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Could early visual processes be sufficient to label motions?

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HAL Id: inria-00070758

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070758

Submitted on 19 May 2006

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Could early visual processes be sufficient to label motions?

Ivan Dimov, Pierre Kornprobst, Thierry Viéville

To cite this version:

Ivan Dimov, Pierre Kornprobst, Thierry Viéville. Could early visual processes be sufficient to label motions?. RR-5240, INRIA. 2004, pp.35. �inria-00070758�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--5240--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

Thème BIO

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Could early visual processes be sufficient to label motions?

Ivan Dimov, Pierre Kornprobst, Thierry Viéville

N° 5240

Juin 2004

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(15)

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(16)

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(17)

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(18)

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(19)

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(20)

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(24)

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