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A quantization tree method for pricing and hedging multi-dimensional American options

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HAL Id: inria-00072123

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072123

Submitted on 23 May 2006

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A quantization tree method for pricing and hedging multi-dimensional American options

Vlad Bally, Gilles Pagès, Jacques Printems

To cite this version:

Vlad Bally, Gilles Pagès, Jacques Printems. A quantization tree method for pricing and hedging multi-dimensional American options. [Research Report] RR-4465, INRIA. 2002. �inria-00072123�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--4465--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 4

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

A quantization tree method for pricing and hedging multi-dimensional American options

Vlad BALLY — Gilles PAGÈS — Jacques PRINTEMS

N° 4465

Mai 2002

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