Matériels et méthodes
Annexe 2 Corrélation clinico-bactériologique entre les types de plaies et les germes impliqués et identifiés
Type de plaie du pied Pathogènes
Plaie superficielle récente sans antibiothérapie récente
Staphylococcus aureus, streptocoques β -hémolytiques
Plaie chronique (≥1 mois) ou antérieurement traitée par antibiotiques
Staphylococcus aureus, streptocoques β -hémolytiques, entérobactéries
Plaie traitée par des céphalosporines d’évolution défavorable
Entérocoques
Lésion macérée Pseudomonas spp (en association avec d’autres
micro-organismes) Plaie de longue durée (ulcère ≥6 mois),
traitement antérieur par des antibiotiques à large spectre
Polymicrobisme : cocci à Gram positif aérobie (Staphylococcus aureus, streptocoques
-hémolytiques, staphylocoques à coagulase négative, entérocoques), corynébactéries, entérobactéries,
Pseudomonas spp, bacilles à Gram négatif non
fermentatifs ± agents fongiques
Odeur nauséabonde, nécrose,gangrène Cocci à Gram positif aérobie, entérobactéries,
Pseudomonas spp, bacilles à Gram négatif non
fermentatifs, anaérobies stricts
Selon la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Prise en charge du pied diabétique infecté
Annexe 3 : Choix de l'antibiothérapie empirique dans les IPD Selon les recommandations de L’IWGDF :
Sévérité de
l'infection Facteurs supplémentaires Bactéries habituelles Antibiotiques empiriques
1
Légère Pas de complications Antibiothérapie récente Allergie ou intolérance aux β-L Risque élevé de SARM
CGP (staphylocoques et streptocoques) CGP + BGN SARM Pen SS ; C1G2 β -L-ase-1 ; T/S ; FQ CMC ; FQ ; T/S ;Macrolides LZL ; T/S ; Doxycycline Pas de complications CGP ± BGN β -L-ase-1 ; C2/C3G Modérée et
sévère
Ulcère macéré, climat chaud BGN y compris Pseudomonas
β -L-ase-2 ; C2/C3G ;CPG-1 (selon le traitement antérieur, demander avis specialisé)
Pied ischémique / nécrose /gangrène gazeuse
CGP ± BGN ± ANO2 β -L-ase-1 ou -2, CPG-1 ou -2 ; C2/C3G + CMC ou métronidazole Facteurs de risque pour SARM SARM Envisager l'ajout ou la
substitution par GP, LZL, daptomycine ; AF, T/S, doxycycline Facteurs de risque pour des
BGN résistants
Pseudomonas*/ βLSE P/T, CP, FQ, Aminosides, colistine
CGP : Cocci à Gram positif ; BGN : Bacilles à Gram négatif ; SARM : Staphylococcus aureus résitants à la méthicilline ; ANO2 : Bactéries anaérobies ; βLES : β-lactamases à spectre étendu. ;
Pen SS : Pénicillines semi-synthétiques, C1 (C2, C3) G : Céphalosporines de 1ère (2ème , 3ème ) génération ; β-Lase: β-lactames/inhibiteurs des β-lactamases (β-Lase -1 :amoxicilline/acide clavulanique ,
ampicilline/sulbactam ; β-Lase -2 ticarcilline/acide clavulanique, pipéracilline/tazobactam) T/S : Triméthoprime/sulfaméthoxazole ;
FQ :Fluoroquinolones ayant une bonne activité contre les CGP aérobies (lévofloxacine ou moxifloxacine) CMC : Clindamycine ; LZL : Linézolide ; CPG-1 et CPG--2 : Carbapénèmes du groupe 1 (ertapénème)et du groupe 2 (imipénème, méropénème et doripénème) ; AF : Acide fusidique.
1 : Donné aux doses recommandées en cas d'infections sévères. La posologie ou l'antibiotique est à modifier en cas d'insuffisance rénale, d'insuffisance hépatique, etc.. Recommandations basées sur des données théoriques et sur les essais cliniques disponibles.
2 : Une forte prévalence de SARM peut nécessiter le recours à la vancomycine ou à d'autres agents anti-staphylococciques actifs contre ces bactéries.
[1] Silink M. A United Nations Resolution on Diabetes - The Result of a
Joint Effort. US Endocrinology 2007; (1):12-14 (consultée le 04 /05/14)
Disponible sur internet :
http://www.touchendocrinology.com/articles/united-nations-resolution-diabetes-result-joint-effort
[2] Fédération internationale du diabète. Résolution 61/225 des Nations unies :Journée mondiale du diabète (consultée le 04/10/14) Disponible sur :http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/7712657.45162964.html
[3] Fédération internationale du diabète -ATLAS du diabète 6e édition (Disponible sur:http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas)
[4] Tazi MA, Abir-Khalil S, Chaouki N, et al. Prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors in Morocco: results of a National Survey, 2000. J Hypertens. 2003;21:897–903
[5] Lamchahab FZ, El Kihal N, Khoudri I, Chraibi A, Hassam B, Ait Ourhroui M . Factors influencing the awareness of diabetic foot risks. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2011 Sep;54(6):359-65
[6] Senet P, Chosidow O.Manifestations cutanéo-muqueuses du diabète. EMC(Elsevier Masson SAS, Paris),Dermatologie, 98-866-A-10, 2011. [7] Richard JL, Schuldiner S. Épidémiologie du pied diabétique. Rev Med
Interne. 2008; 29(Supl2):S222-S230
[8] International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (page consultée le 04-05-2014) Epidemiology of diabetic foot. (en ligne)
[9] Richard JL, Sotto A, Lavigne JP. New insights in diabetic foot infection. World J Diabetes 2011; 2(2): 24-32
[10] Lipsky BA. Infectious problems in diabetic patients. In: Levin and O'Neal's .The Diabetic Foot (6th ed). Bowker JH, Pfeifer MA, éditeurs. St Louis: Mosby. 2001:467–80.
[11] Société de pathologie infectieuse de langue française. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Prise en charge du pied diabétique infecté. Méd Mal Infect 2007;37:26-50.
[12] Société francophone du diabète . Avis d'experts sur la prise en charge des infections du pied diabétique in :Recommandations du Groupe International de Travail Sur le Pied Diabétique (IWGDF) [En ligne]
http://www.sfdiabete.org/ressources/autres-recommendations/recommandations-2011-du-groupe-international-de-travail-sur-le (page consultée le 01/12/2014)
[13] Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al. 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:132-173 [14] Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, Mohler MJ, Wendel CS,
Lipsky BA. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1288-1293
[15] Ragnarson Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. Health-Economic Consequences of Diabetic Foot Lesions.Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39:S132–9
[16] Bakker K , Apelqvist J, Schaper NC; International Working Group on Diabetic Foot Editorial Board. Practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 Feb;28 Suppl 1:225-31.
[17] Senneville E. Infection et pied diabétique. Rev Med Int. 2008 ; 29 : S243-S248
[18] Kimberlee B. Hobizal, DPMand. Wukich DK, MD Diabetic foot infections: current concept .Review Diabetic Foot & Ankle 2012, 3: 18409
[19] Ha Van G. Hartemann A., Gautier F., Haddad J., Bensimon Y, Ponseau W., Baillot J., Fourniols E., Koskas F.,Grimaldi A. Pied diabétique. EMC (Elsevier Masson SAS, Paris), Podologie, 27-075-A-05, 2011. [20] Malgrange D. Physiopathologie du pied diabétique. Rev Med Int.
2008 ; 29: S231–S237
[21] Said G. Complications neurologiques du diabète. EMC(Elsevier Masson SAS ,Paris) Traité de Medecine Akos,5-0945 ,2010 .
[22] Got I. Artériopathie et pied diabétique. Rev Med Int. 2008 ;29:S249– S259
[23] Williams DT, Hilton JR, Harding KG. Diagnosing Foot Infection in Diabetes. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:S83–6
[24] Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, Mohler MJ, Wendel CS,Lipsky BA. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care.2006; 29:1288–93.
[25] Powlson AS. The treatment of diabetic foot infections .J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65 Suppl 3: iii3–9
[26] Fontaine JL, Lavery LA. Diabetic Foot Infections: Treatment and Cure. Clin Res Foot Ankle .2014; S3: 003.
[27] Rao N, Lipsky BA. Optimising antimicrobial therapy in diabetic foot infections. Drugs. 2007;67(2):195-214
[28] Williams DT, Hilton JR, Harding KG. Defining and Diagnosing Infection .CID. 2004;39 (Suppl 2) : S83
[29] Hartemann-Heurtier A, Senneville E. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Diabetes Metab. 2008; 34:87–95
[30] Jeandrot A, Richard JL, Combescure C, Jourdan N, Finge S, Rodier M et al.Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein concentrations to distinguish mildly infected from non-infected diabetic foot ulcers: a pilotstudy. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 347-352
[31] Ertugrul BM, Lipsky BA, Savk O. Osteomyelitis or Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy? Differentiating these disorders in diabetic patients with a foot problem. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2013;4:10.3402
[32] Richard JL, Lavigne JP, Got I, Hartemann A, Malgrange D, Tsirtsikolou D, et al. Management of patients hospitalized for diabetic foot infection: Results of the French OPIDIA Study. Diabetes Metab. 2011 Jun; 37: 208-15
[33] Mendes JJ, Marques-Costa A , Vilela C, Neves J, Candeias N , Cavaco-Silva P et al. Clinical and bacteriological survey of diabetic foot infections in Lisbon. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012 ; 95:153 –161
[34] Al Benwan K, Al Mulla A, Rotimi VO. A study of the microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Kuwait. J Infect Public Health. 2012; 5:1–8.
[35] Gadepalli R, Dhawan B, Sreenivas V, Kapil A, Ammini AC, Chaudhry R .A clinico-microbiological study of diabetic foot ulcers in an Indian tertiary care hospital. Diab Care. 2006;29:1727–1732
[36] Chakraborti C, Le C, Yanofsky A. Sensitivity of superficial cultures in lower extremity wounds. J Hosp Med. 2010 Sep; 5(7):415-20.
[37] Mutluoglu M, Uzun G, Turhan V, Gorenek L, Ay H, Lipsky BA. How reliable are cultures of specimens from superficial swabs compared with those of deep tissue in patients with diabetic foot ulcers? J Diabetes Complications. 2012 May-Jun;26(3):225-9
[38] Pellizzer G, Strazzabosco M, Presi S, et al. Deep tissue biopsy vs. superficial swab culture monitoring in the microbiological assessment of limbthreatening diabetic foot infection. Diabet Med. 2001;18:822–827. [39] Senneville E, Melliez H, Beltrand E, Legout L , Valette M , Cazaubiel
M and al. Culture of Percutaneous Bone Biopsy Specimens for Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: Concordance with Ulcer Swab Cultures. Clin Infect Dis .2006; 42:57–62.
[40] Elamurugan TP, S. Jagdish, Vikram Kate, Subhash Chandra Parija . Role of bone biopsy specimen culture in the management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Int J Surg. 2011;9(3):214-6
[41] Ertugrul MB, Baktiroglu S, Salman S, et al. Pathogens isolated from deep soft tissue and bone in patients with diabetic foot infections. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2008;98: 290-295.
[42] Senneville E, Morant H, Descamps D, Dekeyser S, Beltrand E, Singer B and al. Needle Puncture and Transcutaneous Bone Biopsy Cultures Are Inconsistent in Patients with Diabetes and Suspected Osteomyelitis of the Foot. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 48:888–93.
[43] Senneville E. Apport de la biopsie osseuse transcutanée dans le traitement de l’ostéite du pied diabétique. [Thèse de Doctorat d’Université de Lille II. Spécialité : Maladies Infectieuses]. Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011.
[44] Man Alavi A, Bader MS, Sibbald RG. Management of Diabetic Foot Infections with Appropriate Use of Antimicrobial Therapy. Clin Res Foot Ankle. 2014; S3: 010
[45] Djahmi N , Messad N, Nedjai S, Moussaoui A, Mazouz D, Richard JL et al. Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from inpatients with infected diabetic foot ulcers in an Algerian UniversityHospital. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 Sep;19(9):E398-404 [46] Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of
[47] Uçkay I, Gariani K, Pataky Z, Lipsky BA. Diabetic foot infections: state-of-the-art. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014 Apr;16(4):305-16
[48] Durgad S, Koticha A, Nataraj G , Deshpande A ,Mehta P. Diabetic foot ulcers—where do we stand microbiologically? Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2014 September;34(3):169-173
[49] Citron DM, Goldstein EJC, Merriam CV, Lipsky BA, Abramson MA. Bacteriology of Moderate-to-Severe Diabetic Foot Infections and In Vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Agents . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2007;45(9):2819-2828
[50] Hatipoglu M, Mutluoglu M ,Uzun G , Karabacak E Turhan V, Lipsky BA. The microbiologic profile of diabetic foot infections in Turkey: a 20-year systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014; 33:871–878
[51] Shankar EM, Mohan V, Premalatha G, Srinivasan RS, Usha AR. Bacterial etiology of diabetic foot infections in South India. Eur J Intern Med. 2005 Dec; 16(8):567-70.
[52] Raja NS .Microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Malaysia: a retrospective study of 194 cases. J Microbiol Immunol Infect .2007;40:39–44
[53] Ramakant P, Verma AK, Misra R, Prasad KN, Chand G, Mishra A et al. Changing microbiological profile of pathogenic bacteria in diabetic foot infections: time for a rethink on which empirical therapy to choose? Diabetologia. 2011; 54(1): 58–64.
[54] Turhan V, Mutluoglu M, Acar A, Hatipoğlu M, Önem Y, Uzun G et al. Increasing incidence of Gram-negative organisms in bacterial agents isolated from diabetic foot ulcers. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013; 7(10):707-712.
[55] Rouhipour N, Hayatshahi A, Khoshniat Nikoo M, Yazdi MN, Heshmat R, Qorbani M et al .Clinical microbiology study of diabetic foot ulcer in Iran; pathogens and antibacterial susceptibility. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012 July ;6(27):5601-5608
[56] Lipsky BA. Medical Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. Diabetic Foot Treatment • CID 2004:39 (Suppl 2): S113
[57] Ozer B, Kalaci A, Semerci E, Duran N, Davul S and Yanat, AN. Infections and aerobic bacterial pathogens in diabetic foot. Afr.J. Microbiol. Res. 2010; 4(20): 2153- 2160.
[58] Ng LS, Kwang LL, Yeow SC, Tan TY. Anaerobic culture of diabetic foot infections: organisms and antimicrobial susceptibilities. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008 Nov; 37(11):936-9.
[59] Aragón-Sánchez J, Lázaro-Martínez JL, Hernández-Herrero MJ, Quintana-Marrero Y, Cabrera-Galván JJ. Clinical significance of the isolation of Staphylococcus epidermidis from bone biopsy in diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2010; 1: 5418- 21.
[60] Dowd SE , Wolcott RD, Sun Y, McKeehan T, Smith E, Rhoads D. Polymicrobial nature of chronic diabetic foot ulcer biofilm infections determined using bacterial tag encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). PLoS One. 2008 Oct;3(10):e3326.
[61] Lipsky BA. Evidence-based antibiotic therapy of diabetic foot infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999;26:267-76
[62] Trivedi U, Parameswaran S, Armstrong A, et al. Prevalence of Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Infections in Diabetic versus Nondiabetic Wounds. J Pathog. 2014;2014:173053.
[63] Lipsky BA, Armstrong DG, Citron DM, Tice AD, Morgenstern DE, Abramson MA. Ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam for diabetic foot infections (SIDESTEP): prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blinded, multicentre trial. Lancet 2005; 366:1695–703.
[64] Lipsky BA, Itani K, Norden C. Treating foot infections in diabetic patients: a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial of linezolid versus ampicillin-sulbactam/amoxicillin-clavulanate. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38:17–24.
[65] Sotto A, Richard JL, Combescure C, et al. Beneficial effects of implementing guidelines on microbiology and costs of infected diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetologia. 2010;53:2249-2255.
[66] Oates A, Bowling FL, Boulton AJM, McBain AJ. Molecular and Culture-Based Assessment of the Microbial Diversity of Diabetic Chronic Foot Wounds and Contralateral Skin Sites. J Clin Microbiol .2012 July ;50 (7): 2263–2271
[67] Richard JL, Lavigne JP, Sotto A Diabetes and foot infection: more than double trouble. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 Feb;28 Suppl 1:46-53. [68] Spicher A, Hurwitz BL, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Microbiology of
diabetic foot infections: from Louis Pasteur to ‘crime scene investigation.’ BMC Medicine. 2015; 13(1):2
[69] Lavigne JP, Sotto A, Dunyach-Remy C1, Lipsky BA. New Molecular Techniques to Study the Skin Microbiota of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2015 Jan;4(1):38-49
[70] Sotto A, Richard JL, Jourdan N, Combescure C, Bouziges N, Lavigne JP: Miniaturized oligonucleotide arrays: a new tool for discriminating colonization from infection due to Staphylococcus aureus in diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2007 ;8: 2051–2056
[71] Sotto A, Richard J-L, Messad N, et al. Distinguishing Colonization From Infection With Staphylococcus aureus in Diabetic Foot Ulcers With Miniaturized Oligonucleotide Arrays: A French multicenter study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):617-623.
[72] Richard JL, Sotto A, Jourdan N, C. Combescure e, D. Vannereau a, M. Rodier et al. Risk factors and healing impact of multidrug-resistant bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Metab2008;34:363-9
[73] Hartemann-Heurtier A, Robert J, Jacqueminet S, Ha Van G, Golmard JL, Jarlier V, et al Diabetic foot ulcer and multidrug-resistant organisms: risk factors and impact. Diabet Med. 2004 Jul; 21(7):710-5.
[74] Zenelaj B, Bouvet C, Lipsky BA, Uçkay I. Do diabetic foot infections with .methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus differ from those with other pathogens? Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2014 Dec; 13(4):263-72. [75] Omara NS, El-Nahas MR, Gray J. Novel antibiotics for the management
of diabetic foot infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008; 31 :411–419 [76] Wang SH, Sun ZL, Guo YJ, Yang BQ, Yuan Y, Wei Q, Ye KP.
Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from foot ulcers in diabetic patients in a Chinese care hospital: risk factors for infection and prevalence. J Med Microbiol. 2010 Oct;59(Pt 10):1219-24
[77] Leftheriadou I, Tentolouris N, Argiana V, Jude E, Boulton AJ: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in diabetic foot infections. Drugs.2010;70:1785–1797
[78] Elhamzaoui S, Benouda A, Allali F, Abouqual R, M. Elouennass Sensibilité aux antibiotiques des souches de Staphylocoques aureus isolées dans deux hôpitaux universitaires à Rabat, Maroc. Med Mal Infect .2009; 39: 891–895
[79] Vaubourdolle M. Infectiologie Tome 3(3ème édition) collection Le Moniteur internat 3, WOLTERS KLUWER: editors Wolters Kluwer France, 2007
[80] Nordmann P, Carrer A, Les carbapenemases des enterobacteries. Arch Pediatr 2010; 17 Suppl 4:S154-S16217
[81] Grall N, et al. Résistance aux carbapénèmes : vers une nouvelle impasse? J ANTI-INFECT. 2011 Jun; 13(2): 87-102
[82] Tlamçani Z, Ellaia K, Benomar A, Kabbaj H, Alaoui A, Seffar M. . La résistance aux fluoroquinolones chez des souches de Klebsiella spp productrices de bêtalactamase à spectre étendu isolées dans les urines.Ann Biol Clin 2009 ; 67 (5) : 553-6
[83] Rupp ME, Fey PD. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae: considerations for diagnosis, prevention and drug treatment. Drugs. 2003;63(4):353-65
[84] Viana AL, Cayô R, Avelino CC, Gales AC, Franco MC, Minarini LA. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae isolated in Brazil carry distinct types of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. J Med Microbiol. 2013 Sep; 62(Pt 9):1326-31.
[85] Janifer J, Sekkizhar G, Kumpatla S, Viswanathan V. Bioburden vs. Antibiogram of Diabetic Foot Infection. Clin Res Foot Ankle. 2013;1(3): 1000121
[86] Gardner SE, Haleem A, Jao YL, Hillis SL, Femino JE, Phisitkul P et al. Cultures of diabetic foot ulcers without clinical signs of infection do not predict outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2014 Oct;37(10):2693-701.
[87] Lipsky BA Empirical therapy for diabetic foot infections: are there clinical clues to guide antibiotic selection? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Apr; 13(4):351-3.
[88] Mendes JJ, Leandro C, Mottola C, Barbosa R, Silva FA, Oliveira M, et al. In vitro design of a novel lytic bacteriophage cocktail with therapeutic potential against organisms causing diabetic foot infections. J Med Microbiol 2014;63(Pt 8):1055-65.
[89] Peters EJ, Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Embil JM, Lavery LA, Senneville E, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions in the management of infection in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 Feb; 28 Suppl 1:142-62.
[90] Crouzet J , Lavigne JP, Richard JL, Sotto A, Nîmes University Hospital Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (GP30) Diabetic foot infection: a critical review of recent randomized clinical trials on antibiotic therapy. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15:e601–e610
[91] Sotto A, Lemaire X, Jourdan N, Bouziges N, Richard JL, Lavigne JP . Activité in vitro de l’ertapénème vis-à-vis de souches bactériennes isolées de plaies infectées du pied chez des patients diabétiques. Méd Mal
Infect 2008;38:146-52
[92] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Staphylococcus
aureus Resistant to Vancomycin --- United States, 2002. Morb Mortal
Wkly Rep. 2002 July ; 51(26):565-567
[93] Limbago BM, Kallen AJ, Zhu W, Eggers P, McDougal LK, Albrecht VS. Report of the 13th Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate from the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Mar;52(3):998-1002.
[94] Kosinski MA, Lipsky BA. Current medical management of diabetic foot infections Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2010;8(11):1293–1305
[95] Skhirtladze K, Hutschala D, Fleck T et al. Impaired target site penetration of vancomycin in diabetic patients following cardiac surgery. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006; 50: 1372–1375.
[96] Dutronc H, Bocquentin F, Galpérine T, Lafarie-Castet S, Dupon M .Le linézolide, premier antibiotique de la famille des oxazolidinones . Med Mal Infect.2005 Sep ; 35(9):427-434
[97] Stein GE, Schooley S, Peloquin CA, Missavage A, Havlichek DH. Linezolid tissue penetration and serum activity against strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility in diabetic patients with foot infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60:819–23.
[98] Traunmüller F, Schintler MV, Spendel S, Popovic M, Mauric O, Scharnagl E et al. Linezolid concentrations in infected soft tissue and bone following repetitive doses in diabetic patients with bacterial foot infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010 Jul;36(1):84-6.
[99] Lipsky BA, Stoutenburgh U. Daptomycin for treating infected diabetic foot ulcers: evidence from a randomized, controlled trial comparing daptomycin with vancomycin or semi-synthetic penicillins for complicated skin and skin-structure infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005 ; 55: 240–245.
[100] Joseph WS, Quast T, Cogo A, Crompton MG, Yoon MJ, Lamp KC et al. Daptomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus diabetic foot infections. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2014 Mar; 104(2):159-68.
[101] Goldstein EJC, Citron DM,Warren YA, Tyrrell KL, Marriam CV, Fernandez HT. In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2875–9.
[102] Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren YA, Tyrrel KL, Fernandez HT. In-vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006; 50:3959–62.
[103] Sotto A, Bouziges N, Jourdan N, et al. In vitro activity of tigecycline against strains isolated from diabetic foot ulcers. Pathol Biol. 2007; 55:398-406.
[104] US Food and Drug Administration , FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns of increased risk of death with IV antibacterial Tygacil (tigecycline) and approves new Boxed Warning FDA warns of increased risk of death with IV antibacterial Tygacil (tigecycline) and approves new Boxed Warning (mise à jour 9-27-2013) Disponible sur: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm369580.htm
[105] Lipsky BA, Giordano P, Choudhri S, Song J. Treating diabetic foot infections with sequential intravenous to oral moxifloxacin compared with piperacillin-tazobactam/amoxicillin-clavulanate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:370–6.
[106] Bogner JR, Kutaiman A, Esguerra-Alcalen M, Heldner S, Arvis P. Moxifloxacin in Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (cSSSIs): A Prospective, International, Non-Interventional, Observational Study. Advances in Therapy. 2013;30(6):630-643.
[107] Hakan Çelik, Manuel Schibler, Domizio Suvà, Leonardo Pagani, Pierre Hoffmeyer, Daniel Lew, Ilker Uçkay Où en est-on dans le traitement médical des ostéomyélites chroniques .Rev Med Suisse 2013 ; 9 : 885-9 [108] Griffis CD, Metcalfe S, Bowling FL, Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG. The
use of gentamycin-impregnated foam in the management of diabetic foot infections: a promising delivery system? Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2009 Jun;6(6):639-42.
[109] Johnson SW, Drew RH, May DB. How long to treat with antibiotics following amputation in patients with diabetic foot infections? Are the 2012 IDSA DFI guidelines reasonable? J Clin Pharm Ther. 2013 Apr;38(2):85-8.
[110] Malik A, Mohammad Z, Ahmad J. The diabetic foot infections: biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2013 Apr-Jun; 7(2):101-7.
[111] De Vaumas C, Bronchard R, Montravers P. Traitements non médicamenteux des infections cutanées graves : oxygénothérapie hyperbare, pansements et thérapeutiques locales. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2006 September ; 25 (9): 986–989
[112] Mendes JJ, Neves J. Diabetic Foot Infections: Current Diagnosis and Treatment. The Journal of Diabetic Foot Complications. 2012; 4 (2):126-45.
[113] L.-A. Dumont, J. Martini, J.-L. Grolleau-Raoux, J.-P. Chavoin. Prise en charge chirurgicale du pied chez le diabétique. EMC - Techniques chirurgicales - Chirurgie plastique reconstructrice et esthétique 2009:1-9 [Article 45-880]
[114] Bessea JL, Leemrijseb T, Deleub PA. Diabetic foot: The orthopedic surgery angle. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2011;97:314-329