Une méthode particulière de prospection électrique du sous-sol appliquée à la délimitation d'un aquifère calcaire, avec essais par modèle réduit

Article

Reference

Une méthode particulière de prospection électrique du sous-sol appliquée à la délimitation d'un aquifère calcaire, avec essais par

modèle réduit

TRIPET, Jean-Pierre, WAGNER, Jean-Jacques

Abstract

Une recherche et délimitation d'aquifères calcaires dans une vallée synclinale du Jura plissé (Vallée de La Sagne, Jura neuchâtelois), par profils de résistivité, est présentée. La méthode utilisée est celle du traîné à répétition, réalisée au moyen du dispositif de LEE, à trois électrodes de potentiel. Elle est appliquée à la détermination des limites de trois aquifères calcaires superposés, séparés par des niveaux marneux, et qui ne peuvent pas être observés en surface; le but est l'implantation de forages d'observation hydrogéologique. Auparavant, la méthode est testée en laboratoire, sur modèle réduit, selon la technique décrite par L.

Cagniard.

TRIPET, Jean-Pierre, WAGNER, Jean-Jacques. Une méthode particulière de prospection électrique du sous-sol appliquée à la délimitation d'un aquifère calcaire, avec essais par modèle réduit. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 1970, vol. 63, no. 2, p. 435-446

DOI : 10.5169/seals-163851

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:151937

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

8QH PpWKRGH SDUWLFXOLqUH ^GH SURVSHFWLRQ pOHFWULTXH GX ^VRXVVRO DSSOLTXpH

^j

OD GpOLPLWDWLRQ GXQ DTXLIqUH FDOFDLUH DYHF

HVVDLV

SDU ^PRGqOH UpGXLW

3DU -HDQ3LHUUH 7ULSHW ^HW -HDQ-DFTXHV :DJQHU

$%675$&7

$Q LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG GHOLPLWDWLRQ RI OLPHVWRQH DTXLIHUV LQ D V\QFOLQH YDOOH\ RI WKH IROGHG -XUD 9DOOH\ RI /D 6DJQH -XUD QHDU 1HXFKkWHO XVLQJ UHVLVWLYLW\ SURILOHV ^LV SUHVHQWHG 7KH PHWKRG LV WKH

©WUDvQp^j UpSpWLWLRQª DFKLHYHG E\ WKH/(( FRQILJXUDWLRQ ZLWK^WKUHHSRWHQWLDO^HOHFWURGHV ,WLV DSSOLHG WR ^WKH ORFDOL]DWLRQ RI ^WKH ERXQGDULHV RI WKUHH VXSHUSRVHG OLPHVWRQH DTXLIHUV VHSDUDWHG E\ PDUO\

IRUPDWLRQVZKLFKFDQQRWEH VHHQIURPWKH VXUIDFH WKHDLP ^LVWRVLQN K\GURJHRORJLF REVHUYDWLRQ^ZHOOV )RUPHUO\ ^WKH PHWKRG ZDV WHVWHG LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ RQ D UHGXFHG PRGHO DFFRUGLQJ WR ^WKH WHFKQLTXH GHVFULEHG E\ / &DJQLDUG

5(680(

8QH UHFKHUFKH HWGpOLPLWDWLRQGDTXLIqUHV FDOFDLUHVGDQV XQHYDOOpH V\QFOLQDOH GX -XUD SOLVVp9DOOpH GH/D 6DJQH-XUD QHXFKkWHORLV SDUSURILOV^GHUpVLVWLYLWpHVW SUpVHQWpH /D PpWKRGH XWLOLVpHHVW FHOOH GX WUDvQp j UpSpWLWLRQ UpDOLVpH DX PR\HQ GX GLVSRVLWLI^GH /(( ^j WURLV ^{pOHFWURGHV GH} SRWHQWLHO (OOH HVW DSSOLTXpH ^j OD GpWHUPLQDWLRQ ^GHV OLPLWHV GH WURLV DTXLIqUHV FDOFDLUHV VXSHUSRVpV VpSDUpV SDU ^GHV QLYHDX[ PDUQHX[^HW TXLQH SHXYHQW SDVrWUH REVHUYpVHQ VXUIDFH ^OH EXW HVW OLPSODQWDWLRQ ^{GH IRUDJHV} GREVHUYDWLRQ K\GURJpRORJLTXH $XSDUDYDQW ^{OD PpWKRGHHVW} WHVWpH HQODERUDWRLUH VXU PRGqOH UpGXLW VHORQ OD WHFKQLTXH GpFULWH SDU / &DJQLDUG

,QWURGXFWLRQ

/D SURVSHFWLRQ pOHFWULTXH GX VRXVVRO SDU SURILOV ^{HW FDUWHV GH} UpVLVWLYLWpVHVW UpDOLVpH DX PR\HQ ^GH GLYHUV GLVSRVLWLIV ^GH PHVXUH GpFULWV GDQV OHV RXYUDJHV ^GH JpRSK\VLTXH /DVIDUJXHV YDQ

1RVWUDQG

^HW &RRN

/H EXW ^GH FH WUDYDLO HVW GH PRQWUHU ODSSOLFDWLRQ ^{GH OXQH GH FHV PpWKRGHV j OD} UHFKHUFKH HW j OD GpOLPLWDWLRQ GXQ DTXLIqUH ^FDOFDLUH /H V\VWqPH XWLOLVp HVW QRPPp GLVSRVLWLI^GH /(( /H 3URIHVVHXU ( 3ROGLQL D DWWLUp QRWUH DWWHQWLRQ VXU ^OHV DYDQWDJHV GH FHWWH PpWKRGH HW QRXV OD UHFRPPDQGpH

/D SUpVHQWH pWXGH FRPSUHQG WURLV SDUWLHV

'HVFULSWLRQ ^{GH OD} PpWKRGH

0HVXUHV H[SpULPHQWDOHV ^HQ ODERUDWRLUH ^{GHVWLQpHV j WHVWHU OD} UpDFWLRQ GXQH FRXFKH pOHFWULTXHPHQW ^UpVLVWDQWH SDU ^OH GLVSRVLWLI ^HQ TXHVWLRQ

$SSOLFDWLRQ ^{jXQH pWXGH}K\GURJpRORJLTXH^{GDQVOH -XUDSOLVVp}9DOOpH^GH/D 6DJQH FDQWRQ ^GH 1HXFKkWHO

8QLYHUVLWp GH1HXFKkWHO &HQWUH GK\GURJpRORJLH

8QLYHUVLWp GH *HQqYH /DERUDWRLUH GH JpRSK\VLTXH

-HDQ3LHUUH 7ULSHW HW -HDQ-DFTXHV :DJQHU 'HVFULSWLRQ ^GH OD ^PpWKRGH

/HV PpWKRGHV JpRpOHFWULTXHV SHUPHWWHQW ^GH GLVWLQJXHU ^OHV XQHV ^GHV DXWUHV ^GLYHUVHV IRUPDWLRQV JpRORJLTXHV FHOOHVFL SRVVqGHQW HQ JpQpUDO ^GHV UpVLVWLYLWpV VSpFLILTXHV TXL YDULHQW VHQVLEOHPHQW GH OXQH ^j ODXWUH

/H SURFpGpGX WUDvQp pOHFWULTXH ©j UpSpWLWLRQª /DVIDUJXHV S FRQYLHQW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW ^{j OD} PLVH HQpYLGHQFH GHVFRXFKHV YHUWLFDOHVRX REOLTXHV 2Q SURFqGH SDU SURILOV SHUSHQGLFXODLUHV ^DX[ VWUXFWXUHV HQ XWLOLVDQW XQGLVSRVLWLIV\PpWULTXH ^j WURLV pOHFWURGHV GH SRWHQWLHO QRPPp GLVSRVLWLI^GH /(( &HOXLFL SUpVHQWH ODYDQWDJH VXU ^OHV V\VWqPHV FODVVLTXHV ^j GHX[ pOHFWURGHV GH SRWHQWLHO 6FKOXPEHUJHU RX :HQQHU ^GH SHUPHWWUH XQH pWXGH SOXV GpWDLOOpH ,O IDXW _UHPDUTXHUTXH ^OHV UpVXOWDWVFRQGXLVHQW GDQV ODSOXSDUW ^{GHV FDV j XQH}LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ TXDOLWDWLYH TXHO TXH VRLW OH GLVSRVLWLIGH PHVXUH HPSOR\p 1pDQPRLQV OH GLVSRVLWLI^GH /(( SHUPHW GREWHQLU ^GH PHLOOHXUV FRQWUDVWHV HW XQH GpILQLWLRQ _SOXV SUpFLVH ^GHV OLPLWHV JpRORJLTXHV

/H SULQFLSH ^GHV PHVXUHV HVW OH VXLYDQW

3RXU XQH SRVLWLRQ ^{GRQQpH GX} GLVSRVLWLI XQ FRXUDQW pOHFWULTXH FRQWLQX

^HVWLQMHFWp

GDQV OH VRXVVRO SDU OLQWHUPpGLDLUH ^GH GHX[ pOHFWURGHV $ HW % )LJ OH SRWHQWLHO

4'

"Q 9,

0L

9, 9

b9, b9

$ 0 2] %D

6HQVGH ORPDUFKH KH

L!

KH

)LJ 6FKpPD GX GLVSRVLWLI^GH /(( PRQWUDQW VD SRVLWLRQ SRXU ^{GHX[ VWDWLRQV}VXFFHVVLYHV

UpVXOWDQW ^GH FH FRXUDQW HVW PHVXUp HQWUH GHX[ pOHFWURGHV

0

^{HW 2} $9Q ©PHVXUH DUULqUHª SXLV 2 HW 1

$9A

^{©PHVXUH DYDQWª &HV PHVXUHV SHUPHWWHQW GH FDOFXOHU}

GHX[ UpVLVWLYLWpV DSSDUHQWHV GX VRXVVRO _4X HW TX ^GpILQLHV SDU ^OHV UHODWLRQV VXLYDQWHV

X

$ 9Y

. $9

R . HW .VRQW ^OHV FRQVWDQWHVTXL GpSHQGHQW ^GH OD JpRPpWULH GX GLVSRVLWLI^GH PHVXUH FH GHUQLHU pWDQW V\PpWULTXH .W ^.

/H GLVSRVLWLI ^HVW HQVXLWH GpSODFp GDQV ^{OH VHQV} GX FKHPLQHPHQW GXQH ORQJXHXU pJDOH ^j OLQWHUYDOOH 02 2Q REWLHQW DLQVL

'HX[ YDOHXUV GH OD UHVLVWL YLWp JX ^HWR SRXU ^XQH SRVLWLRQ ^{GRQQpH GHV pOHFWURGHV} GHQYRL ^GH FRXUDQW $A HW % (OOHV FRUUHVSRQGHQW ^{j GHX[} SRVLWLRQV ^{GHV pOHFWURGHV GH} SRWHQWLHO 0A2A ^HW 1 ^FHFL FRQVWLWXH HQ GDXWUHV WHUPHV XQ pOpPHQW GX SURILO ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp

'HX[ YDOHXUVGH OD UpVLVWLYLWp£HW _J SRXU ^{XQH SRVLWLRQ GRQQpH GHV pOHFWURGHV}

GH SRWHQWLHO 2O1O ^{HW 0 HOOHV} FRUUHVSRQGHQW ^{j GHX[} SRVLWLRQV VXFFHVVLYHV GHV pOHFWURGHV GHQYRL GHFRXUDQW $% HW $% /D GLIIpUHQFH HQWUH FHVGHX[ LQIRUPDWLRQV

HVW GXH j OD SRVLWLRQ ^{GHV pOHFWURGHV GH} FRXUDQW ^{HOOH HVW} DSSHOpH jFRXS ^GH SULVH /H _VHQV HW OLQWHQVLWp ^GH OD YDULDWLRQ ^{GH OD} UpVLVWLYLWp OH ORQJ GX SURILO DLQVL TXH ^OHV jFRXSV ^GH SULVHV G€V ^j OD SRVLWLRQ ^{GHV pOHFWURGHV GH} FRXUDQW ^{VRQW OHV} SDUDPqWUHV TXL SHUPHWWHQW ^GH GRQQHU XQH LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ JpRORJLTXH ^GHV PHVXUHV

(WXGH H[SpULPHQWDOH ^HQ ODERUDWRLUH

$YDQW ^GHQ pWXGLHU XQH DSSOLFDWLRQ ^j OK\GURJpRORJLH QRXV DYRQV ^WHVWp FHWWH PpWKRGH HQ ODERUDWRLUH 'DQV FH EXW QRXV DYRQV DGRSWp XQH VWUXFWXUH UHSUpVHQWDQW GXQH IDoRQ VLPSOLILpH ^FHUWDLQHV FRQGLWLRQV UpHOOHV /H WUDYDLO ^VHVW IDLW HQ GHX[ WHPSV

5HOHYp GX SURILO ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp SHUSHQGLFXODLUHPHQW ^j XQ EDQF UpVLVWDQW DIIHFWp GH GLYHUV SHQGDJHV HW VLPXODQW SDU^{H[HPSOH XQH FRXFKH FDOFDLUH} FRPSULVH ^{HQWUH GHX[}

IRUPDWLRQV PDUQHXVHV

([DPHQ ^GHV GLYHUVHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV JUDSKLTXHV ^GHV UpVXOWDWV

'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDO

/pWXGH H[SpULPHQWDOHHQ ODERUDWRLUHDpWp IDLWH SDU^PRGqOH UpGXLW ^VHORQOD PpWKRGH GpFULWH _SDU / &DJQLDUG &DJQLDUG^HW 1HDOH ^{/H PRGqOH HVW} FRQVWLWXp SDU^XQH FXYHLVRODQWH UHPSOLHGXQHOHFWURO\WHGDQV OHTXHO RQ SORQJH XQHPDTXHWWH UHSUpVHQWDQW OD VWUXFWXUH ^j pWXGLHU

/pOHFWURO\WH FRQVWLWXH ^OH PLOLHX FRQGXFWHXU 1RXV DYRQV XWLOLVp XQH VROXWLRQ FRQFHQWUpH GH VXOIDWH GH FXLYUH GRQW OD UpVLVWLYLWp PHVXUpH pWDLW ^GH 4^‡ _PP

/D _PDTXHWWH HVW FRPSRVpH GXQH SODTXH ^GH SOH[LJODV ^GH FP GpSDLVVHXU ^SODFpH VXU XQ VXSSRUW SHUPHWWDQW ^GHOXL GRQQHU GLIIpUHQWHV LQFOLQDLVRQV /H SOH[LJODV pWDQW XQ LVRODQW ^OD UpVLVWLYLWp GH OD FRXFKH DXUDLW ^pWp SUDWLTXHPHQW LQILQLH ^&HWWH YDOHXU QH UHSUpVHQWDLW SDV ^OHV FRQGLWLRQV _TXH OH PRGqOH GHYDLW VLPXOHU /D SODTXH D GRQF ^pWp SHUIRUpH ^GH WURXV F\OLQGULTXHV UpJXOLqUHPHQW GLVWULEXpV TXL ^HQ DEDLVVHQW OD UpVLVWLYLWp JOREDOH &HOOHFL ^HVW SURSRUWLRQQHOOH DX TXRWLHQW ^{GH OD VXUIDFH WRWDOH GH OD} SODTXH SDU OD VXUIDFH GHV WURXV /H FRQWUDVWH ^GHUpVLVWLYLWp DLQVL REWHQXHQWUH ^OH EDQFUpVLVWDQW HW OH

PLOLHX FRQGXFWHXU HVW GH ,O IDXW UHPDUTXHU WRXWHIRLVTXH ^OHUpVLVWDQW QDWWHLQW_{SDV OD} VXUIDFH PDLV TXLO^HVWLPPHUJp HQYLURQ FPVRXV OH QLYHDX GHOpOHFWURO\WH ^OHFRQWUDVWH

GH UpVLVWLYLWp PHVXUp VHUD GRQF LQIpULHXU j

/HV PHVXUHV GH UpVLVWLYLWp RQW^{pWp IDLWHV j} ODLGH GXQ GLVSRVLWLISRWHQWLRPpWULTXH GX PrPH W\SH TXH FHOXL XWLOLVp VXU ^OH WHUUDLQ

-HDQ3LHUUH 7ULSHW HW -HDQ-DFTXHV:DJQHU

3URILO ^Q

&RXFKH YHUWLFDOH

3URILO ^Q"

©! &RXFKH ^j ƒ

‰_Z

W

^?

?

]D

[M

^?[

^?A

3URILO ^Q

&RXFKH j ƒ

IRLQAPO

3URILO ^Q

&RXFKH R ƒ

)LJ 3URILOV GH UpVLVWLYLWp VXU PRGqOH UpGXLW &RXFKH UpVLVWDQWH j GLYHUV SHQGDJHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ

©YHFWRULHOOHª YDOHXU ^GH OD UpVLVWLYLWp UHSRUWpH j PLGLVWDQFH HQWUH GHX[ pOHFWURGHV ^GH SRWHQWLHO

5HSUpVHQWDWLRQ ^{GHV UpVXOWDWV} H[SpULPHQWDX[

'HV SURILOV RQW ^{pWp pWDEOLV} SRXU GLIIpUHQWHV LQFOLQDLVRQV ^GH ODFRXFKH ^OD ILJXUH HQ

PRQWUH ^OHV SOXV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV ,O ^HVW SRVVLEOH ^GH UHSUpVHQWHU FHV PHVXUHV GH GLYHUVHV PDQLqUHV YDQ 1RVWUDQG ^HW &RRN

2Q WUDFH GHX[ FRXUEHV UHOLDQW UHVSHFWLYHPHQW^OHVYDOHXUV GHJQOHW GH SÄ)LJD 2Q DQDO\VH OHXU SHQWH OHXUV LQWHUVHFWLRQV DLQVL TXH OD SRVLWLRQ ^HW OD V\PpWULH ^GHV H[WUHPD ^/HV TXDWUH PD[LPD VHFRQGDLUHV ^GH SDUW ^HW GDXWUH GHV GHX[ SLFV SULQFLSDX[

VRQW VLWXpV ^j OD GLVWDQFHGHQYLURQ $2 02 ^{GH OD}OLPLWH ^GH OD FRXFKH LOV VRQW ^G€V DX[ jFRXSV GH SULVHV

2Q FDOFXOH ^GHV UDSSRUWV RX ^GHV GLIIpUHQFHV ^GH UpVLVWLYLWpV TXH ORQ UHOLH SDU ^XQH FRXUEH SDUPL ^OHV GLIIpUHQWHV SRVVLELOLWpV RQ SHXW ^HQ FLWHU TXDWUH

D 4L-TX ([SULPH ^OD YDULDWLRQ ^{GH OD} UpVLVWLYLWp _DSSDUHQWH SRXU ^GHX[ SRUWLRQV DGMDFHQWHV GX WHUUDLQ ^{OHV pOHFWURGHV $ HW} % UHVWHQW IL[HV /HV GHX[

H[WUHPD VRQW ^{VLWXpV j} _{SHX SUqV} VXU ^OD OLPLWH ^GH OD FRXFKH )LJ E E _S

^{RX $XWUH H[SUHVVLRQ GH OD YDULDWLRQ} UHSUpVHQWpH SDU OD FRXUEH _SUpFpGHQWH

F MLORQ ([SULPH ^OD YDULDWLRQ ^GH OD UpVLVWLYLWp _DSSDUHQWH SRXU ^{XQH PrPH} SRUWLRQ

GH WHUUDLQ ^{$ HW %} D\DQW ^pWp GpSODFpV 5HSUpVHQWH OjFRXS ^GH SULVH ^/HV GHX[ H[WUHPD VRQW ^{VLWXpV j} SHX SUqV ^j OD GLVWDQFH ^GH $^%² 02 OXQ ^GH ODXWUH )LJ ^F

G RX ^{² £"L} $XWUH H[SUHVVLRQ ^GH OD YDULDWLRQ UHSUpVHQWpH SDU ^OD FRXUEH SUpFpGHQWH 2Q UHPDUTXH TXH OD FRXUEH UHSUpVHQWpH^j OD )LJXUH ^E GpILQLW PLHX[ _TXH^OHVDXWUHV SDU ODPSOLWXGH ^{HW OD IRUPH GH VHV H[WUHPD OHV OLPLWHV} GX EDQF UpVLVWDQW

5HSUpVHQWDWLRQ ©YHFWRULHOOHª .XQHW] ^{2Q UHOLH}SDU ^{XQ VHJPHQW GH}GURLWH

OD PHVXUH DUULqUH RQ ^{HW OD PHVXUH} DYDQW R FRUUHVSRQGDQW j XQH PrPH SRVLWLRQ ^GHV pOHFWURGHV $ HW % /H SURILO ^{DLQVL REWHQX HVW} XQH VXLWH ^GH©YHFWHXUVª ^GH SHQWH YDULDEOH )LJ /D GLVFRQWLQXLWp HQWUH GHX[ ©YHFWHXUVª ^VXFFHVVLIV UHSUpVHQWH OjFRXS ^GH SULVH GHV pOHFWURGHV GHQYRL ^GH FRXUDQW ^3DU FRQWUH OD SHQWH ©JUDGLHQWª GHV VHJPHQWV GRQQH XQH LPDJH ^GH OD YDULDWLRQ ^GH OD UpVLVWLYLWp GX VRXVVRO OD SHQWH PD[LPXP VH

WURXYH ^j SHX SUqV DXGHVVXV ^GHV OLPLWHV ^GH OD FRXFKH FRPPH RQ D SX ^OH YRLU ^j OD )LJXUH ^{E &HVW FH} W\SH ^GH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ TXH QRXV DYRQV DGRSWp SRXU ^{OpWXGH GH} WHUUDLQ SDUDJUDSKH

/HV FRXUEHV H[SpULPHQWDOHV REWHQXHV HQ ODERUDWRLUH SRXU ^{GHV FRXFKHV YHUWLFDOHV} RX ^j SHQGDJH ^pOHYp ƒ QH SUpVHQWHQW SDV GH GLIIpUHQFHV VLJQLILFDWLYHV )LJ 3DU FRQWUH SRXU ^{XQ SHQGDJH GH ƒ HW} VXUWRXW GH ƒ XQH QHWWH GLVV\PpWULH DSSDUDvW OHIIHW ^GH OD FRXFKH VH IDLW VHQWLU SOXV W{W ORUVTXRQ ^VH GpSODFH GDQV OH VHQV GH ODPRQW SHQGDJH ODYDOHXUDEVROXH GHVUpVLVWLYLWpV DSSDUHQWHV FURvW SOXVW{W _{TXH SRXU}^OHVDXWUHV FDV HW GXQHIDoRQ VRXWHQXH MXVTXDX SLF VHFRQGDLUH ELHQ GpYHORSSp G€ DX SDVVDJH GH OD OLPLWH ^GH OD FRXFKH SDU OD SULVH ^%

,O IDXW UHPDUTXHU TXH SRXU WRXV ^{OHV PRGHV GH} UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GpFULWV SOXV KDXW OD SUpFLVLRQ ^GH OLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ ^{HVW DYDQW} WRXW OLPLWpH SDU ^OH IDLW TXH ^OHV PHVXUHV FRQVWLWXHQW XQ pFKDQWLOORQQDJH SRQFWXHO ^HW QRQ SDV XQ UHOHYp FRQWLQX

9DQ

-HDQ3LHUUH 7ULSHO ^HW -HDQ-DFTXHV :DJQHU 3URILO QD

3URILO Q F WDLID

3URILO QE

FRXFKH R

IF9OO

0 20L 2O

æ "

)LJ 3URILOVGHUpVLVWLYLWp VXU PRGqOH UpGXLW &RXFKHUpVLVWDQWHj GLYHUVPRGHVGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ D R HW S© UHSRUWpV ^j PLGLVWDQFH HQWUHGHX[pOHFWURGHVGH SRWHQWLHO ERL"Q UHSRUWp HQ F SRL

UHSRUWp ^j PLGLVWDQFH HQWUH GHX[ pOHFWURGHV GH SRWHQWLHO

$SSOLFDWLRQ ^{j XQH pWXGH} K\GURJpRORJLTXH 6LWXDWLRQ JpQpUDOH

8QH SURVSHFWLRQ pOHFWULTXH D pWp HQWUHSULVH GDQV OD YDOOpH ^GH /D 6DJQH SDU ^OH /DERUDWRLUH GH *pRSK\VLTXH ^GH O8QLYHUVLWp ^GH *HQqYH VXU OD SURSRVLWLRQ ^{GH 0RQVLHXU}

$ %XUJHU LQJpQLHXU ^GHV HDX[ ^j O(WDW ^GH 1HXFKkWHO (OOH pWDLW GHVWLQpH j

GpOLPLWHU XQH VXFFHVVLRQ GDTXLIqUHV FDOFDLUHV GDQV XQH UpJLRQ GpSRXUYXH GDIIOHXUHPHQWV

GDQV OH EXW GLPSODQWHU ^GHV IRUDJHV GREVHUYDWLRQ K\GURJpRORJLTXH

/HV XQLWpV OLWKRORJLTXHV UHSUpVHQWpHV VRQW ^{GH EDV} HQ KDXW OH 0DOP 6pTXDQLHQ .LPPHULGJLHQHW 3RUWODQGLHQ FRPSOH[H FDOFDLUH pSDLV ^{GH j} P OH 3XUEHFNLHQ PDUQHX[ HQYLURQ P ^{OHV FDOFDLUHV GX} 9DODQJLQLHQ HQYLURQ P O+DXWHULYLFQ

LQIpULHXU PDUQHX[ 0DUQHV G+DXWHULYH HQYLURQ P O+DXWHULYLHQ VXSpULHXU FDOFDLUH 3LHUUH MDXQH ^{GH 1HXFKkWHO} HQYLURQ P OD 0RODVVH /H 4XDWHUQDLUH ^HVW FRQVWLWXp HQ JUDQGH SDUWLH SDU ^GHV PRUDLQHV UHPDQLpHV HW GHV GpS{WV pOXYLDX[

1: 6(

/(*(1'(

4XDWHUQDLUH LR

M

^0ROFVVH

+A+

MM

+DXWHULYLHQ VX'FQHXUA44 3LHUUH MDXQH^DH1HXFKkWHO

_ +DXWHULYLHQ LQIpULHXU 0DUQHVG+DXOHUYH I-7 9DODQJLQLHQ HA²I-7 7

HRR

B

M

^3XUEHF.LHQ

Læ

^, &DOFDLUHV GX 0DLP

"

?0 I

)LJ 3URILO JpRORJLTXH ^j WUDYHUV OD YDOOpH GH /D 6DJQH 6LWXDWLRQ OD PrPH TXH SRXU ^OH SURILO ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp 1R ,

/D YDOOpH GH /D _{6DJQH HVW XQH YDOOpH} V\QFOLQDOH ^GD[H 1(6: GpOLPLWpH SDU ODQWLFOLQDO GH 6RP 0DUWHO DX 1: HW FHOXL ^GH 7rWHGH5DQ0RQW5DFLQH ^{DX 6(}

/H V\QFOLQDO ^HVW IRUWHPHQW DV\PpWULTXH VRQ IODQF 6( HVW YHUWLFDO RX SOXV RX PRLQV UHQYHUVp )LJ

*UkFH ^{j GHV} FRQGLWLRQV OLWKRORJLTXHV ^HW VWUXFWXUDOHV ^OHV IRUPDWLRQV ^{FDOFDLUHV GX} 0DOP GX 9DODQJLQLHQ ^{HW GH} O+DXWHULYLHQ MRXHQW ^{OH U{OH GH} WURLV UpVHUYRLUV DTXLIqUHV SOXV RX PRLQV LQGpSHQGDQWV GRQW OpWXGH JpRSK\VLTXH GHYDLW GpILQLU ^{OHV OLPLWHV /D} PpWKRGH _HPSOR\pH D pWpFHOOH GX WUDvQp j UpSpWLWLRQ GLVSRVLWLI^GH /(( ^{HW OHV PHVXUHV} RQW ^{pWp IDLWHV} VRXV IRUPH GH SURILOV WUDQVYHUVDX[ SDU UDSSRUW ^{j OD[H GX V\QFOLQDO}

5HOHYp HW UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GHV PHVXUHV

/D ORQJXHXU ^GH OD OLJQH GpPLVVLRQ D pWp IL[pH j $% P OD GLVWDQFH HQWUH ^OHV pOHFWURGHV ^GH SRWHQWLHO pWDLW ^GH 02 21 HQY P HW OD GLVWDQFH HQWUH ^OHV VWDWLRQV ^GH 02 21 ^6L[ SURILOV ^{DLQVL UHOHYpV}VRQW GRQQpV FRPPHH[HPSOHV GDQV ^OH SUpVHQW WUDYDLO OHXU VLWXDWLRQ HVW GpILQLH j OD )LJXUH

/H PRGH ^GH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV TXL D pWp FKRLVL HVW FHOXL ^GH OD )LJXUH©YHFWHXUVª LO _QRXV D VHPEOp IDFLOLWHU OLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ ^{HQ UHQGDQW OD OHFWXUH GX} SURILO ^{OD SOXV FODLUH}

HW OD SOXV FRPSOqWH SRVVLEOH ,O SUpVHQWH ODYDQWDJH ^{GH UHQGUH} GLUHFWHPHQW YLVLEOHV OD YDULDWLRQ ^{GH OD} UpVLVWLYLWp HQWUH 02 HW 21 ©JUDGLHQWª ^GH PrPH TXH OD YDOHXU DEVROXH GH FHOOHFL /HV GHX[ SDUDPqWUHV VRQWHQ HIIHW LPSRUWDQWV OXQ SRXU GpILQLU ^OHV OLPLWHV GH OD IRUPDWLRQ HW ODXWUH SRXU ^HQ FDUDFWpULVHU OD QDWXUH

/HV 5RIIRXUV

&RUERWLHUH GH9HQW

/D 6DTQH(JOLVH

)LJ 9DOOpH GH /D 6DJQH 6LWXDWLRQ ^GHV SURILOV^GH UpVLVWLYLWp

,QWHUSUpWDWLRQ ^GHV SURILOV ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp

/HV SURILOV DFFRPSDJQpV ^GH OHXU LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ JpRORJLTXH VRQW UHSUpVHQWpV DX[

)LJXUHV HW 1RWRQV _TXH ^OHV ILJXUpV OLWKRORJLTXHV QLQGLTXHQW TXH OD QDWXUH ^{HW OHV} OLPLWHV SUpVXPpHV GHV IRUPDWLRQV VRXVMDFHQWHV ^HW QRQ OHXU SHQGDJH

7D

3URILO ^{Q ,}

1:

U

?B\$YB!9$ ! !9 \ 9 9$ 9$ ^{9AY Y:}

$ 02K

0U^{B B B B}

:0

^{BBBBB77ææææ- ææL L£‡\ :0}

SRQt 385%&&.,(1 9$/$1*,1,(1 0$87(5,9 ,1) +$87(5,9,(1 683(5,(85 02/$66( &5(7$&( 385:A27

U9 L^{B²B²B²B²B}

æLLLLLLLLLLLL

^LLLLª

\

:

;

3URILO Q

Z OOU

^a9Y

6(

???19A9YaaV9Y

YY

AB;

, ,^,

77YUUQ

^{? L W²æ²W,} OKA6"3 OOO/O-,,6!

5,02/$66( &5e7$&e ^,

,,, wOO ww

^{$, ,}

OO

^,1

OO

^{* ,,1}

wO

^,

ww

^{,WW( ,,0}

L^{U L L L L L L L L L L}

LLL LLLL

^{L L LLaLaL Lªæ}

)LJ 3URILOV GH UpVLVWLYLWp j WUDYHUV ^{OD YDOOpH GH} /D 6DJQH DYHF OHXU LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ JpRORJLTXH 3URILO $ LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ JpRORJLTXH % FRXSH JpRORJLTXH REVHUYpH GDQV OD WUDQFKpH ^GH OROpRGXF

/H SURILO ^1R )LJ D pWp UHOHYp j SHX SUqV SDUDOOqOHPHQW DX WUDFp ^GH OROpRGXF GX-XUDQHXFKkWHORLV XQHFLQTXDQWDLQH ^GHPqWUHV DX 6:^GHFHOXLFL /H OHYpJpRORJLTXH GH OD WUDQFKpHGH OROpRGXF GHVVLQp HQ %^jOD)LJXUH GDSUqV

.LUDO\

D SHUPLV GpWDORQQHU OHV PHVXUHV GH UpVLVWLYLWp 0DOKHXUHXVHPHQW ^OD IRXLOOH SURIRQGH ^GH P

-HDQ3LHUUH 7ULSHW HW -HDQ-DFTXHV:DJQHU

QD _SDV PLV j

MRXU

XQH FRXSH JpRORJLTXH FRQWLQXH HQ UDLVRQ GH OpSDLVVHXU ^GHV GpS{WV TXDWHUQDLUHV /LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ JpRORJLTXH GHV PHVXUHV ^HVW UHSUpVHQWpH HQ $ ^j OD )LJXUH 2Q FRQVWDWH TXH ^OH 3XUEHFNLHQ HW OHV 0DUQHV G+DXWHULYH GX IODQF 1: GX V\QFOLQDO ^VHPDUTXHQW FODLUHPHQW UDSSHORQV TXH^OH©JUDGLHQWª PD[LPXP ^GpWHUPLQH OD OLPLWH GXQH IRUPDWLRQ ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp GRQQpH /RUVTXH ^{OHV FDOFDLUHV} KDXWHULYLHQV VRQW WHFWRQLVpV OHXU UpVLVWLYLWp YDULH GXQH IDoRQ ^WUqV LUUpJXOLqUH $X _SDVVDJH GX WRLW ^GH O+DXWHULYLHQ ^OH SURILO ^{PRQWUH XQH UpDFWLRQ PRGpUpH FHFL} SHXW rWUH H[SOLTXp SDU OpSDLVVHXU DFFUXH ^GH4XDWHUQDLUH ^HW SDU ^{OH EUR\DJHGHVFDOFDLUHV} KDXWHULYLHQV GRQW ^OHV SURSULpWpV pOHFWULTXHV ^VH UDSSURFKHQW DORUV ^{GH FHOOHV GH OD 0RODVVH}

/H &UpWDFp GX IODQF UHQYHUVp GX V\QFOLQDO ^{QH VH PDQLIHVWH} SDV GXQH IDoRQ ^WUqV QHWWH^OHOpJHUPD[LPXP LQGLTXp SDU ^OH SURILO DYDQW^OD SHQWH WUqVIRUWH ^GXHjOLQIOXHQFH GHVFDOFDLUHVSRUWODQGLHQVSHXW rWUH LQWHUSUpWp^GHGHX[ IDoRQV

,O

VDJLW ^{GH OD} UpDFWLRQ GHV FDOFDLUHV FUpWDFpV VRXV IRUPH GXQ PD[LPXP XQLTXHHW _SHX PDUTXp HQ UDLVRQ GH OHXU pWDW IRUWHPHQW ODPLQp HW GH ODPLQFLVVHPHQW ^GHV 0DUQHV G+DXWHULYH ^{FHVW OD} VROXWLRQ TXL DpWp UHWHQXHSRXU ^OHILJXUp OLWKRORJLTXH VDJLW GXQH ]RQH^GH PRUDLQH XQ SHX JUDYHOHXVH ^GHV IRUDJHV RQW HQ HIIHW PRQWUp _TXH ^OHV ERUGV GHV V\QFOLQDX[

MXUDVVLHQV SHXYHQW SUpVHQWHU ^GHV DFFXPXODWLRQV LPSRUWDQWHV ^GH GpS{WV TXDWHUQDLUHV D\DQWMXVTXj SOXV GH P GpSDLVVHXU

/H ORQJ ^GX SURILO ^1R )LJ RQ UHWURXYH ^{OD PrPH VXFFHVVLRQ} _TXH ^FLGHVVXV

$X 1: ^GH OD[H GX V\QFOLQDO FHSHQGDQW ^OHV OLPLWHV GX 3XUEHFNLHQ HW GHV 0DUQHV G+DXWHULYH VRQW GpILQLHV DYHF PRLQV GH[DFWLWXGH ^{HW OH} FRQWUDVWH ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp DX FRQWDFW ^GHV FDOFDLUHV KDXWHULYLHQV HW GH OD 0RODVVH HVW WUqV DWWpQXp

/DOWHUQDQFH ^GH FDOFDLUHV HW ^GH PDUQHV ^VH PDUTXH GRQF SDU ^XQ SURILO ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp ELHQ FRQWUDVWp VXU ^OH IODQF QRUPDO GX V\QFOLQDO ^HW OH[DPHQ ^GHV©JUDGLHQWVª SHUPHW ^GH GpILQLU GXQH IDoRQ VDWLVIDLVDQWH OHV OLPLWHV ^GHV IRUPDWLRQV /HV UpVXOWDWV VRQW PRLQV FODLUV _VXU OH IODQF UHQYHUVp ^OH SUREOqPH HVW FRPSOLTXp SDU OD QDWXUH ^{KpWpURJqQH HW} OpSDLVVHXU LUUpJXOLqUH GX 4XDWHUQDLUH ^HW SDU ^OD WHFWRQLTXH ^{TXL D} PRGLILp ^OHV SURSULpWpV VSpFLILTXHV ^GHV URFKHV DWWpQXDQW OHV FRQWUDVWHV ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp

/HVSURILOV ^j )LJ RQW^{pWp UHOHYpV}VXU OH &UpWDFp GX YHUVDQW 1: GX V\QFOLQDO LOV PRQWUHQW OD IDoRQ GRQW RQ SHXW ^{VXLYUH GH} SURFKH HQ SURFKH XQ EDQF FDOFDLUH 9DODQJLQLHQ $ FHW HQGURLW OD VXFFHVVLRQ GHV FDOFDLUHV HW GHV PDUQHV ^VH PDUTXH ^GDQV OD WRSRJUDSKLH SDU ^GHV WDOXV HW GHV UHSODWV ^{PDLV OHV} DIIOHXUHPHQWV IRQW WRWDOHPHQW GpIDXW HW OHV OLPLWHV GHV IRUPDWLRQV VRQW LQYLVLEOHV

&RQFOXVLRQV

3RXU FHUWDLQV SUREOqPHV ^GH GpWDLO pWXGLpV SDU SURILOV ^GH UpVLVWLYLWp OLQWHUYDOOH FRXUDQW HQWUH GHX[ VWDWLRQV GH PHVXUH VRXYHQW pJDO ^j $% HVW WURS ^{ORQJ 'DQV FHV} FRQGLWLRQV OHPSORL ^{GX WUDvQp j} UpSpWLWLRQ UHPSODFHUD DYHF SURILW XQ GLVSRVLWLI^{j GHX[}

pOHFWURGHV GH SRWHQWLHO VXUWRXW VLO VDJLW ^GH PHWWUH HQ pYLGHQFH GHV FRXFKHV YHUWLFDOHV RX REOLTXHV ^&H SURFpGp SUpVHQWH ODYDQWDJH ^GH GRQQHU GH SOXV IRUWHV DQRPDOLHV HW ^GH SHUPHWWUH ^XQH GpILQLWLRQ SOXV SUpFLVH ^GHV OLPLWHV JpRORJLTXHV

$LQVL ^OH GLVSRVLWLI^GH /(( FRQYLHQW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW ^{ELHQ j FHUWDLQV} WUDYDX[ ^GH UHFKHUFKHV K\GURJpRORJLTXHV ^HQ WHUUDLQV FDOFDLUHV

3URILO

Q

ZQ@

11: 66(

L

$ ©R1 ⁶

9DO29PO SRU,

|

SXUEHFNLHQ

1: 0B²S

²

+$87(5,9,(1 ,1)(5,(85 9$/$1*,1,⁽¹

UK66ALLLLLLL

3URILO Q"

6(

L

9

^?

??

9DLDFL

3URILO

Q

ULL7LULLLLUL7LL

9$/$1*,1,(1 +$87(5,9,(1 ,1)(5,(85 385%(&.,(1

^, OA

1:

UR ?

WL

U

^U7U?

LU ^/

3257

LWWL

3257

3257 385%(&.,(1 9$/$1*,1,(1 +$87(5,9,(1 ,1)(5,(85

, , , , 7U ^{, , , L L L L ,}

dªÌ

3URILO

Q

11:

U _$

⁶⁶⁽

=22^RR

^{9Y $}

[ ^{9 9 9 ?}

^?

^{Y A$ Y}

$ 0v2W0

² ² ² ² ² ^B

385%(&.,(1 9$/$1*,1,(1 +$87(5,9,(1 ,1)(5,(85 +$87 685

L L9^{L LL}

)LJ 3URILOVGHUpVLVWLYLWp VXU^OHIODQF 1:GHOD YDOOpHGH/D6DJQH DYHFOHXULQWHUSUpWDWLRQJpRORJLTXH

-HDQ3LHUUH 7ULSHW HW -HDQ-DFTXHV :DJQHU

%,%/,2*5$3+,(

&DJQLDUG / HW 1HDOH ⁵ 1 7HFKQLTXH QRXYHOOH ^GH PRGqOHV UpGXLWV SRXU OD SURVSHFWLRQ pOHFWULTXH *HRSK\V 3URVSHFWLQJ

.LUDO\ / ^/HYpJpRORJLTXH ^GHODIRXLOOH^{GHOROpRGXF GX}-XUD QHXFKkWHORLVVXUWHUULWRLUHVXLVVH 1HXFKkWHO QRQ SXEOLp

.XQHW]* 3ULQFLSOHVRI^'LUHFW &XUUHQW 5HVLVWLYLW\ 3URVSHFWLQJ *HRH[SORUDWLRQPRQRJUDSKV VHULHV , 1R *HEUGHU %RUQWUDHJHU %HUOLQ S

/DVIDUJXHV ³ 3URVSHFWLRQ pOHFWULTXH SDU FRXUDQWV^FRQWLQXV 0DVVRQ 3DULV S

7ULSHW ^{-3 (WXGH} JpRpOHFWULTXH GH OD YDOOpH GH /D 6DJQH FDQWRQ ^GH 1HXFKkWHO 7UDYDLO ^GH GLSO{PH /DERUDWRLUH ^GH *pRSK\VLTXH 8QLYHUVLWp GH *HQqYH QRQ SXEOLp

9DQ 1RVWUDQG ^{5 * HW} &RRN . ^/ ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI5HVLVWLYLW\ 'DWD *HRO VXUYH\ SURI SDSHU 86 *RY 3ULQWLQJ 2IILFH :DVKLQJWRQ '& S