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Testing Sign Conditions on a Multivariate Polynomial and Applications

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HAL Id: inria-00105835

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00105835v2

Submitted on 16 Oct 2006

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Testing Sign Conditions on a Multivariate Polynomial and Applications

Mohab Safey El Din

To cite this version:

Mohab Safey El Din. Testing Sign Conditions on a Multivariate Polynomial and Applications. [Re-

search Report] RR-5995, INRIA. 2006. �inria-00105835v2�

(2)

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

ISRN INRIA/RR--5995--FR+ENG

Thème SYM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Testing Sign Conditions on a Multivariate Polynomial and Applications

Mohab Safey El Din

N° 5995

Octobre 2006

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