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POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms

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HAL Id: inria-00074201

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074201

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms

Frédéric Guidec, Yves Mahéo

To cite this version:

Frédéric Guidec, Yves Mahéo. POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms.

[Research Report] RR-2473, INRIA. 1995. �inria-00074201�

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ISSN 0249-6399

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms

Fre´de´ric Guidec and Yves Mahe´o

N˚ 2473

Janvier 1995

PROGRAMME 1

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(18)

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xvgilL]†mjg'&n_]^_nmjmq[XY_Smt HpXZlLUj_ mjfEV¢{m{hjfp[wh¥¬VYUriVYyLX]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm;tLhjfE_.oƒ_nU¦¥¬VYUW][yƒeq_nm{V¥1T1Ÿ$„^¶jT:9.„

xv_;eqUj_[wmj_mjgiXYyEgIHJen[yvhjri},¢{fLgiri_$hjfL_$oƒ_nU«¥ÓVYUj]I[ypek_nm{V¥©T1Ÿ$„^¶? {T[Uj_$lLyƒ[rihj_nUW_xJ¨

GAgiXYlEUj_#‘[rimjV mWfLV¢{mhjfL_^up[ypx9¢{g¤x9hjfVZuLmj_SUjY_;xž¢{fL_nyhWfL_#mWh\[]^oLgiyLXImj_nUWvg¤ek_gim_Syp[uLri_x giy

T1Ÿ$„^¶? {T† =[/mjhq[]#ogimNhWfL_ny[mjmWVLeqg£[hj_;x¢{gihWf_[Zejf ]#_nmWm\[wXY_,mj_SyRh,uv}[wy[oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYyžyLVLxv_;¡n¨

6VYhWf eqlLUWY_nmI «T1Ÿ$„^¶? {T ¢{gihjf[wypx¢{gihjfLVZlLhmjhq[]^oLgiyLXR¡$[UW_[wr]^VYmWh~mjlEop_nUWgi]#oƒVYmj_;xJ¨ GAgXZlLUj_

xvVv_nmyLVYhxvgimjhWgiyLXYlLgimWf up_Sh«¢©_n_SyžhjfL_op_SU«¥¬VZUj][wypeq_nm$Vw¥€T1Ÿ$„^¶? {T ¢{ghWf [yƒx ¢{gihjfEVYlLhdmjh\[w]#oLgiyLXƒt

uƒ_en[wlLmj_hjfL_xvgJ_nUj_Sypeq_,en[yLyEVYh{uƒ_]#_[wmjlLUW_xJ¨

0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.001

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000

Temps en secondes

Taille en octets POM sur Intel Paragon XP/S

POM-NX POM-NX STM POM-PVM

Experimentation on the Intel Paragon XP/S running OSF1 1.0.4 (patch 2.5.1).

POM-NX with no stamping

POM-PVM

POM-NX with vectorial stamping

(19)

` % )1L(E# :/C!- C 0

hWfL_ @{¶jŸ N G E`#§Z_nUjyE_nr£¡n¨Až_#[rimjV giypekVYUjoƒVYUq[hW_xžgiy HpXZlLUj_#ŠIhWfL_#hWU\[wyLmj]^gmWmjgiVYyhjgi]^_nmVYuEmj_nUWY_x

¢{gihjfT1Ÿ$„^¶L@ ¢{fL_nyhjfL_^mjhq[]#oEgyEXmW_nUjvg£eq_ gim_Syp[uLri_xΨ­«hNhWlLUjyLm,VZlLhhWfp[h¢{gihjfhWfL_eklLUjUW_nyvh

Z_nUjmWgVZyLm~Vw¥©T1Ÿ$„^¶ @NtEhjfL_r£[whj_nypek}gim{mWgXZyLgJH en[wyRhWri},gyƒeqUj_[wmj_xΨ PV¢©_SY_nU;tL¢_N[UW_NeqVYy3H xv_nyvh~hWfp[h

¢_#en[yUj_;xvlpeq_,hWfLgimŒ[wrihj_nUq[hjgiVZy giy hWfL_,yL_[wU~¥ÓlLhjlLUW_,uv}mWrigXZfvhjri}I]#VLxvg·¥¬}vgiyLXNhWfL_g]^oLri_n]#_SyRhq[hWgVZy

Vw¥T1Ÿ$„^¶ L@¨vb~yv}v¢€[;}vthjfE_~XYriVZup[rpekVYmjh{Vw¥¸mjhq[]#oEgyEX.]^_eWfp[yEgmW]#mUj_S][giyLm1[Zeneq_noLhq[uLri_Y¨ 61_Smjg£xv_nm;t

hWfL_Noƒ_nU¦¥¬VYUW][yƒeq_nm$V¥€TŸ.„¶ @ ¢{fE_ny hjfE_NmWh\[]^oLgiyLX,mj_SUjvg£eq_Ngim$_nyp[wuLri_x [wUj_up_nhWhj_nUhjfp[wy hjfLVZmj_

Vw¥TŸ.„¶¦T:9$„¢{fL_ny hWfL_$mjh\[w]#oLgiyLXmj_nUWRg£eq_gim€x9gmq[uLri_xΨ

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000

0 500000 1e+06 1.5e+06 2e+06 2.5e+06 3e+06

Bandwidth in Kbytes/s

Message size in bytes POM on the Intel Paragon XP/S

POM-NX POM-PVM

POM-NX POM-PVM

Experimentation on the Intel Paragon XP/S running OSF1 1.0.4 (patch 2.5.1).

Références

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