Segmental Voting

# URGEKCN ECUG QH VJG UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP CTKUGU WPFGT EGTVCKP EQPFKVKQPU 5WRRQUG GCEJ GXKFGPEG UGIOGPV UGV EQPVCKPU CV OQUV QPG YQTF HTQO GCEJ GXKFGPEG YQTF UVTKPI GCEJ J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPV UGV EQPVCKPU CV OQUV QPG YQTF HTQO GCEJ J[

RQVJGUKU YQTF UVTKPI CPF VJGTG KU C NQUU HWPEVKQP 'SWCVKQP QP UGIOGPV UGVU 7PFGT VJGUG EQPFKVKQPU VJG UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPK\GT QH 'SWCVKQP DGEQOGU

Æ

'SWCVKQP KU PQPG QVJGT VJCP VJG OCZKOWO CRQUVGTKQTK RTQDCDKNKV[ FGEKUKQP QP GCEJ J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPV UGV HQT GCEJ J[RQVJGUKU YQTF C OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ KU EQORWVGF DCUGF QP VJG GXKFGPEG URCEG 6JG YQTF YKVJ JKIJGUV OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[

KU VJGP UGNGEVGF 6JKU KU VJG RTQEGFWTG QH UGIOGPVCN XQVKPI

6JG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN KPFWEGF NQUU 'SWCVKQP HQT UGIOGPVCN XQVKPI ECP DG YTKVVGP CU

#U KU VJG ECUG YKVJ UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP UGIOGPVCN XQVKPI KU GHHGEVKXG KH

 KU C IQQF CRRTQZKOCVKQP VQ VJG NQUU VJCV YG CTG VT[KPI VQ OKPKOK\G 5GIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP FQGU PQV URGEKH[ JQY VQ ſPF VJG J[RQVJGUKU CPF GXK FGPEG UGIOGPV UGV UGIOGPVCVKQP RTQEGFWTGU CPF KV QPN[ URGEKſGU VJG EQP UVTCKPVU VJCV VJGUG RTQEGFWTGU OWUV QDG[ 6JG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH UGIOGPV UGVU VJGTGHQTG TGOCKPU C FGUKIP RTQDNGO VQ DG CFFTGUUGF KP CP CRRNKECVKQP URGEKſE OCPPGT 9G YKNN PQY FGUETKDG VYQ XGTUKQPU QH UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP WUGF KP UVCVGQHVJGCTV

#54 U[UVGOU $QVJ VJGUG RTQEGFWTGU CVVGORV VQ TGFWEG VJG YQTF GTTQT TCVG 9'4 CPF VJWU CTG DCUGF QP VJG .GXGPUJVGKP NQUU HWPEVKQP =?

2.3.2 ROVER

4GEQIPK\GT QWVRWV XQVKPI HQT GTTQT TGFWEVKQP 418'4 KU CP 0DGUV NKUV UGIOGPVCN XQVKPI RTQEGFWTG +V EQODKPGU VJG J[RQVJGUGU HTQO OWNVKRNG KPFGRGPFGPV TGEQIPK\GTU WPFGT VJG .GXGPUJVGKP NQUU +P KVU QTKIKPCN HQTOWNCVKQP =? GCEJ QH VJGUG QWVRWVU EQPUKUVU QH C UKPING YQTF UVTKPI CPF C YQTF NGXGN EQPſFGPEG UEQTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ GCEJ YQTF KP VJCV UVTKPI 2TQEGFWTGU HQT EQODKPKPI 0DGUVU NKUVU HTQO GCEJ U[UVGO JCXG UKPEG DGGP FGXGNQRGF = ?

.GV

DG 0DGUV NKUVU RTQFWEGF D[ TGEQIPKVKQP U[UVGOU KP TG URQPUG VQ CEQWUVKEU CPF NGVDG VJG RQUVGTKQT FKUVTKDWVKQP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ .GVFGPQVG VJG WPKQP QH VJGUG 0DGUV NKUVU # RQUVGTKQT FKUVTKDWVKQP QP YQTF UVTKPIU KPKU FGTKXGF D[ ſTUV GZVGPFKPI GCEJVQ CUUKIP \GTQ RTQDCDKNKV[ VQ YQTF UVTKPIU KPVJCV CTG PQV RTGUGPV KPCPF VJGP VCMKPI C EQPXGZ EQODKPCVKQP

6JG UGVCPFCTG VJG GXKFGPEG URCEG CPF VJG GXKFGPEG FKUVTKDWVKQP WUGF D[ 418'4^Ý

6JG YQTF UVTKPIU QHCTG CTTCPIGF KP C YQTF VTCPUKVKQP PGVYQTM 960 VJCV TGR TGUGPVU CP CRRTQZKOCVGsimultaneous alignmentQH VJGUG J[RQVJGUGU +V KU IGPGTCVGF D[ RKEMKPI VQR VYQ J[RQVJGUGU CNKIPKPI VJGO VQ RTQFWEG CP KPKVKCN 960 CPF VJGP KVGTCVKXGN[ CFFKPI GCEJ PGY J[RQVJGUKU D[ CNKIPKPI KV YKVJ VJG 960 EQPUVTWEVGF UQ HCT #P GZCORNG 960 RTQFWEGF D[ CNKIPKPI

ő1* 9'.. 9'Œ ő1 9'.. 9'ŏ4'Œ ő9'.. 9' 9'ŏ4'Œ

KU IKXGP KP(KIWTG # UGV QH YQTFU VJCV CNKIP YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT KU ECNNGF C corre-spondence set

6JG 960 VTKXKCNN[ URGEKſGU CP GXKFGPEG UGIOGPVCVKQP TWNG HQT YQTF UVTKPIU QH

6JG J[RQVJGUKU URCEG QH 418'4 KU VJG UGV QH CNN VJG YQTF UVTKPIU VJCV ECP DG RTQFWEGF D[ RKEMKPI QPG YQTF HTQO GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV CPF EQPECVGPCVKPI VJGO 6JGTGHQTG VJG J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPVCVKQP TWNG CPF VJG EQPLWPEVKQP TWNG CTG CNUQ VTKXKCNN[ URGEKſGF D[ VJG 960 *CXKPI UGIOGPVGF VJG GXKFGPEG CPF J[RQVJG UKU URCEGU C OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ KU EQORWVGF HQT GCEJ YQTF KP GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV CEEQTFKPI VQ 'SWCVKQP CPF VJG YQTF YKVJ VJG NCTIGUV OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[

KU EJQUGP HTQO GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV 6JGUG YQTFU CTG EQPECVGPCVGF VQ HQTO VJG ſPCN QWVRWV QH 418'4

Ý418'4 QTKIKPCNN[ KPEQTRQTCVGF C YQTF NGXGN EQPſFGPEG UEQTG KPUVGCF QHCU KP 'SWCVKQP VJKU KU FKUEWUUGF D[ )QGN GV CN =?

9'ŏ4' 1*

1

07..

9'.. 9'ŏ4'

9'

07..

FIGURE 2.2

An example word transition network.

6JG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN KPFWEGF NQUU 'SWCVKQP KP 418'4 KU FGTKXGF HTQO 'SWC VKQP YJGTG VJG UWO KU QXGT VJG EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU

¼

¼

6JKU NQUU KU UKOKNCT VQ VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP UVTKPIUCPF^¼YJGP VJGKT CNKIPOGPV KU URGEKſGF D[ VJG 960 5KPEG VJG 960 EQPUVTWEVKQP RTQEGUU CFFU GCEJ PGY YQTF UVTKPI VQ VJG 960 UQ CU VQ OKPKOK\G VJG CNKIPOGPV EQUV DGVYGGP VJCV UVTKPI CPF VJG 960 YG EQWNF GZRGEV

¼

VQ CRRTQZKOCVG VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP CPF^¼

2.3.3 e-ROVER

6JG UKOWNVCPGQWU CNKIPOGPV RTQFWEGF KP 418'4 OC[ UQOGVKOGU DG UWDQRVKOCN HQT UQOG GXKFGPEG J[RQVJGUGU RCKTU 6JG PCVWTCN TGOGF[ KU VQ CNNQY OWNVKRNG EQPUGEW VKXG YQTFU KP GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV %QPUKFGTKPI VJG UGCTEJ HQT UGIOGPV UGVU CU C ENWUVGTKPI RTQDNGO VJGTG CTG VYQ FKHHGTGPV CRRTQCEJGU VJCV EQWNF DG VCMGP 9G EQWNF VCMG C ŎVQRFQYPŏ CRRTQCEJ VJCV UVCTVU YKVJ C UKPING EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV VJCV EQPVCKPU CP GPVKTG 0DGUV NKUV CPF UGIOGPVU KV KPVQ UGVU VJCV EQPVCKP UJQTVGT YQTF UVTKPIU #NVGT PCVKXGN[ YG EQWNF VCMG C ŎDQVVQOWRŏ CRRTQCEJ YJGTG YG ſTUV EQPUVTWEV C 960 VJCV EQPVCKPU PQ OQTG VJCP QPG EQPUGEWVKXG YQTF KP GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV 9G EQWNF VJGP LQKP EQPUGEWVKXG UGVU VQ QDVCKP UGVU YKVJ NQPIGT YQTF UVTKPIU 6JG RTQEGFWTG QH GZVGPFGF418'4 G418'4 UVCTVU YKVJ VJG 418'4 960 CPF VCMGU VJG NCVVGT DQVVQOWR CRRTQCEJ

6JG RTQEGUU QHjoiningVYQ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU [KGNFU QPGexpandedUGV VJCV EQP VCKPU CNN VJG RCVJU HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN RCKT QH EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU 6JKU KU ITCRJKECNN[

KNNWUVTCVGF KP(KIWTG

6JG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN NQUU HWPEVKQP QH G418'4 KU IKXGP CU HQNNQYU 5VCTVKPI HTQO VJG KPKVKCN 960 NGV VYQ EQPUGEWVKXG EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU UC[ UGVU CPF DG LQKPGF CPF NGV VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP QP VJG GZRCPFGF UGV DG VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG 6JG NQUU HWPEVKQP QP EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU VJCV FKF PQV GZRCPF TGOCKPU VJG NQUU

07..

Joining two correspondence sets.

6JG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN NQUU KU VJGP

*GTG CPF^¼ CTG YQTF UWDUGSWGPEGU HTQO VJG LQKPGF UGIOGPV UGVU +V HQNNQYU HTQO VJG FGſPKVKQP QH .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG VJCV

6JKU HQNNQYU DGECWUG VJG G418'4 CNKIPOGPVU YKNN GXGPVWCNN[ CEJKGXG VJG .GXGP UJVGKP CNKIPOGPV CU VJG CNKIPOGPV EQPUVTCKPVU CTG TGFWEGF

6JG LQKPKPI RTQEGFWTG ECP DG ECTTKGF QWV OCP[ VKOGU VQ [KGNF UWEEGUUKXGN[ DGVVGT CRRTQZKOCVKQPU VQ VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG 6JG 960 QDVCKPGF CHVGT GCEJ LQKPKPI QRGTCVKQP URGEKſGU C PGY UGIOGPVCVKQP QH VJG GXKFGPEG CPF J[RQVJGUKU URCEGU +P EQORCTKPI G418'4 VQ 418'4 KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ PQVG VJCV QPN[ VJGsegmentation QH VJG J[RQVJGUKU CPF GXKFGPEG URCEGU EJCPIGU YKVJ LQKPKPI QRGTCVKQP VJG CEVWCN URCEGU TGOCKP VJG UCOG CU VJG[ YGTG KP 418'4

6JGTG CTG VYQ EQPUGSWGPEGU QH LQKPKPI EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU (KTUV CHVGT VJG LQKPKPI QRGTCVKQP VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP QP VJG GZRCPFGF UGV KU PQ NQPIGT VJG NQUU DWV KU KPUVGCF VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG *GPEG VJG /$4 J[RQVJGUKU UGNGEVKQP QP VJKU UGV PGGFU VQ HQNNQY 'SWCVKQP 5GEQPF VJG UK\G QH VJG GZRCPFGF UGV ITQYU GZRQPGPVKCNN[

YKVJ VJG PWODGT QH LQKPKPI QRGTCVKQPU OCMKPI 'SWCVKQP RTQITGUUKXGN[ FKHſEWNV VQ KORNGOGPV +V KU VJGTGHQTG KORQTVCPV VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG UGVU VQ DG LQKPGF ECTGHWNN[

UQ CU VQ [KGNF OCZKOWO ICKP KP .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG CRRTQZKOCVKQP YKVJ OKPKOWO EQODKPCVKQPU QH VJG EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU # JGWTKUVKE RTQEGFWTG HQT LQKPKPI UGVU =?

KU DCUGF QP ſTUV KFGPVKH[KPI EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU KP YJKEJ VJG NCTIGUV XCNWG QH VJG

OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ 'SWCVKQP KU DGNQY C VJTGUJQNF 'CEJ EQPUGEWVKXG UVTGVEJ QH UWEJ UGVU KU LQKPGF VQ HQTO QPG GZRCPFGF UGV 5GVU KP YJKEJ VJG NCTIGUV XCNWG QH VJG OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ KU CDQXG VJG VJTGUJQNF CTG MGRV ŎRKPEJGFŏ VJG[ CTG PQV LQKPGF YKVJ CP[ QVJGT UGV (QT FGVCKNU QH VJKU RTQEGFWTG TGCFGTU CTG TGHGTTGF VQ )QGN GV CN =?

#U PQVGF CDQXG VJG J[RQVJGUKU CPF VJG GXKFGPEG URCEGU KP G418'4 CTG KFGPVKECN VQ VJQUG KP 418'4 *QYGXGT VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP KP G418'4 RTQXKFGU C DGVVGT CR RTQZKOCVKQP VQ VJG YQTF GTTQT TCVG VJCP 418'4 5KPEG VJG[ CTG DQVJ KPUVCPVKCVKQPU QH 'SWCVKQP G418'4 YQWNF DG GZRGEVGF KP VJGQT[ VQ [KGNF C NQYGT YQTF GTTQT TCVG VJCP 418'4