Anthropisation des milieux

Dans les pays tempérés où le développement de l’agriculture a complètement façonné le paysage, les outardes se sont adaptées et sont devenues typiquement dépendantes des champs céréaliers comme c’est le cas de l’Outarde canepetière (Tetrax tetrax) et l’Outarde barbue (Otis tarda) (Morales et al. 2006). En Asie et Aux îles Canaries, en plus de son exploitation du milieu sauvage, l’Outarde houbara prospecte également les champs cultivés et y consomme surtout des légumineuses comme la luzerne et les céréales (Lavee 1985, Dominguez-Casanova 1989, Martín et al. 1996, Medina 1999). Au Maroc, l’Outarde houbara fréquente également les champs de culture à condition qu’ils soient à l’écart de la présence humaine.

La fréquentation et le nourrissage dans ces milieux par plusieurs individus montrent que les milieux naturels, dans leur état actuel, ne satisfont pas les besoins alimentaires des outardes surtout en été où la majorité des individus fréquentent des champs pour y consommer du blé. En effet, toute notre zone d’étude est sous l’emprise d’une pression pastorale particulièrement intensive (Bencherifa 1996, Le Cuziat et al. 2005a). Cette pression, conjuguée aux autres pratiques anthropiques comme l’arrachage des ligneux et la mise en culture des surfaces inondables conduit à une importante dégradation du milieu en particulier sa qualité trophique (Benmohammadi et al. 2000, Benbrahim et al. 2004, Le Cuziat et al. 2005a).

Selon Hingrat et al. (2007) les champs ont présenté les plus fortes biomasses en arthropodes sur l’ensemble des saisons. La richesse de ces milieux attire l’Outarde qui semble pouvoir y vivre sans problème. Mais, en réalité, cet habitat ne représente pas la même richesse en nourriture et en abris qu’un vrai habitat à Outarde. Un tel choix peut avoir des effets néfastes sur l'aptitude individuelle et sur la pérennité de la population à long terme, ce qui suggère que cet habitat pourrait constituer un véritable « piège écologique » pour l’Outarde. Ce phénomène est très courant chez les oiseaux (Vergara & Simonetti 2003, Nordby et al. 2009, Rodewald et al. 2010). Par exemple, l'abondance des Rhinocryptidés est plus élevée dans les parcelles ouvertes et fragmentées malgré un taux élevé de prédation (Vergara & Simonetti 2003). Ainsi, il apparaît primordial de déterminer si les champs constituent de véritables « pièges écologiques » pour l’Outarde. Dans ce cas ils devraient être considérés dans la gestion et la conservation de cette espèce. Il faudrait donc trouver des moyens pour atténuer les effets de ces habitats

soit en se concentrant sur leur amélioration ou en diminuant leur attractivité (Battin 2004).

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Dans le document Régime alimentaire de l'Outarde houbara nord africaine, Chlamydotis undulata undulata (Page 157-197)