économique à l’échelle du territoire ?
³ Par Maud Pelissier
Maître de conférences à l’Université de Saint-Etienne (FRE CNRS 2938)
Résumé
L’intelligence territoriale est un concept nomade, une notion au contenu et aux contours encore fluctuants. Cet article se propose d’éclaircir quelques zones d’ombres en partant d’une comparaison avec une notion voisine et bénéficiant d’une popularité plus grande, l’intelligence économique. Cette étude d’essence comparative montre comment deux approches divergentes de l’intelligence territoriale coexistent, chacune reposant sur une conception distincte du territoire et du développement. © 2009 Lavoisier SAS. Tous droits réservés
Mots clés : intelligence territoriale, définition, fondements, approche ascendante, approche descendante, étude comparative
Abstract
Study on the origin and foundations of territorial intelligence: what relations with the notion of competitive intelligence? Territorial intelligence is a nomadic concept, with a content and contours still fluctuating. This article aims to clarify this concept introducing a comparison with a related notion and enjoying greater popularity, competitive intelligence. This comparative study shows how two divergent approaches of territorial intelligence co-exist, each based on a distinct conception of territory and development. © 2009 Lavoisier SAS. All rights reserved
Keywords: : territorial intelligence foundations , top down approach, bottom up approach
Introduction
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« L’espace n’est pas neutre, et le corollaire de cette approche de la globalisation a été la montée en puissance du local […] pour les firmes globales, les territoires ne sont plus substituables, puisque c’est la nature des compétences produites localement, le fonctionnement des marchés locaux et la nature des apprentissages collectifs qu’ils autorisent, l’information qu’ils véhiculent, qui dictent les choix des entreprises » (Longhi, Spindler, 1999, p. 19)
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1. L’approche descendante de l’intelligence territoriale
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1.1. La nation comme seul champ d’action pertinent
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Comme le notent Bournois et Romani (2000), dans leur chapitre sur la genèse du concept d’intelligence économique, Christian Harbulot a largement contribué à la réflexion sur l’intelligence économique autant par ses ouvrages (« techniques offensives et guerre économique » (1990) et « la machine de guerre économique » (1992) que par sa participation à la réflexion lancée par le Commissariat Général au ¨Plan (CGP) et qui aboutira à la publication du rapport Martre en 1994.
En évoquant le cas de la France il dit :
« la France a trop longtemps fait l’impasse sur l’importance des mécanismes conflictuels dans les échanges commerciaux. Cette lecture conflictuelle de la réalité marchande dérange beaucoup les partisans du modèle libéral anglo-saxon car elle met l’accent sur la dynamique destructive des affrontements économiques, en termes d’emplois et d’infrastructures industrielles » (1993, p.35).
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« Après la chute du mur de Berlin, le 21ème siècle sera celui de la guerre économique et l’usage des outils d’intelligence économique aura une part prépondérante dans les résultats de la politique économique et stratégique des États ou des groupements d’État » (2006, p. 37)
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1.2. Une application territoriale de l’intelligence économique
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le schéma régional d’intelligence économique repose sur la création d’un réseau de correspondants d’intelligence économique issus du corps préfectoral, d’un comité de pilotage désigné par le préfet et associant tous les partenaires (administrations, institutions consulaires, universités, chefs d’entreprise), un correspondant chargé de veiller à la sécurité des entreprises.
SGAR (secrétariats généraux des préfectures de région), DRIRE (Directions régionales de l’industrie, de la recherche et de l’environnement), DRCE (directions régionales du commerce extérieur), DIREN (direction régionale de l’environnement), trésorerie générale…
Le rapport de l’ADIT (agence pour la diffusion de l’information stratégique) intitulé « le management stratégique des régions en Europe » (Prager, 2005) énonce clairement les liens existant entre l’intelligence économique et le marketing territorial.
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2. L’approche ascendante de l’intelligence territoriale
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2.1. Le territoire comme espace de valorisation de ressources construites
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Le réseau européen d’intelligence territoriale (REIT) constitue le fer de lance de cette approche (www.
intelligence-territoriale.eu).
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