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La voix dans l'expression et la perception des émotions chez les adultes déficients visuels

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HAL Id: dumas-01520027

https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01520027

Submitted on 9 May 2017

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La voix dans l’expression et la perception des émotions

chez les adultes déficients visuels

Hélène Villette

To cite this version:

Hélène Villette. La voix dans l’expression et la perception des émotions chez les adultes déficients visuels. Médecine humaine et pathologie. 2011. �dumas-01520027�

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