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Les combustibles solides suisses et étrangers

LOMBARD, Augustin, FALCONNIER, Alfred

LOMBARD, Augustin, FALCONNIER, Alfred. Les combustibles solides suisses et étrangers.

Bulletin technique de la Suisse romande , 1943, vol. 69, no. 24, p. 309-320

DOI : 10.5169/SEALS-52535

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:138218

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

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106 e Congrès de l’Association Française d’Urologie (AFU) Prise en charge de l’HBP et quelques temps forts du congrès 21-24 novembre