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Indicative Performance Levels

Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition Based on Statistical Methods

5.7 Indicative Performance Levels

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

6JG EQOOQPN[ WUGF OGVTKE HQT URGGEJ TGEQIPK\GT RGTHQTOCPEG VJG őYQTF GTTQTŒ TCVG KU C OGCUWTG QH VJG CXGTCIG PWODGT QH GTTQTU VCMKPI KPVQ CEEQWPV VJTGG GTTQT V[RGU YKVJ TGURGEV VQ C TGHGTGPEG VTCPUETKRVKQP substitutionsVJG TGHGTGPEG YQTF KU TGRNCEGF D[ CPQVJGT YQTFinsertions C YQTF KU J[RQVJGUK\GF VJCV YCU PQV KP VJG TGHGTGPEG CPFdeletionsC YQTF KP VJG TGHGTGPEG VTCPUETKRVKQP KU OKUUGF 6JG YQTF GTTQT TCVG KU FGſPGF CU

UWDUKPUFGN TGHGTGPEG YQTFU

CPF KU IGPGTCNN[ EQORWVGF D[ CNKIPKPI VJG TGHGTGPEG CPF J[RQVJGUK\GF VTCPUETKRVKQPU WUKPI C F[PCOKE RTQITCOOKPI CNIQTKVJO YJGTG EQUVU CTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG FKHHGT GPV GTTQT V[RGU )KXGP VJKU FGſPKVKQP VJG YQTF GTTQT ECP DG OQTG VJCP 9JKNG VJKU EJCRVGT CFFTGUUGU URGGEJ VTCPUETKRVKQP KG IQKPI HTQO VJG CWFKQ UKIPCN VQ YQTFU KV UJQWNF DG MGRV KP OKPF VJCV CFFKVKQPCN KPHQTOCVKQP ECP DG GZVTCEVGF HTQO VJG CWFKQ UKIPCN 'ZVTCEVKQP QH UQOG QH VJKU UQECNNGF őOGVCFCVCŒ KU FKUEWUUGF KP %JCRVGTU 5EJYCTV\ CPF /CMJQWN CPF #NNGP 6JG OGVCFCVC ECP DG QH CP CEQWUVKE PCVWTG URGCMGT CPF IGPFGT KPHQTOCVKQP =? CWFKQ V[RG KPHQTOCVKQP =

? QH C NKPIWKUVKE PCVWTG ECUGUGPUKVKXG VGZVU RWPEVWCVKQP PCOGF GPVKVKGU PCOGU QH RGTUQPU RNCEGU QTICPK\CVKQPU VQRKEU QT QVJGT UGOCPVKE VCIU 6JG UCOG *//

DCUGF RTQDCDKNKUVKE HTCOGYQTM JCU DGGP WUGF VQ CUUKIP VCIU = ? &GVCKNGF UGOCPVKE VCIIKPI KU QHVGP TGSWKTGF HQT FKCNQI VCUMU YJGTG KV KU EQOOQP VQ WUG VCUM FGRGPFGPV TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU UWEJ CU UGOCPVKE HTCOGU YKVJ RTGFGſPGF UGOCPVKE UNQVU CPF XCNWGU

5.7.1 Dictation

&KEVCVKQP KU VJG OQUV QDXKQWU CWVQOCVKE URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP VCUM CPF JCU C NQPI JKUVQT[ QH TGUGCTEJ CPF RTQFWEV FGXGNQROGPV TGUWNVKPI KP NQYEQUV QHHVJGUJGNH U[U VGOU HQT C XCTKGV[ QH RNCVHQTOU CPF NCPIWCIGU 9JKNG HTQO VJG VGEJPQNQIKECN XKGY RQKPV FKEVCVKQP KU WUWCNN[ VJQWIJV QH CU C őUKORNGŒ VTCPUHQTOCVKQP HTQO URGGEJ VQ VGZV VJKU XKGY QXGTNQQMU C XCTKGV[ QH HQTOCVVKPI CPF KPVGITCVKQP KUUWGU YJKEJ CTG KORQTVCPV HQT WUCDKNKV[ 2GTJCRU VJG OQUV PQVCDNG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH VJG FKEVCVKQP VCUM KU VJCV VJG URGGEJ FCVC KU RTQFWEGF YKVJ VJG GZRNKEKV IQCN QH DGKPI VTCPUETKDGF D[ C OCEJKPG 6JG URGGEJ FCVC KP C FKEVCVKQP UGUUKQP EQOGU HTQO C UKPING URGCMGT CPF KU TGEQTFGF YKVJ C EQPVTQNNGF UKIPCN CESWKUKVKQP UGVWR 6JG NKPIWKUVKE EQPVGPV KU WUWCNN[

UQOGYJCV NKOKVGF CPF VJG YQTF UVTGCO KU SWKVG ENQUG VQ VJG YTKVVGP HQTO

#NVJQWIJ DGPEJOCTMU QH EQOOGTEKCN FKEVCVKQP U[UVGOU CTG PQV RWDNKEN[ CXCKNCDNG FKEVCVKQP JCU UGTXGF CU C DCUGNKPG RGTHQTOCPEG OGCUWTG KP .8%54 OQUV PQVCDN[

KP VJG DGPEJOCTM VGUVU URQPUQTGF D[ VJG 75 &#42#RTQITCOU CPF EQQTFKPCVGF D[

0+56 6JG ENQUG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP U[UVGO FGXGNQROGPV CPF GXCNWCVKQP TGHGTTGF VQ CU őCUUGUUOGPV FTKXGP VGEJPQNQI[ FGXGNQROGPVŒ JCU NGF VQ NCTIG RGTHQTOCPEG KORTQXGOGPVU KP URKVG QH KPETGCUKPI VCUM FKHſEWNV[ (QT TGCF URGGEJ VJG UVCVGQHVJG CTV KP URGCMGTKPFGRGPFGPV EQPVKPWQWU URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP KU GZGORNKſGF D[ VJG NCUV DGPEJOCTM VGUVU QP 0QTVJ #OGTKECP $WUKPGUU 0GYU VCUM = ? 6JG CEQWUVKE VTCKPKPI FCVC YCU EQORTKUGF QH CDQWV J QH TGCF PGYURCRGT VGZVU HTQO UGXGTCN JWPFTGF URGCMGTU CPF VJG NCPIWCIG OQFGN VTCKPKPI OCVGTKCN YCU EQO RTKUGF QH / YQTFU QH PGYURCRGT VGZVU HTQO C XCTKGV[ QH UQWTEGU 1P VGUV FCVC TGEQTFGF YKVJ C ENQUGVCNMKPI OKETQRJQPG YKVJ CP 504 QH CDQWV F$ YQTF GTTQT TCVGU CTQWPF YGTG QDVCKPGF WUKPI C M YQTF XQECDWNCT[Ü6JG UCOG TGCF URGGEJ TGEQTFGF YKVJ C VCDNGVQR OKETQRJQPG KP C EQORWVGT TQQOQHſEG GPXKTQPOGPV PQKUG NGXGN F$# 504 CDQWV F$ TGUWNVGF KP C YQTF GTTQT QH CDQWV YKVJ PQKUG EQORGPUCVKQP 9KVJQWV PQKUG EQORGPUCVKQP VJG YQTF GTTQT TCVGU QH U[UVGOU VTCKPGF QP QPN[ ENGCP URGGEJ FCVC YGTG QXGT 6JG YQTF GTTQT HQT TGCF PGYURCRGT VGZVU TGEQTFGF QXGT NQPI FKUVCPEG VGNGRJQPG NKPGU YCU QXGT 5RQPVCPGQWU FKEVCVKQP QH DWUKPGUU CPF ſPCPEKCN PGYU YCU CFFTGUUGF D[ CUMKPI UWDLGEVU YKVJ GZRGTKGPEG KP LQWTPCNKUO VQ TGCF CDQWV C UWDLGEV CPF VJGP FKEVCVG C VGZV 6JG LQWTPCNKUVU YGTG PQV CNNQYGF VQ TGCF HTQO C FTCHV DWV YGTG CNNQYGF VQ TGLGEV KNNHQTOGF UGPVGPEGU =?

6JG YQTF GTTQT QP VJKU FCVC YCU CDQWV #PQVJGT VCUM CFFTGUUGF URGGEJ TGEQIPK VKQP QH PQPPCVKXG VCNMGTU 9KVJ C UGV QH CFCRVCVKQP UGPVGPEGU URGCMGT CFCRVCVKQP TGFWEGF VJG YQTF GTTQT TCVG D[ C HCEVQT QH VYQ HTQO VQ #NVJQWIJ PQV CP QHſEKCN DGPEJOCTM TGUWNV EQORCTCDNG YQTF GTTQT TGFWEVKQPU JCXG DGGP QDVCKPGF HQT PCVKXG URGCMGTU QP QVJGT VCUMU

9JKNG VJG TGUWNVU IKXGP JGTG CTG HQT #OGTKECP 'PINKUJ UQOGYJCV EQORCTCDNG TG UWNVU JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF D[ XCTKQWU UKVGU HQT QVJGT NCPIWCIGU =? 6JG .4' 53#.'

5RGGEJ TGEQIPK\GT 3WCNKV[ #UUGUUOGPV HQT .KPIWKUVKE 'PIKPGGTKPI RTQLGEV =?

YJKEJ CKOGF VQ CUUGUU NCPIWCIGFGRGPFGPV KUUWGU KP OWNVKNKPIWCN TGEQIPK\GT GXCNWC VKQP FGOQPUVTCVGF VJCV VJG UCOG TGEQIPKVKQP VGEJPQNQI[ CPF GXCNWCVKQP OGVJQFQNQI[

WUGF HQT #OGTKECP 'PINKUJ EQWNF DG UWEEGUUHWNN[ CRRNKGF VQ C FKEVCVKQP VCUM KP $TKVKUJ 'PINKUJ (TGPEJ CPF )GTOCP

5.7.2 Speech Recognition for Dialog Systems

6JG URGGEJ TGEQIPK\GT KU QHVGP EQPUKFGTGF C ETKVKECN EQORQPGPV QH URQMGP FKCNQI U[UVGOU YJKEJ CKO VQ GPCDNG XQECN CEEGUU VQ UVQTGF KPHQTOCVKQP +P QTFGT VQ RTQXKFG WUGTHTKGPFN[ KPVGTCEVKQP YKVJ C OCEJKPG KV KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ DG CDNG VQ TGEQIPK\G PCVW TCNN[ URQMGP WVVGTCPEGU HTQO WPMPQYP URGCMGTU +P IGPGTCN GCEJ WUGT KPVGTCEVU QPN[

DTKGƀ[ YKVJ VJG OCEJKPG UQ VJGTG KU XGT[ NKVVNG FCVC CXCKNCDNG HQT OQFGN CFCRVCVKQP 6GNGRJQPG UGTXKEGU CTG C PCVWTCN CTGC HQT URQMGP FKCNQI U[UVGOU CU VJG QPN[ OGCPU QH KPVGTCEVKQP YKVJ VJG OCEJKPG CTG XKC XQKEG CPF JCXG VJWU DGGP VJG HQEWU QH OCP[

FGXGNQROGPV GHHQTVU 5KPEG CNN KPVGTCEVKQP YKVJ VJG ECNNGT KU D[ URGGEJ FKCNQI FGUKIP

Ü9KVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG VGNGRJQPG TGEQTFKPIU VJG URGCMGTU YGTG CNNQYGF VQ TGRGCV VJGKT TGEQTFKPI KH WPUCVKUſGF YKVJ KV = ?

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

+P EQPVTCUV VQ FKEVCVKQP CRRNKECVKQPU YJGTG KV KU TGNCVKXGN[ UVTCKIJVHQTYCTF VQ QDVCKP NCTIG YTKVVGP EQTRQTC HQT NCPIWCIG OQFGNKPI HQT FKCNQI U[UVGOU KV KU WUWCNN[ PGE GUUCT[ VQ EQNNGEV CRRNKECVKQPURGEKſE FCVC YJKEJ ECP TGRTGUGPV C UKIPKſECPV RQTVKQP QH VJG FGXGNQROGPV GHHQTV =? #ESWKTKPI UWHſEKGPV COQWPVU QH ./ VTCKPKPI FCVC KU OQTG EJCNNGPIKPI VJCP QDVCKPKPI CEQWUVKE FCVC 9KVJ M SWGTKGU TGNCVKXGN[ TQ DWUV CEQWUVKE OQFGNU ECP DG VTCKPGF DWV VJKU PWODGT QH SWGTKGU YKNN V[RKECNN[ EQPVCKP HGYGT VJCP M YQTFU YJKEJ OC[ DG KPUWHſEKGPV HQT YQTF NKUV FGXGNQROGPV CPF HQT VTCKPKPInITCO NCPIWCIG OQFGNU #NUQ VJG SWGTKGU CTG WPNKMGN[ VQ [KGNF C EQORNGVG EQXGTCIG QH VJG VCUM

6JG OQUV YKFGN[ MPQYP GHHQTVU KP GXCNWCVKQP QH 5.&5U CTG VJG &#42##6+5VCUM = ? VJG )GTOCP PCVKQPCN 8GTDOQDKN RTQLGEV =? CPF VJG '% .CPIWCIG 'PIK PGGTKPI RTQLGEVU = ? # YKFG TCPIG QH YQTF GTTQT TCVGU JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF HQT VJG URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP EQORQPGPVU QH URQMGP FKCNQI U[UVGOU TCPIKPI HTQO WPFGT HQT UKORNG VTCXGN KPHQTOCVKQP VCUMU WUKPI ENQUGVCNMKPI OKETQRJQPGU VQ QXGT HQT VGNGRJQPGDCUGF KPHQTOCVKQP TGVTKGXCN U[UVGOU +V KU SWKVG FKHſEWNV VQ EQORCTG TGUWNVU CETQUU U[UVGOU CPF VCUMU CU FKHHGTGPV VTCPUETKRVKQP EQPXGPVKQPU CPF VGZV PQT OCNK\CVKQPU CTG QHVGP WUGF +V UJQWNF DG PQVGF VJCV TGRQTVKPI YQTF GTTQT TCVGU ECP DG UQOGYJCV OKUNGCFKPI UKPEG CNN FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP VJGexact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

5.7.3 Transcription for Audio Indexation

# OQTG TGEGPV CRRNKECVKQP CTGC KU VJG VTCPUETKRVKQP QH IGPGTCN CWFKQ FCVC UWEJ CU TC FKQ CPF VGNGXKUKQP DTQCFECUVUßQT OGGVKPIU CPF VGNGEQPHGTGPEGU #WVQOCVKE URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP KU C MG[ VGEJPQNQI[ HQT CWFKQ CPF XKFGQ KPFGZKPI CPF CP[ MKPF QH CWFKQ FCVC OKPKPI 5GXGTCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH VJKU V[RG QH CWFKQ FCVC ECP DG PQVGF (KTUV KV ECP DG EQPUKFGTGF őHQWPFŒ FCVC KP VJCV KV KU RTQFWEGF HQT QVJGT TGCUQPU 6Q DG CDNG

ß6JG GCTNKGUV YQTM KP VJKU CTGC VJCV YG CTG CYCTG QH KU VJG 05( +0(14/'&+#RTQLGEV =? WPFGT VJG

&KIKVCN .KDTCTKGU 0GYUQP&GOCPF CEVKQP NKPG # URGEKCN UGEVKQP QH VJG %QOOWPKECVKQPU QH VJG #%/

YCU TGEGPVN[ FGXQVGF VQ VJKU VQRKE =?

VQ CWVQOCVKECNN[ UVTWEVWTG VJG FCVC HQT QVJGT WUGU KU QPN[ C UGEQPFCT[ DGPGſV 7UKPI VGUV FCVC VCMGP HTQO C TGCN VCUM CU QRRQUGF VQ FCVC TGEQTFGF HQT GXCNWCVKQP RWTRQUGU TGRTGUGPVU C OCLQT UVGR HQT VJG EQOOWPKV[ 5GEQPFN[ VJG FCVC EQPUKUVU QH C EQP VKPWQWU CWFKQ UVTGCO YJGTG VJGTG CTG OWNVKRNG URGCMGT VWTPU OC[DG QXGTNCRRKPI CPF VJGTG KU PQ C RTKQTK UGIOGPVCVKQP KPVQ UGPVGPEGU 6JKTFN[ VJG UKIPCN ECRVWTG CPF DCEMITQWPF GPXKTQPOGPV ECP DG QPN[ OQTG QT NGUU EQPVTQNNGF

6YQ RTKPEKRNG V[RGU QH RTQDNGOU CTG GPEQWPVGTGF KP CWVQOCVKECNN[ VTCPUETKDKPI CWFKQ FCVC UVTGCOU VJQUG TGNCVKPI VQ VJG XCTKGF CEQWUVKE RTQRGTVKGU QH VJG UKIPCN CPF VJQUG TGNCVGF VQ VJG NKPIWKUVKE RTQRGTVKGU QH VJG URGGEJ 0QKUG TQDWUVPGUU KU CNUQ PGGFGF KP QTFGT VQ CEJKGXG CEEGRVCDNG RGTHQTOCPEG NGXGNU +P QTFGT VQ DG TQDWUV YKVJ TGURGEV VQ VJG XCTKGF CEQWUVKE EQPFKVKQPU VJG CEQWUVKE OQFGNU CTG V[RKECNN[ VTCKPGF QP NCTIG EQTRQTC UGXGTCN VGPU QH JQWTU VQ QXGT C JWPFTGF JQWTU EQPVCKPKPI C XCTKGV[ QH FCVC V[RGU 6JG NKPIWKUVKE OQFGNU CTG UKOKNCTN[ VTCKPGF QP NCTIG VGZV EQTRQTC HTQO XCTKQWU UQWTEGU YKVJ FKHHGTGPV NKPIWKUVKE RTQRGTVKGU UWEJ CU PGYURCRGT CPF PGYUYKTG VGZVU +PVGTPGV FCVC EQOOGTEKCN VTCPUETKRVKQPU CPF FGVCKNGF VTCPUETKRVKQPU QH CEQWUVKE FCVC )KXGP VJG URQPVCPGQWU PCVWTG QH RCTVU QH VJG CWFKQ FCVC KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ GZRNKEKVN[

OQFGN GZVTCNKPIWKUVKE RJGPQOGPC UWEJ CU ſNNGT YQTFU CPF DTGCVJ PQKUG

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ſEWNV[ QH QDVCKPKPI EQOOGTEKCN VTCPUETKRVU HQT NCPIWCIG OQFGN GUVKOCVKQP

5WDUVCPVKCNN[ JKIJGT YQTF GTTQT TCVGU CDQXG JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF HQT VJG VTCP UETKRVKQP QH VGNGRJQPG EQPXGTUCVKQPCN URGGEJ =? WUKPI VJG 5YKVEJDQCTF =? CPF OWNVKNKPWICN %CNNJQOG 5RCPKUJ #TCDKE /CPFCTKP ,CRCPGUG )GTOCP EQTRQTC 6JG

%CNNJQOG FCVC KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ EJCNNGPIKPI VQ VTCPUETKDG CU VJG EQPXGTUCVKQPU CTG DG VYGGP VYQ RGQRNG VJCV MPQY GCEJ QVJGT CPF URGCM KP C HCOKNKCT OCPPGT CDQWV UWDLGEVU QH EQOOQP KPVGTGUV