Snow loads on roofs 1961-62: sixth progress report

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NATIONAL RESEAROH OOUNCIL OANADA

DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEAROH

SNOW LOADS ON ROOFS 1961-62 SIXTH PROGRESS REPORT

by

P. A. Hebert and B. G. W. Peter

ANALYZED

Internal Report No. 260 of the

Division of BUilding Research

OTTAWA January 1963

PREFACE

Although snow depths on the ground are relatively well known and have been used widely to estimate roof design loads, the actual loads on roofs are still difficult to

predict. Many buildings have been designed for snow loads

much greater than those which actually occur while others have been under-designed and have therefore been damaged by

heavy drift loads. Roof failures due to snow loads are,

unfortunately, not uncommon.

This variability of, and uncertainty about roof loads have been the main reasons for the extensive investi-gations of snow loads, primarily for the National BUilding

Code, by the Division of Building Research. The Division

has been conducting a countrywide survey of actual roof

loads for the past six winters. Although the information

gathered is not yet sufficient to lead to conclusive reSUlts, definite trends of snow accumulations have been established and on a basis of this some changes have already been made

in the National Building Code. These changes, however, have

not yet refined the snow loads to the degree aimed for by the survey.

This report presents the observations made during the 1961-62 winter and serves as an addition to the five

previous annual reports on snow loads. The Division of

Building Research wishes to express again its appreciation to the many observers whose active participation made the survey of the 1961-62 winter possible, particularly to A-Station observers of the Meteorological Branch of the Department of Transport at Goose Bay and Gander, the Department of National Defence at Fort Churchill, the

Department of Public Works at Revelstoke, Ecole Polytechnique (Montreal), Macdonald College (Ste. Anne de Bellevue), Queen's University (Kingston), University of Toronto, University of Manitoba (Winnipeg), University of Alberta (Edmonton),

University of Waterloo, Aluminum Company of Canada at

Arvida, the Federal Day School at Inuvik, and the Atlantic,

Prairie and B.C. Regional Stations of the Division. Thanks

is also expressed to the bUilding inspectors and individuals who made B-Station observations, and to the RCAF personnel

at the C Stations and their colleagues in Ottawa. Without

all this Willing co-operation, this report could not have been prepared.

This report was prepared by P. A. Hebert, of the University of New Brunswick, a summer worker with the

Building Structures Section, and B. G. W. Peter, Research

Officer with the Section, under the direction of W. R. Schriever. Appendix A which deals with the statistics of the roof to

ground load ratio, was prepared jointly by D. W. Boyd, D.O.T. Meteorologist with DBR/NRC, and P. A. Hebert.

Ottawa

SNOW LOADS ON ROOFS 1961-62 Sixth Progress Report

by

P. A. Hebert and

B.

G. W. Peter

This progress report presents the results of the 1961-62 survey of snow loads on roofs as well as an analysis

of the observations taken during that winter. Unusual

features are analyzed and discussed, and the results are compared with the results of the previous progress reports

(2-1) in order to summarize the 5 years of the survey. Appendix A presents a statistical analysis of the observa-tions of the past 5 years of the survey.

Through the years, engineers and building code authorities in Canada as well as in other countries have

been faced with the problem of choosing an appropriate design

snow load for roofs. Extreme deviations in either direction

will result either in ｾｾ･｣･ｳｳ｡ｲｹ construction costs or in

collapse of numerous structures.

Some years ago the design snow load was generally

assumed to be 40 psf practically all across Canada. Although

many of the structures built at that time have withstood the test of time, some failures have occurred in roofs because

of snow loads. Although complete statistics of structural

failures do not exist, the major failures are well indicated by the many newspaper clippings received by the Division every winter.

Some of the factors which influence the magnitude and distribution of the actual roof loads are annual snowfall, the shape of the roof, wind direction and intensity, heat

loss, and daily temperatures. All these factors, acting in

a somewhat complex way, determine the maximum amount of snow which will build up on the roof during a winter and,

consequently, must be considered by the designer, if the accuracy of the load assumption is to be in keeping with the accuracy of structural analysis developed today.

The 1953 National BUilding Code of Canada (9) used the snow load on the ground as the minimum design snow load

for roofs. The snow load on the ground was the maximum

reported ground depth from 1941 to 50 plus the maximum 24-hour rainfall expected in the 2- or 3-month period when

maximum snow depths are likely to occur (8). An assumed

specific gravity of 0.2 was used to determine this. The

assumption that the load on the roof is the same as that on the ground was, however, obviously rather crude.

2

-In 1956, the Associate Committee on the National Building Code asked the Division of Building Research to

study the problem in greater detail. Accordingly, a pilot

survey (1,2) was carried out during the winter of 1956-57; the full-scale survey began in the winter of 1957-58.

Stations were chosen across Canada so that the results would represent as many climatic areas of the country as possible. Direct measurements of snow depth and density were taken on roofs chosen at these different stations.

The prime objective of the survey is to allow a more accurate prediction of snow loads on roofs from snow loads on the ground for the region where the structure is

built. It also is designed to accumulate information on the

different factors affecting this roof load. SURVEY PROCEDURES OF 1961-62 OBSERVATIONS

The survey procedures used this year at A, Band C Stations were similar to those used in previous years (11). In addition, a more intensive survey was carried out in

Ottawa to obtain more information on the effect of the shape of roofs in an area sUbject to the same climatic conditions. In all, reports were received on 90 roofs.

A Stations - Detailed observations of snow depth and density were recorded every week and after every

snow-fall (Figure 25). Depth observations were made of average

snow cover on the ground and at locations on the roofs

indicated by snow depth gauges

(7).

At each station at

least one flat and one gable roof were observed. A total of

45

roofs were observed at the 17 A Stations (Table I).

B Stations - Observations at B Stations were taken mainly by bUilding inspectors who assist the Division in

this work on a voluntary basis. These B Stations are

intended to observe cases of unusual snow loads and failures. The observers are asked to take measurements of snow depths only when a snow load occurs that is considered to be large

for the community or causes failure. The Division heard

from 10 B Stations,

6

of which gave details of loads on

roofs observed; the remaining 4 had little or no snow during the winter.

C Stations - Observations at these stations are similar to those at A Stations and were carried out by RCAF

personnel on airport bUildings across Canada. The buildings

used were: arch hangars, mechanical equipment garages,

cantilever hangars and unit supply depots, the last two

3

-buildings were all of standard size and shape. Eight C Stations

were observed in Canada reporting on 23 roofs.

Local Survey - This year, a group of houses in the

Ottawa area as well as some flat roofs on the Morrt.reaL Road

NRC buildings were added to the survey. Most of the 17 roofs

selected were observed only twice during the winter. WEATHER

In many parts of Canada the 1961-62 winter deviated considerably from the normal pattern.

The total snowfall for stations west of Toronto was generally higher than normal, except for Inuvik and Vancouver, while central Canada experienced below normal snowfall.

February brought very heavy snowfall to Newfoundland, and a considerable amount to the rest of Canada, except British Columbia.

In December, the Prairie Provinces experienced mean monthly temperatures as much as 16 deg below normal. February brought extremely cold temperatures to most of Canada.

ｾｾｊｏｒ CHARACTERISTICS OF 1961-62 OBSERVATIONS

About one half of the stations observed had a total

winter snowfall above the normal value. Three of these

(Halifax, Fort Churchill and Revelstoke) experienced high loading conditions on the roofs with maximum roof loads

(drift loads) exceeding the design value

(12).

At Revelstoke,

however, the average roof load exceeded the design load. The results of the observations of the winter of 1961-62 confirmed the major conclusions of previous seasons

of the survey in that they showed qualitatively that snow loads are greatly affected by the shape and size of the surroundings as well as by the orientation of the roofs on

which they accumulate. This is particularly well shown by

the observations made at Fort Churchill, Halifax, Gander, Ottawa, Waterloo and Edmonton.

The observed average roof loads ranged from 0 to

80 psi. Revelstoke, in the Rocky Mourrteins, accumulated a

high average load of 80 psi because of its sheltered condition.

The maximum drift load observed was 140 psf, in Ottawa,

measured on a lean-to roo:C adjacent to a Large curved

4

-PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

The results of observations for the winter of 1961-62 are presented in a form similar to those of the

preceding years in order to assure uniformity for future

reference and analysis.

Tables I to IV present relevant information on the A, Band C Stations and the local survey, respectively.

These are supplemented by two maps of Canada (Figures 1 and 2) on which the maximum roof and ground loads of all stations

of A, Band C type are shown as bar graphs. Table V is

provided to compare the roof load/ground load ratio for flat

roofs. Some variations of snow loads as a result of roof

shapes in Ottawa and Halifax are also included Ｈｆｩｧｵｲｾｳ 26

to

34).

Observations at each station will be discussed.

A and C Stations contain greater details of

observation and are analyzed accordingly. Figures

3

to 24

describe each roof of the A and C type giving their shape,

size, thermal conditions and surroundings. Graphs are

plotted showing the maximum daily wind speed (mph), daily mean temperatures (OF), and the accumulated snowfall (in.)

thrOUghout the winter. The loading pattern on each roof for

the whole winter is displayed by a graph showing the ground load near the building observed as well as the maximum, average and minimum loads on the roof itself.

RESULTS OF 1961-62 OBSERVATIONS

Although several stations had a rather heavy winter snowfall, only Revelstoke had an average roof load exceeding the 1960 National Building Code minimum design snow load for

roofs. Maximum roof loads (concentration caused by drifts)

exceeding the Code values were observed at Revelstoke, Fort Churchill and Halifax.

All roofs, except one at Fort Churchill, had

average loads less than the ground load. Eight stations,

however, had maximum roof loads exceeding the ground load: Revelstoke, Toronto, Kingston, Ottawa, Waterloo, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Halifax and Fort Churchill, the last-mentioned

exceeding it by 150 per cent. These relatively high maxima

seem to be caused by factors that differed with stations,

some of which are: low wind speeds during the Winter, well

sheltered roofs, high parapets and extending wall (penthouse,

or high building near the roof observed). These high loads

are further discussed below.

Montreal, Goose Bay, Inuvik and Gander had ground

5

-in each case the average roof load did not exceed 12 psf. These low roof loads may be caused by relatively high winds during the winter, roofs with little shelter in the very near surroundings and no parapet along the flat roofs.

The following is a more detailed discussion of the results of each individual station with regard to any unusual loading pattern or other characteristics observed during the last winter.

A Stations

Vancouver - Snow loads at Vancouver have always been

very low because of the moderate climate. Again this year

snow loads on roofs were negligible. The gauges were removed

from the roof because very little snow remained after a

snow-ｦ｡ｬｬｾ Nevertheless, observations will be continued whenever any measurable loading occurs.

Revelstoke - This station in the mountains of eastern British Columbia at an elevation of 1800 ft with an annual

precipitation of 143 in. produced high roof loads. The maximum

roof load was 92 psf on a sheltered flat roof; this exceeded

the design roof load by 22 psf. The maximum average load on

each roof was slightly less than the ground load but the loads

exceeded the NBC roof load value. It is surprising that such

high loads occurred as the winter's snowfall was 160 in.,

only 20 in. above normal. The ground snow depth was Les s than

that on which the NBC load is based, but high densities

occurred during the winter. The similarity of roof and

ground loads here as at Glacier, indicate the extremely calm conditions which can be found in some mountainous regions. The unusual feature of an average roof load exceeding the ground load, which was observed on the Bark shelter in the

winter of 1960-61, did not occur again. Another feature

worth mentioning is that despite the 1000-ft difference in elevation between the Bark and the town the loads were rather similar.

These high values are the highest roof loads

observed in the DBR survey since the winter of 1958-59 when the A Station at Glacier reported a maximum average roof load of 160 psf.

Edmonton - The 1961-62 snowfall in Edmonton

exceeded the 51-in. normal value by 38 per cent. In spite

of this, the average as well as the maximum roof load remained well below the ground load at all times, mainly because of the prevailing high winds.

Fort Churchill - This station experienced an exceptionally "good" winter; the total snowfall exceeding

6

-the normal value by 80 per cent. This had a considerable

effect on the roof loads that developed. The roof of the

corridor J-54 had to be shovelled free from snow to avoid possible damage when the load reached about 50 psf.

Fortunately (for the survey) J-165, a corridor roof of the same type and orientation was not cleared until a month

later and the maximum load reached a peak of 90 psf (250 per cent ground load) with an average of 42 psf, the second

highest load observed in the DBR survey in this winter. The Fort Churchill observations showed again that roof orientation is an important factor, as indicated by the heavy loading on J-54 and J-165, compared to the smaller loads (average 18 psf, maximum 31 psf) on corridor E-31 which is the same shape and size as the other 2 corridors but is turned 90 deg.

The canopy on bUilding F-2 also accumulated high

loads up to 50 psf or 15 ,psf over ground load. The rest of

this roof was blown clear of snow throughout the whole winter.

From 5 November to 1 May the mean daily temperature remained below 30°F, a condition favourable for the

accumula-tion of snow. The ground snow depth valttes (no density) for

this ｳｴ｡ｴｩｯｾ are taken from the local meteorological station

records.

Waterloo - Observations at this new station showed

very common loading patterns. The maximum roof load on the

two exposed roofs did not reach the ground load. Bart of

the roof of the Engineering Building, however, which is sheltered on the south side, had loads slightly higher than the ground load.

ｋｩｮｾｳｴｯｮ - Snowfall was near normal in Kingston.

At no time di the maximum roof load exceed the NBC minimum

design roof load.

As in previous years, the flat roof showed higher loading than the gable roof, with maximum loads occurring at

gauges No.1 and No.7, i.e. at the two south corners of

the building. This is mainly beoause No. 1 and No. 7 gauges

are the closest to the 2.5-ft parapet along the bUilding. Ottawa - Ottawa's snowfall was considerably below

normal. The loading patterns were similar to those of the

3 preceding years, even though the winter snowfall for the past 4 years has varied from 58 to 110 in.

For the past 3 winters the winds appear to have come mainly from either the 'east or the west.

7

-,

The winter of 1958-59, however, did not follow this rule; the maximum roof loads on the Davidson Orescent roof were very near ground loads all winter.

The sheltered flat roof on Fairhavenway again accumulated relatively high maximum snow loads, exceeding

the ground load. This was also the case for the DBR bUilding

which has a 2-ft parapet along the edges.

The Mark III experimental house, at 40A Barker?

was added to this year's observations. Snow loads on this

low sloped roof were quite small; this can be attributed to the exposure of this roof to winds from the east which

accompanied the snowfalls.

Ste. Anne de Bellevue - At this station the ground

load did not exceed

35

psf even though the total snowfall was

30 in. greater than last year or 110 in.

The average roof load reached only 8 psf throughout the winter and the maximum roof load exceeded the ground load

by only 2 psf. This may have been caused by heat loss even

though the building is insulated.

Montreal - Although the snowfall was 13 per cent above normal, the roof loads observed at this station were rather low because of the action of wind and frequent thaws. In the past reports the normal snowfall for Montreal was

quoted as 89 in. After further investigation it was found

to be 97 which is used in this report.

Arvida - Observations at this station were made

from 11 December to 5 March. During this period the snowfall

was 49 in.; the highest load recorded on the ground was

13 psf and the maximum roof load was 11 psf. The large

industrial flat roof observed has never had any critical

loads.

Halifax - Again this year the flat roofs of the

NRO building and the Nova Scotia Technical Oollege experienced high maximum loads, undoubtedly caused by winds around the

penthouses on these two bUildings. Because of the proximity

of the Atlantic coast the winds were generally higher here

than at other stations. Temperatures during the winter

frequently reached the 30's causing most of the snow to melt after snowfalls, except for the last part of February when temperatures remained below 30 degj as a result the peak loads of the winter were formed after considerable snowfall during the month.

Gander - Roof loads at this station were very small,

8

-load came to a high of 75 psf during the last part of the

winter. Since during this period the observed snow depth

was only 27 in., the density was exceptionally high (over

0.5 gm/cc). ｾｬｩｳ can be explained by the fact that in the

latter part of March when mean temperatures were in the 30's, the top snow melted and increased the density of the lower

layer. The maximum density recorded was 0.63 gm/cc.

Other Stations - The A Stations not mentioned above (Inuvik, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Toronto, Goose Bay) had no unusual characteristics (Table I, Fieures 3, 6a, 6b, 7, 10 and 17).

B Stations

Although not many B Stations reported to the Division, those that did helped support the results of the A Stations

with specific case histories. Average snow loads on the roofs

were usually less than the ground loads. Accumulations of

snow occurred, as expected, on leeward slopes, on lean-tots such as carports or porches, on the lower part of split-level roofs and on canopies.

C Stations

All C Stations had average roof loads less than the ground loads with the maximum load concentrated near walls

and other obstructions on the roofs. High load concentration

occurred at some locations, such as on the Mechanical

Equipment Garage at North Bay where a load of 118 psf, i.e.

125 per cent above the ground load, was observed. High loads

also occurred on some of the lean-to roofs of the cantilever hangars, especially at Lancaster where the load was 105 psf. Other C-Station roofs had no unusual snow loads.

Local Survey

Twelve houses in Cardinal Heights, a typical sub-division of average-size one-storey bungalows on the eastern

outskirts of Ottawa, were observed on two occasions. All

the roofs, with one exception, were either hip or gable roofs. The generally flat topography and the lack of trees in the area provide conditions such that the houses would be called "exposed."

Most of the roofs accumulated loads that were

about equal to the ground load. These were usually confined

to small areas on the leeward slopes or near chimneys and would therefore not have been too serious because of "load

sharing." The average roof loads ranged from nearly 0 to

9

-roofs under "exposed" conditions, the design load might be reduced below the present NBC value of 80 per cent of the ground load.

Also included in this local survey were a number of flat roofs of multi-storey office buildings located on

the NRC property on Montreal Road. Average loads on the flat

roofs were slightly less than the ground loads.

The snow depths observed on the arch proper of the

Hull Arena were very small. On the flat canopies below the

arch, however, average loads of 70 psf occurred as a result

of snow melting on the arch. The maximum observed was 140 psf.

GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

This survey of snow loads on roofs which has been carried on for 6 years, has already provided considerable information on snow loads and should provide even further information in a few more years when the observations for

all the years are analyzed together. To date the survey has

provided the following information:

1. Snow loads vary considerably from roof to roof in the

same area and also from year to year on the same roof because of changes in total snowfall or even because of changes in wind conditions alone.

2. The type of snow accumulation varies with geographical

location, (e.g. severe drifting at Fort Churchill, uniform loads at Revelstoke).

3.

Although the average roof loads are considerably below

the ground loads, the maximum roof loads (i.e. drifts) significantly exceed the ground loads.

4.

In sheltered locations the roof slope has little

influence on the snow load.

5.

Concentrated loads occur most frequently near vertical

projections from the roof.

6. Wind is the major factor affecting snow loads.

In view of these findings some changes have been made by the Associate Committee on the National Building

Code in the 1960 Code (10) and the Housing Standards. The

basic roof load has been first reduced to 80 per cent of the

10

-the roof, this basic load has been increased by 50 per cent for a strip which is 3 times as wide as the projection is

high but not exceeding 15 ft. For sloped roofs, reductions

have been allowed for slopes over 30 deg (previously it had

been 20 deg). For curved or peaked roofs an unbalanced load

25 per cent greater than the specified uniform design load

is required on one side and no load on the other. Finally

roofs onto which snow is likely to slide from another roof are required to be designed for the full weight of snow from the contributing slide area in addition to the regular snow

load. Further refinements will undoubtedly be made but this

cannot be done on the basis of the present results.

Snow loads perhaps even more than other loads,

are "probable loads. h There are, unfortunately, so many

variables and factors affecting the magnitude and distri-bution of snow loads that to take all of them into account and yet arrive at a design load that is not too conservative

is a difficult problem indeed. To avoid all danger of

over-loading by making extremely conservative assumptions about

wind and shape effects, would mean penalizing

999

out of

1000 roofs to save the one. The problem in essence is to

choose an acceptable probability of overloading which, in

turn, will determine the probability of failure. For example,

a residence in an extremely sheltered location might accumulate

an average roof load equal to the ground load. But the

majority of houses are not located in such areas and do not

accumulate such heavy loads. It would therefore seem .

unreasonable to require all residences to be designed for an average load equal to the full maximum ground load.· A rational design load for residences can only be arrived at by observing a great number of residences under various sheltered conditions; a probable design load could then be selected from this

statistical sample, with due regard to the safety factor provided for all contingencies besides overloading, i.e. variability of material, workmanship and deterioration.

At present A and C Stations are providing only

two or three roofs in each area. Considerable additional

information for even an approximate statistical analysis is

required. Such information can be obtained by observations

of many roofs, irrespective of their roof load, at a time

when the ground depth is near maximum for the winter. These

local surveys must be done on residential, office- and

industrial-size roofs as well as on specific cases, such as unbalanced loads on sloped roofs.

11 -REFERENCES

1. Allen, D. E. Snow loads on roofs. The present requirements

and a proposal for a survey of snow loads on roofs. National Research Council, Division of Building Research, Internal Report No. 106, September 1956. 19 p.

2. Allen, D. E. Snow loads on roofs, 1956-57 - A progress

ｲ･ｾｯｲｴＮ National Research Council, Division of

Building Research, Internal Report

No.

134, January

1958. 7 p.

3.

Allen, D. E. and C. J. Turkstra. Snow loads on roofs,

1957-58 - Second progress report. National Research

Council, Division of Building Research, Internal

Report No. 163, November 1958. 6 p.

4.

ｔｨｯｲ｢ｵｬｾＬ H. J. and B. G. W. Peter. Snow loads on roofs,

1958-59 - Third progress report. National Research

Council, Division of Building Research, Internal

Report No. 184, November 1959. 16 p.

5.

Peter, B. G. W. and H. J. Thorburn. Snow load observations

at B Stations, 1958-59. National Research Council,

Division of BUilding Research, Internal Report

No. 189, December 1959. 13 p.

6.

Watt, W. E. and H. J. Thorburn. Snow loads on roofs,

1959-60 - Fourth progress report. National Research

Council, Division of BUilding Research, Internal

Report No. 204, November 1960. 10 p.

7.

Scott, J. F. and B. G. W. Peter. Snow loads on roofs,

1960-61 - Fifth progress report. National Research

Council, Division of Building Research, Internal

Report No. 228, November 1961. 14 p.

8. Thomas, M. K. A method of computing snow load.

Engineering Journal, Vol. 38,

No.2.

February

1955. p. 120-123.

9. National Building Code of Canada (1953). Associate

Committee on the National Building Code. National

Research Council, Ottawa.

10. National BUilding Code of Canada (1960). Associate

Committee on the National Building Code. National

Research Council, Ottawa.

11. Allen, D. E. Field instructions for observers at A Stations

of snow loads on roofs. National Research Council,

Division of BUilding Research, Technical Note No. 233,

12

-12. Climatic information for building design in Canada 1961.

Supplement No. 1 to the National BUilding Code of

Canada. Associate Committee on the National

Building Code, National Research Council, Ottawa. NRC 6483.

TABf,l\ I

SNOW LOADS FOR A STATIONS 1961-62

NRC Max Max Avg Max

Station Roof Roof (psf) Ground Roof Observed

/53 /60 (psf) (psf) Roof (psf) Inllvik, N.W.T. Gable: Not heated, sheltered from

south 30 37 46 2 4

Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 30 37 35 10 25 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 35 37 41 4 9

Vancouver, B.C. 30 27 Practically no snow

Revelstoke Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed - 70 85 80 81 B.C. Gable: Not heated, sheltered -

-

84 80 92 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed - 70 85 70 84 Edmonton, Alta. Gable: Unheated, sheltered 25 22 27 5 7 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 25 22 28 2 6 Saskatoon, Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 33 28 23 7 9

Sask. Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 35 28 21 8 15 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 35 28 17 4 14 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 35 28 20 6 15 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 35 28 17 5 6 Winnipeg, Man. Gable: Heated, insulated, sheltered 32 36 11 6 ₉ Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 35 36 11 10 13 Fort Churchill, Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 55 53 36 12 20 Man. Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 55 53 36 5 50 Flat: Heated, insulated, (corridor) 55 53 36 20 48 Flat: Heated, insulated, (corridor) 55 53 36 42 90 Flat: Heated, insulated, (corridor) 55 53 36 18 31 Toronto, Onto Gable: Insulated, sheltered 24 26 12 1 3 Flat: Heated, insulated, sheltered 35 32 16 8 16 Kingston, Onto Gable: Heated, insulated, sheltered 47 40 16 6 11 Flat: Heated, exnused, 2.5' parapet 55 40 18 14 32 Ottawa, Onto Gable: Heated, insulated, shelt. (north) 43 48 27 3 5 Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 43 48 27 3 8 Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 43 48 27 3 8 Flat: Heated, insulated, sheltered 50 48 38 14 38 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 50 48 35 8 15 Flat: Heated, insulated, sheltered 50 48 27 15 35 Waterloo, Onto Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed - 50 22 2 8 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed - 50 22 8 9 Flat: Heated, insulated, sheltered - 50 22 13 30 Ste. Anne de Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 34 35 28 5 19 Bellevue,P.Q. Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 50 44 28 8 30

I

Montreal, P.Q. Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 43 43 35 4 19 Flat: Heated, not insulated, exposed 50 43 46 7 11

Arvida, P.Q. Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 55 60 13 6 11 Halifax, N.S. Gable: Heated, not insulated, sheltered 34 36 31 5 8 Flat: Heated, insulated, exposed 40 36 22 7 36 *Flat: Heated, sheltered 40 36 19 20 59 Gander, Nfld. Gable: Heated, insulated, sheltered 42 50 76 7 8 Flat: Not heated, insulated, exposed 45 50 70 4 6 Goose Bay, Lab. Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 78 82 39 11 16 Plat: Heated, insulated, no parapet 90 82 39 12 15

TABLE II

SNOW LOADS AT B STATIONS 1961-52

Type Heated Heated Not Major Influences Loads in pst:

Location of and and Heated Strong Heat Mild NBC Avg Roof Remarks Roof Insulated Uninsu1ated winds loss weather roof Ground roof r1.fts

/53 /60

Court1.nay, B.C. X 45 46 very little

I

snowfall

Sault St. Nar1.e, flat X 55 40 22 11 2<' carport

Onto lower than

43 16 31 rest of the house

Sault St. Mar-Le , gable X 55 40 43 20 24 sheltered

Onto

Sault st. Harie, gable X 22 19 23

Onto curling

-

29 53 rink

Chelmsford, Onto hip X X 45 44 28 19 56 dr1.fting

caused by split level

Cormvall, Ont. hip X X 55 44 22 31 drifts on

leeward slope

London, Onto 40 34 no sno..._exceedingr

6 in.

Toronto, Onto arch X 35 32 24 29 43 arena

;"hi tby, Ont. 35 34 no unusual loads

Dorchester, Onto 40 34 no unusual loads

TABLE III

SNOW LOADS FOR C STATIONS 1961-62 (in pst)

ｾ

Supply Depot Arch Hangar M.E. Garage Cant. Hangar NBC

Basic Max Max avg Max Max Max avg Max Max Max avg Max }fax Max avg Max Roof Load Station ground roof drift ground roof drift ｾｯｵｮ､ roof drift ground roof c'irift _{1953 1960}

Comox, B.C.

-

-

-i

5 3 5 5 4 5 5 4 9/6':- 45 46

I

Lancaster, Alta.

-

-

-

I

-

-

-

36 7 46 41 25 52/10c 25 22

Cold Lake, Alta. 15 4 5/5 17 14 31 15 ;5 9 17 4 5/5 30 33

Winnipeg, Man. 31 6 13/13 31 16 34 31 5 8 29 11 37/28 35 36

North Bay, Onto 44 21 36/29 38 25 58 53 18 118 55 43

ottawa, Onto

-

-

-

39 14 55 16 10 65 23 20 65/70 50 48

Toronto, Onto 8 5 7/7

-

-

-

13 3 18

-

-

-

35 32

Goose Bay, Lab. 47 21 44/47

-

-

-

47 17 44

-

-

-

90 82

NOTE: - indicates roof not available.

TABLE IV

SNOW LOADS ON ROOFS IN OTTAWA AREA ICJf)I-62

ｾＭＭＭＭＭＭｾＭ

_._-ﾷｾﾷＭﾷＱｾＭＭＭＭ

---｟ Ｎ ｟ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ ｟ Ｎ ｟ ｾ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ

Type Heated Loads in psf

-Location of and NBC Avg Roof Remarks

Roof Insulated roof Ground roof drifts

/53 /60

----

---Hull, Que. arch with ₅0 48 .:} 20 4 7 arena arch two border- ＧｾﾷＺＧＲＰ 33 70 roof with

ing flat canopy on

canopies each side

ｾＺＭ

Ｇ［ｈＺｾ 70 140 severe drift

on leeward side, ice present Streets Cardinal Heights Area

***

2001 Ogilvie hip X I.j.3 48 _{17J )} 17 29 14 )0

25 Crownh1l1 gable X 4) 48 17 0 0 favourable 29 0 0 wind

direc-tion 62 Crownhill gable X 4) 48 17 3 1)

29 4 14

4 LeRoy hip X _{4 3} 48 17 ) 16 chimney

?9 2 Ｒｾ caulled drifts 9 LeRoy hip X 4 3 48 17 1 ₅ 29 1 ₅ 25 Mowat gable X 4 3 48 17 ) ₅ 29 ₅ 23 9 Seguin flat X 50 48 17 7

ｴｾ

un l form wi th 29 11 max near chimney

23 Seguin hip X ₄₃ 48 17 1 a drifts on

29 ₅ 12 leeward slope

28 Dunham gable X ₄₃ 48 17 3 8

29 4 12

23 Appleford gable X 4 3 48 17 1 8

29 2 7

31 Appleford gable X ₄₃ 48 17 1 9 drl.fts near 29 2 14 chimney and

lee slope 24 RlvinB gabL: X ₄₃ 48 17 12 13 partly

;':9 14 27 sheltered

NRC Property, r:lontreal Road

H-7 flat X ₅0 48 35 12 1° M-') flat X ₅0 48 35 9 64 M-lO flat X ₅0 48 35 22 35 M-20 flat X ₅0 4,Q ₃₅ 26 35 3 different 35 113 58 sections of 35 29 46 the buLl.dLng 2' parapet

TABLE V

SNOW LOADS ON LARGE FLAT ROOFS

Average Roof Load _{x 100} Location Roof Roof Load Ground Load

(%)

Inuvik, N.W.T. Post Office 4 10

Comox, B.C. Arch Hangar 3 60

M.E. Garage ₄ 80

Cant. Hangar ₄ 80

Lancaster, Alta. M.E. Garage ₇ 20

Cant. Hangar 2$ 61

Cold Lake, Alta. U.S. Depot _{4 27}

Arch. Hangar 14 83

M.E. Garage ₅ 16

Cant. Hangar 11 ₃₇

Saskatoon, Saa k, Gymnasium _{4 24}

Winnipeg, Man. Library 10 91

U.S. Depot 6 20

Arch. Hangar 16 52

M.E. Garage ₅ 16

Cant. Hangar 11 ₃₅

Fort Churchill, Man. Barracks 0 0

Waterloo, Onto Main Eng. Bldg. 8 36

Eng. Building 13 ')9

North Bay, Onto U.S. Depot 21 50

Arch. Hangar 25 66

M.E. Garage 18 ₃₄

Toronto, Onto U.S. Depot 5 62

M.E. Garage 3 23

ottawa, Onto Office 15 55

Arch. Hangar 14 48

M.E. Garage 10 62

Cant. Hangar 20 87

Arvida, P.Q. Rolling Mill 6 46

Goose Bay, Nf1d. D-26 12 31

U.S. Depot 21 45

No C STATIONS 18 COMOX 19 LANCASTER 20 COLD LAKE 21 WINNIPEG 22 NORTH BAY 23 TORONTO 24 GOOSE BAY No A STATIONS I INUVIK 2 VANCOUVER 3 REVELSTOKE 4 EDMONTON 5 SASKATOON 6 WINNIPEG 7 FORT CHURCHILL 8 TORONTO 9 KINGSTON 10 OTTAWA II WATERLOO

12 STE ANNE DE BELLEVUE 13 MONTREAL. 14 ARVIDA 15 HALIFAX 16 GANDER 17 GOOSE BAY

[)

Ｏｾ

. / 1 A / ./ ./ /

ｾＬ

_"',

" . ' . " , / "

ｾｲ

o {)

ｾ Ｎｾｾ ｾＭｊｾ

.

-

ｾ｛ｾ

! . _ - l

ｾＮ

/ .

ＭＭｾＭＭ

"

. / j / r- i

i

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ｾ｟

24.C 17.A

O

\v..._r.'}... ( \v - IG·A

,."

J!

/

-\

h=

K7 ,...

<, \) / 5-A

,F

(

d

ｾＴＭａｾ

Ｚｾｽ

; , ;?/

ｾＮ

-- . :

'3f

3..E I

ｾ

_/1'(:"/'70'

F

-- -'-.-....121-C

ＧＡＺＮＮｾ k.,,:;-

.

r \

15-A ｾＢ［［Ｚ＾ＡＮｲＭ \. 13-A " " "

ｾｾ｣

".;,1,

, 1 2 - A 40

1

3 5

c'(""

<,

ｾｉ］ＳＱＺｮＺＺ

: ;

30 25 GROUNO ,JE6-A .::I!::=.

eo_{ro s}is _{, .."}

CO"

r( "..

L

If{;

="H

_b LOAD IN LB / SO FT (1961-1962 ) AVG ROOF LOAD (MAX)

h-V

ｾ FIGURE I

ABC STATiON LOCATIONS AND THEIR AVERAGE

ROOF 8 GROUND LOADS,( MAXIMUM OBSERVED 1961-1962)

, --' "'Tl G> C :::0 rn I"\) 3: 1> X 3: c 3: INUVIK REVELSTOKE EDMONTON SASKATOON WINNIPEG CHURCHILL TORONTO LOAD IN LB/ FTz

ｾ

__ .J---.

I

ｾＭＭｲ

&ii&B;;:J-

J

irt

I

I

Ｌｾｾ

ｾ

Ｚ Ｚｊ

N'Be, ROOF

ｌｏａｄｾＢ

ｉｾ

ｾｾＭ GROUND 0 __ , , FLAT ROOF

ＭＺｾ GAB1LE ROOF

I "I

0

ｾ J_J j ｾ ｾ

PI

:11

ｾ

iii

11 - I , ｾＱＱＡｩｩｬｬｬｬｬＡＡＱＱｉ ; :.-.:;-==:'-J' , ｲＭＭｾ i ｾＭ［ I' I

ｾ

"I

'" o 5 1> o U> ｾ KINGSTON OTTAWA

ｾ

［ Ｂ _{- . - - - - '}-',---' ｾ , II ---J..I -,--J 1> U> -l » :::! o z U> <.D en I en I"\) WAH_RL00 STE ANNE DE BELLEVUE MONTREAL ARVIDA HALIFAX GANDER GOOSE BAY

ｾＬ

Ｍ Ｍ --',--' , ＢＭｾＭＭＧ :

ｾｾ］Ｓ

:I::J

ｾｲＭＭｾ I " -ＭＭｾＡ I::J

ｾｌｴ］ｩ

:,

bbi

I

,J

I

ｆｾ｝ｬｾｾｾＺＧＱ

I

I

I

..,. -"

ROOF DESCRIPTION " r

-i :

..,'-,

: Ｍｾ 2 .3 I .---.l "

.

120' nｾ 30' FEDERAL BUILDING

(EXPOSED, HEATED, INSULATED}

E-3 RESIDENCE

I£)(POS£O, HUr£O. INSULAr£o 4')

HOME ECONOMICS ANNEx (SHELTERED FROU SOUTH, LOW HEAT)

APRIL '- ,_-,,,., , ..._---... I', ｾ --, 1 ' / ｾ / -,..l I ' " I I / , " / I / 6 ｾ ｾ

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

I I I i ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- + ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- t ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- t ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- t ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- t ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- ...-r-- j HOME ECONOMICS ANNEX ... --...

---"" <:::'-r---::--= ］ＭＭｾＭ｟ｬ｟ＢＮＮ

Roar NOT ACCESSl8LE fROM DEC 24 TH TO JAN 6 TH

RESIOENCE MAXIMA AT #2 MINIMA AT.#5 FEDERAL BUILOING MAXlhlA AT Mg MINIMA AT·5 ＶＰＱＭＭＭＭＭＭｾ I 20 - - - I I /--... " .,.-1"'-_/ .... c; 6 6 0

OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

.,: 120 ｾ I ｾ i ｾ _I ｾ 0 80 I z I if) 0 w j-, <I _.. _--J ₄₀ I => ｾ u

----U <I 0 / 40 20 0 N 40 .... ｾ 0 <I ₂₀ s 0 - - - - NO INfQRIiIATION AVAilABLE I ... " t / I 0 z izc, 40 ｾＺＺｅ <to ow ll:' 20 x if) N <I

-t,

'" s 0 +50 >- +32 -=' ... ;5" o, 0 Z'" <lW w .... '" -40

NORMA L 1961) 62INOV - APR'

55' 50 7 "

FIGURE 3

SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

i;

ｾ ROOF DESCRIPTION

".

80

ｾｾ

A

, 2.' MT. REVELSTOKE _»,>

r--I NATIONAL PARK ｾ

.

ＬＯｾＮ 60 - PICNIC SHELTER

h

'[7 .,

ｾＺｈ

MINIMA AT #1

ｾ

"----

D](::

, 'i

--40

W

MT. REvELSTOKE NAT. PARK SHELTER

(SHELTERED, NDT HEATED 20 ELEV 28DD FT V GARAGE ROOF 0 ,

r-

'0' i •

'V

ＭｾＭ

_1/""

"-]

t,

ＢｾｲＺＺＺｊ｝

-2 3-80

ｉｾＢＢ

"

--208, 9 th ST. EAST .a ..-UNIFORM COVERAGE I ,,' 1'0'I ｾ ｾ 60

/7

"\ RESIDENCE. 208 9T HST. E u,

(SHELTERED. HEATED. INSULATED)

li' ELEV 18SD FT c 40 3

//

v

_r-

.,' '1 20

--t-

r

.,

..

.,

V

ﾷｾｉ ., ., ., 0

ｲｾ

l

1

..

..

": , 80 '...

-1

ＯｪｪｾｾＭ

, MOUNTAIN VIEW 1 ,

MOUNTAIN VIEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

,,

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL _" (EXPOSED. HEATED, INSULATED)

\ ELEV 18SD FT 60

ＯｩｖＨｦ｜ｾ

r-, 40

ｋＺｾ

j;/-J, _I

ｾ

I i ' r--20 ｾ, z 0

NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

160 ｾ V>

J

w ox: ₁₂₀ u

jV

;;;: . -' ...J 80 ｾ

/

'"0_z U> c 40 w

ｉｾ

>-<t ...J :::> '" :::> u 0 U <t SNOWFALL 0 40 z iiI

ｾｾ NORMAL 1961 I 62{NOV. -.A.J

c, ,..::E ... _{143' 166"} ...J ｾｾ 20 N

i.:

_ｾ

ｕｾ

ｾｬ

w

Wi,

x"" <tV> '" 0 s ::; +32

---ｾ

ｾＭｲ

---

r----

<ill-""- ...0

0 " " z'" 0 ｌｪｾ V"' _{FIGURE 4} '" -40

SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

ROOF DESCRIPTION ADMINISTRATION BLDG '" I ｴｾＧａ " 1

tl::

.,

]

,. 0' cXPO$cO HEATED INSULATED \ \ _ _ --- ---

....

ADMINISTRATION BLDG. ALL MINIMA AT *9 40l---+---t----f----+---t---i---l I-･ＭｴＭＭＭＮＲＮＰＭｬＭＭＭＮＺＮｾＴＭＭＮＮＮ［Ｂｾｾ｟ｫＺＺＺＺＺＺＺＺＺｾＭＭＭＮＮｱｓＭｾ］ｾｾ［ＺＬＬＬＮＭｔＭＭＭＱ -e o -J 4 0 1 - - - + - - - t - - - t - - - 4 - - - - t - - - - t - - - j SECTION .. A-A"

MINING STORE SHED

ｾＬ

1 ,

MINING STORE SHED

_ _ _ _ J

--- '\

.,J:. ＷＭＭＧＭ［ＭＭ［ｾＧ ［ｾ 3 3 3 3 ｾ 2

( SHELTERED, UNHEATED BLDG,)

OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

ｾ 120 3 -J ;:;: ｾ 0 80 z V> ｾ 8 I l - I

->:

er ..J ₄₀ ｾ => '" _ｾ => u »> U -« 0 40 20 , +

+

_ｾ

Ｎ ie"lNo 0"EC1IO'

A

...

ｾ " E " \ + +t r .. ih Iii ...s ｾ \

Ii...

j.

f

...

ｾｈ Iｾ + iI n ...

"l \/\

40 SNOWFALL (QCTOBfR APRil) NORMAL 1961/62 51 7" 69·5' FIGURE 5

ROOF OESCRIPT ION N ＭＭｾＭ

B

'

',.-;0.• _2 4 _ ,

.

.

ｾ _6 8. __1 ｾ _ .45:6- . .ｾ

I EXPOSED. HEATED, INSULATED)

133 - I07!!! ST r:":":< , -I - ----133 -107 TH. ST. 40ｾＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭｴＭＭＭＴＭＭＭＭＭＧ 314 LAKE CRESCENT

qa-.

•1 _3

t:=:J:

c? - ..;:;r. .,.._5 7. :; ---=....'.6 8_ ｾ _ 54' J

(EXPOSED. HEATeD. INSULATED)

,-- ---, _ 3 ,,/ -- -- " , ; / 314 LAKE CRES. ｌＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭｬＷｾＭｏＢＧＧｖｴ｟］ＢＮＭＮＧＧｾ 40L - - - l - - - - + - - - - t - - - - i - -I N.- 20 u, i ' ｉＭＭｾ ₀ 0 -' 40 o

OUTDOOR TEST STATION

-",----

---

----,...,

"'---,," '"

OUTDOOR TEST STATION

N

ｄＭＺｔｴＭｾｾＮｾ

___1: ｾＭＭｩ

L ｾｏＧ J

NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

I I

oL----.L::.+==----+---t---t----ｾ :f 8 0 L - - - + - - - + - - - j - - - - t - - - - i

..

u, 3' o Z if> <:> ur .-

..

-' :::> ｾ :::> u u

..

FIGURE 6(a) SNOWFALL (NOVEMBER - MARCH)

!

ｾ

40

ｉｾ

r

NO

ｏｉｒｾｔＱＰｾ ＲＭｾ ｾ ｾ ｾｾ

ｾ

ｾｾ

20

Ａｖｉｾ｜

\N

｜ｦｾ

V

ｾ

\YiU ,

rv

u

ｾ

ｾ 0

I

NORMAL 40' 1961/62 48'0' "It.Z771-.

SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROO FS YEAR: 1961/62

ROOF DESCRIPTION N.R.C. LAB. MAXIMA AT#184 MINIMA AT #S ',. NR.C LAB Q , 1961/62 47" .5

..

I·'

· 2

.

, SNOWFALL (NOVEMBER - MARCH I FIGURE 6(b) ＭｾＭ -"-' ｾＭ

.1

H'"

:1

i ---I NORMAL 40· EXPOSED. HEATED.VENTIlATEO 2' PARAPETS DETAIL A

(EXPOSED, HEATED. INSULATEDJ

-i

I

GYMNASIUM ,

..

"'---.

4

,

-

Ｎｾ ! ; , • i I Hl'3;'-"It i

ﾷｾｉ

..

..

..

-I

! ｾ 5.-.J MARCH ｬｾＭ 225' _I I I II I I 1\ I I I , i I JANUARY IFEBRUARY

"

...

-

..

_---

---

... ＭＭＭＭＯＭＺＺ＿ｾｲ｟｟Ｎ I i i I ! GYMNASIUM MAXIMA AT.,. 5 MINIMA AT #3 20ｉＭＭＭＭＭＭｾＭＭ <- I- "-ｾ ｾ 401---'---+---r---o -' I I I--.. o 1 I I 1 i , NOVEMBER DECEMBER I I i ｾ 1 ..J , -' 80 i ｾ I ｾ 0 z U> 0 40 .... I-<{ -' :::> ,../ '" :::> 0 u u <{ lilt.'Z7'17-7

SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

401----J---+----r - - - i - - 1

SOUTH WING OF LIBRARY

ROOF DESCRIPTION LIBRARY 5 WING o //// 12' ABOvE ROOf' 'c.!

..

--;:-I [Nl

.

.

ｾ ., • > ,. ｾ .7 .6 " .1 f- 7?'-t}- -

-'"

g

601---j---f---t---r----, 401----+----+---t----i---,

AGRICULTURAL ENG. BLOG.

EXPOSEO, INSULATED. Nor VENTILATED, UNHEATeo AIR SPACE

AGRICULTURAL ENG. BLDG. 201---+---I---r--o / - - ＭＭＭＭｾＭ ｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＹＭＭＭ 10--- 9 Ｏｾ ＲＰＧｾ

ｾ

_ｾｪ

."

..

NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

SHELTERED, ATTIC UNHEATED,VEN TIL A rEO. INSULATED

FIGURE 7 SNOWFALL (OCTOBER - APRil) -' -' ｾ ｾ_o z U) 801----t---+----r---i--1 NORMAL 54' 1961 162 66" II. 7777-4

SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

ROOF DESCRIPTION 6 0 1 - - - + - - - + - - - - + - - - + - - - 1 - - - - + - - - 1

--- ..._--_...- ---... -, 7 8 s G - 22 l i P ＭｲＺＭｾ

0

_{---- T --r,··<\}

'

21 . J ! > ' . ---'L

:d:,;,m,:J

, '0

HEATED, {r,;SULATEO. NOT ｾＧ｛ｬｬＯｲｉｌａｲｅｏ

,

ＬｾＬＭＭ

s , ' 7.J.. ,JlL 10 40 G- 22 20 _...

-.---4 , 7 0 6 6 0 1 - - - + - - - + - - - - + - - - + - - - 1 - - - - + - - - 1

HFATED. INSULATED, VENTILATED

\--'1

\

----ＭＭｾ｟ ...

-F- 2 ALL MAXIMA AT "10 ALL MINIMA AT ·1·9 20 /_ __ __ _ • CO> '" '3 401---+---+---I---b""'-'=---1---F=--,,---I o

NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY

--' --'

i

6 0 1 - - - + - - - + - - - 1 - - - + - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 B5 8 >--ｾ 40ｦＭＭＭＭＫＭ］］ｾＭＭＭｾＫ］］］］］ｴ］］ＭＭＭＭ｟｟｟ｬＭＭＭＭＫ｟ＭＭＭ｟｟Ｑ

§

ｾＭＭｲ -a: o (NOVEMBER ｾ MAY) SNOWFALL WINu OIRECTION ＢＬＭｾ 4 0 1 * - - - - + - - - + - - - 1 - - - + - - - + - - - - + - - . . - - - - 1

ＬＬｾ

Ｑｾ［［ｩＺ

ArT

ｾｾ

"4

ｾ

_ ) '" "

wf',.

2:

V"fAJ /'

ｾｖｖＱ｜ｹｶ｜ｲｬｾｻｗＧｨｲｾ｜ｎｾＧｊｖｙｶｹｬｖ｜ｍＡ｜

NORMAL 40" 1961 /62 73" FIGURE 8(0)

SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

LOCATION: FORT CHURCHILL MAN.

I ROOF J-54 DESCRIPTION ALL MAXIMA AT #1 / \ 40

.>:

-v --- -

".----..., ,--- - - - - -::-SNOW REMovED - _I

,,_\

/ --".", ｲｒｏｾ ROOF 20

:?

--- ---/

ｾ

t

2 2 2

ｾＮ

2 ' \ 3 IDENTICAl.ROOFS 3 a .,.-; 3 3 3 _"3 , _-, 100 _{J - 165} I All MAXIMA AT "I

In

I

[KI

MOST MINIMA AT1:12 80

j

I '0· _I '0· _I ｾ 60

.:

N _{,--/ SNOW REMOVED} t .---J FROM ROOf . / \ <, 'It 40 ＭｾＭ

r:

_\

'" ,---.-/

-}

---ｾＷ

<t , 0 Ｍｾ , --' --- -- ｾ _.--1 20 -_... -,J

v

ｾ

r:

. /

\t

ｾ (HEATEO, INSULATED, VENTILATED)

,

ＱＭＭＭＭＴｾ

-E - 31 _--- ---.;: ---...-,

ALL MAXIMA AT "'"I ,,..---- ,

r -

Ｇｾ ,, -20ｉＭＭＢＢＭ｣ｾＭＬＬ ｾＭＭ ＭＭｾＢＧＭＺＮｾ］

-i.:

ｾ I

--....

_ｾＬ

... ｾ 4 4 4"<, _1:1 I 2 2 2 2 2 J- 54 0 2 4

..

4 3 ---, 2 '-,

NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY ...

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

LOCATION: FORT CHURCHILL MAN.

ROOF DESCRIPTION

(HOTEO, ISOLATED, EXPOSED) 401---+----+---1---, 254 SUNVIEW 2 0 1 - - - - + - - - - I - - - - b - r ' - - - - . 254 SIJNVIEW

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SNOWFALL (NOVEMBER - APRIL) FIGURE 9 NORMAL 57 1961 I 62 52" -40 6A2777-11

SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

60 40 20

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS

SNOWFALL (OCTOBER - APRIL1 NORMAL 1961 /62 55" 53" FIGURE 10 YEAR: 1961/62

I

ROOF DESCRIPTION

4 0 1 - - - + - - - + - - - + ----1---,

26 EOGEHILL AVE.

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JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

40

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR. 1961/62

DAVIDSON CRES. 0 80 60

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-Ｍｾ MARCH FEBRUARY " ----_{< :}/ JANUARY

.--.>

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

ROOF DESCRIPTION

eXPOSED, INSULATED. VENTILATED,

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POULTRY BLDG (WEST WING)

SECTIONA- A

N

POULTRY BLDG (EAST WING) Ｍ｟ｾｾ

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V.

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

LOCATION: STE. ANNE DE BELLEVUE P.O.

II r - - - -..ｾＫＭｾｾｾＭ｜ＭｾｾｾｾＫＭｾＭＭＭｾ｟｟ｲ｟ｾｾｾｉ ROOF OEseRI prl ON f---- ＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＫ｟ｾｾｾｾＫｾｾｾ｟｟Ｋｾｾｾｾｉ ＭｾＨＧｉ ,. _2' 11-25': I -'=,1

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.

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j SNOWFALL NOVEMBER - APRIL WIND DIRECTION--... NORMAL 97' 1961/62 110" 0 +50 ｾ +32 <ill-0 a . z'" 0 «w wt-'" -40 FIGURE 14 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

ｾ . . . . ROOF DESCRIPTION BLDG. NO. 60 ＭｾｾＭ ｾ -0 1

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:Z -'...J 80 ._..__.. _._._-et u, ｾ 0 "" v> _,...,.-.,J 0 40_ ...._.._.. w

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

N.S. TECH. COLLEGE

All MINIMA AT ·2 AND "3 ROOF DESCRIPTION

40ｉＭＭＭＭＭｊＭＭＭＭＭｪＭＭＭＭＭＭＮＭｬｦＭＭＭｴｬｲＭＭＭ｟｟ｴＭＭｾ N.S TECH COLLEGE o 8 ｾＮ 1.\.'A&Ovt .2 •ｾＮ ,:A.:S SHELTERED HeATED INSULATED PARAPEr1'2" GRADE "1 I

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961 /62

ROOF DESCRIPTION 40 /r--,-,_{,.1--________,} / \ I , \ 0- 26 / \ I \ I \ \ _/ \ I \ 20ｉＭＭＭＭｾＭＭ -- +---I \

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SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS YEAR: 1961/62

ROOF OESCRIPTION I

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,--Cl et o .J 20

DECEMBER ! JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

1961/62 174" SNOWFALL {NOVEMBER - MARCH 1 FIGURE 18 NORMAL 119" . . . WIND DIRECTION 80

y

, )_i i _ _ _ _ _ 1 +i,_+-__+- +- --1 40

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