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Simplification de modèles éléments finis de structures à comportement dynamique de poutre.

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(1)Simplification de modèles éléments finis de structures à comportement dynamique de poutre. Stéphane Corn. To cite this version: Stéphane Corn. Simplification de modèles éléments finis de structures à comportement dynamique de poutre.. Mécanique [physics.med-ph]. Université de Franche-Comté, 1998. Français. �tel-00625123�. HAL Id: tel-00625123 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625123 Submitted on 20 Sep 2011. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

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