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On the robustness and stability of Connected Dominating Sets

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HAL Id: inria-00070398

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070398

Submitted on 19 May 2006

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On the robustness and stability of Connected Dominating Sets

Cédric Adjih, Emmanuel Baccelli, Thomas Clausen, Philippe Jacquet

To cite this version:

Cédric Adjih, Emmanuel Baccelli, Thomas Clausen, Philippe Jacquet. On the robustness and stability of Connected Dominating Sets. [Research Report] RR-5609, INRIA. 2005, pp.23. �inria-00070398�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--5610--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

Thème COM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

On the robustness and stability of Connected Dominating Sets

Cédric Adjih — Emmanuel Baccelli — Thomas Clausen — Philippe Jacquet

N° 5609

Septembre 1997

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