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HAL Id: inria-00070616

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070616

Submitted on 19 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub-

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Floating-Point LLL Revisited

Phong Q. Nguyen, Damien Stehlé

To cite this version:

Phong Q. Nguyen, Damien Stehlé. Floating-Point LLL Revisited. [Research Report] RR-5387, INRIA.

2004, pp.28. �inria-00070616�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--5387--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 2

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Floating-Point LLL Revisited

Phong Q. Nguyen, Damien Stehlé

N° 5387

Novembre 2004

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Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine

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dim(L) 2¥

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vol(L)

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[b

1, . . . ,b

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b

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(10)

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kb1k ≤β(d−1)/4vol(L)1/d ,Ž(JLNFlN β= 1/(δη2).

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κ egdL_J¬`gJ"ac`

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(11)

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(12)

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ULNqNqsOzNqNFoWViUW\acUƒacoWoWl[q­5ViMŸac`gVX[]Uƒ«š[]lŒacYiYL`gJLN|Rºn²_q[pNŸ_FVXNFUp`eb»zh*Nq_bacdLeN<2¬VXe%Vi`NFlac`gVi}zN^

Vi`egd Ÿ_qNqe`[J"aq}zNZacoWoWl[q­5ViMŸac`gVX[]ULe(dWo`[3`gJLN`gJWlNqegJL[]YXs

κ¥5±(_q_FdWla]_FfOVXe}zNFlgfOViM¡o*[]lg`acU`

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acULs¬`glacULegY•ac`gVX[]ULeMŸabfsWNq_FlNba]eNZ`gJLNºa]_q_FdWla]_Ff¾`[>`gJLNZo*[]ViU`[c«YX[^egViUW\Oeg`achWViYiVi`´fz¥

‡cˆ  ‰ !BŜ† Ä 2†bˆ5†Ä „

³´`OVXeƒViM¡o7[]lg`acUp`Ÿ«¹[]lƒ<2

2 `[J"aq}zN/a]_q_FdWlac`NA«š[]lgMdWY•a]eŸ«¹[]lŸ`gJLN§_q[]M¡oWdW`ac`gVX[]U [c«3R3n _q[,NŸ_FVXNFU`e¥L³’U Gw^P(K’L`gJLN «š[]YiYX[Ž(ViUW\ŸlNq_FdWlegVi}zNZ«š[]lgMdWY•a]eŽ£NFlN3dLeNqsµ»

µk,j= hbk,bji −Pj−1

i=1 µj,i·µk,i· kb

ik2 kb

jk2

acULs

kb

kk2=kbkk2

k−1

X

j=1

µ2k,j· kb

jk2.

³´UA`gJWVXe«¹[]lgM3dWY•a57`gJLN3ViUWULNFl|oWl[,s5dL_F`e

hbk,bji acULs kbkk2 Ž£NFlN>_q[]M¡oWdW`NqsViU `4bCzLŽ(JWVX_J YXNba]sWe3`[Aao*[]`NFU`gV•acYViU"a]_q_FdWla]_Ff[c«

2−`kbkkkbjk2Ž(JWVX_J°J"a]eZ`gJLN>«¹[]YiYX[bŽ(ViUW\/s5laqŽ(h"a]_7»

`[/NFULegdWlN`gJLNh"a]egVXe>lNF`gdWlgULNqsªhpf°`gJLN2<

2acYi\z[]lgVi`gJWM VXe>egVi”bNž‘¢lNqs5dL_qNqsµŒachLe[]YidW`N¾NFlgl[]l h*[]dWULsWeº[]U–`gJLN

µk,je3aclN>ULNqNqsWNqsµ`gJLNFlNž«¹[]lN^*V—«`gJLN¡NFlgl[]lZVXeZY•aclg\zNFlZ`gJ"acU

2−`kbkkkbjk

`gJLN oWlNq_FVXeVX[]U

` M3dLeg`(h*N

Ω(logB)¥,IJLNºacU"acYif5eNqe([c« Gw^~(K’LacULsUGwCIKµ«š[]l`gJLN |[]dLeNFJL[]YXsWNFl []lg`gJL[]\z[]U"acYiVXe¯ac`gVX[]U/sW[ƒUL[]`Ž[]lg§acl[]dWULs§`gJWVXeo*[]ViU`b¥ !N3dLeN3egYiVi\^Jp`gYif¬s5V*NFlNFUp`«¹[]lgM3dWY•a]e

hpfƒViUp`gl[ps5dL_FViUW\Ÿ«š[]l|acUf

kj `gJLNZjpd"acU`gVi`´f

rk,j =µk,j· kb

jk2=hbk,b

ji» rk,j =hbk,bji −

j−1

X

i=1

µj,i·rk,i acULs µk,j= rk,j rj,j.

±(_q_FdWla]_Ff¡VXe ViM¡oWl[b}zNqsƒh7Nq_bacdLeN`gJLN(ViUWULNFlŒoWl[,s5dL_F`e£aclNNž­,`gla]_F`NqsO«Bl[]M `gJLNNž­Wa]_F`R lacM

MŸac`glgV—­3acULs3h7Nq_bacdLeNŒNba]_J3`NFlgM[c«W`gJLN egdWM¦UL[Ž°[]UWYif lNqjdWVilNqe…[]ULN%MdWYi`gVioWYiVX_bac`gVX[]U€ViULe`Nba]s

[c«(`´Ž£[W»…`gJLN¡«¹NFŽ£NFl>aclgVi`gJWMONF`gVX_[]o*NFlac`gVX[]ULeb<`gJLNOYXNqee3`gJLNŸoWlNq_FVXegVX[]U°YX[^eeb¥EL[]l

k = j2`gJLN

¤Lle`%«š[]lgMdWY•a VXe

rk,k =kbkk2Pk−1

i=1 µk,i·rk,i]Ž(JWVX_JƒedW\^\zNqeg`e `[ºsWNž¤LULN

sk,j=kbkk2 Pj−1

i=1 µk,i· rk,i «¹[]l¬acYiY

1 j k(e[¼`gJ"ac`

kb

kk2 = rk,k = sk,k¥(IJLN–jpd"acU`gVi`gVXNqe

sk,i Ž(ViYiY…h*NZdLeNž«šdWY<`[ƒa]_q_FdWlac`NFYif§_JLNq_§2[b}^“]eg” e|_q[]ULs5Vi`gVX[]ULeb¥³´ULsWNqNqsµ72[b}^“]eg”_q[]ULs5Vi`gVX[]U

µ2κ,κ−1)kb

κ−1k2 ≤ kb

κk2 _bacUh7NlNFŽ(lgVi`g`NFUa]e

δkb

κ−1k2 ≤ kb

κk2+µ2κ,κ−1kb

κ−1k2

`gJ"ac`VXeb

δrκ−1,κ−1 sκ,κ−1.

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