"تداولية الخطاب " أهمية نظرية الذهن في تحليل الخطاب

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52

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ

"

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

"

ﺃ/

ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺠﻭﺒ ﺥﻭﺒﻝ ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

) ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ (

ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴـﻀﺭﻓ ﺯﻭﺭﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻴﻓﺭﻭـﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻴﻨﻭـﻔﻝﺍ لـﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ

ﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥ

: ﻲـﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻴﻨﻭـﻓ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺇ

ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻜ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ،لﻗﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻜ ﻡﻴﻓﺭﻭﻤ لﻜﺸ ﺎـﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺎﻬﻝﻭ ،ﻯﺭﻐﺼ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻭ . ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﻗﻻ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻝﻭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ

لـﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘـﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﺒﺄﺘ ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﻘﻤﻜ ﻪﻌﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ .

ﺔـﻤﺀﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ (la pertinence)

،

ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺩﺠ لﺯﺘﺨﻤ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺇ ﻪﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ .

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53

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ :

ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﺘﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ .

(Berthoud, A-C. & Mondada,

L : Modèles du discours en confrontation, Peter Lang, Berne, eds 2000, p.185- 203.)

ﺔـﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩـﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺩﻴ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ )

ﺎـﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤ ﻩﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ (

،

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻠﺼﻔﻴﻭ )

ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ .(

ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ،ﺔـﻤﺀﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻔﻓ

ﺔـﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﺇ ﺔﻴﺩـﺼﻘﻤ ،ﻪـﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤ ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻴﺩـﺼﻘﻤ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻠﻝ Intention

Informative ،

) ﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﻗ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤ ﻊ

( ﺔﻴﻠـﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺩـﺼﻘﻤﻭ ،

Intention Communicative ،

) ﻊﻤﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻜﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤ (

،

ﺎﻋﻭـﻀﻭﻤ لـﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝ ﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﺩﺠ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﻤـﺴﻭ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺩﺼﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﻗ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﻰ

ﻥﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﺒ ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ Théorie de l’esprit

ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻴﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻁﻴﺴﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺍﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤ ﺭـﺨﻶﻝ ﺎﻨﺘﺍﺭﻭـﺼﺘ لـﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ

(-Gloria origgi. « théories of théorie of mind »

. Uniroma3/ progetti/ kant/ field/ tom.

http://gloria (online) 22/01/07. at

Htm.)

.

ﻲـﺘﺭﻜﻓ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺩـﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻹﺍ ، ،ﺔﻴﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ

. ﺎﺒ ﻅﻔﻠﺘـﻤ لﻜﻝ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻨﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝ

ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺩﺼﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﺒ :

ﻱﺯﺍﻭـﺘ ﺎـﻤﻫﻼﻜﻭ ﺔـﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻗ

ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻪﺒﺎﻁﺨ لﹶﻜﺸﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﻲـﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ؛ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﻕﻠﻁﻨ

) ﺕﺎﻴﺩـﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ

ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻹﺍ (

ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺩﻝﻭﺘﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ،

ﻁﺎﻤﻨﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻫﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ )

ﺎـﻌﺒﻁ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ (

،

ﺠﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻜ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﺎ

.

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54

.1 ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﻘﺘ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ :

.1.1 ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ :

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ لﺀﺎﺴﺘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻘﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺎﻨﺌﺎﺼﻗﺇ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺎﺘ

لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﻭﻋﺩﻴ :

ﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻤﺘﻌﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ

؟لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ .

ﻡﻋﺩﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻕﺤ ﺩﻘﻝ

ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺯﺘﺨﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻤﻴﺘﺴﺒﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ Réductionnisme ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ

.

ﻥﻴﻤﺴﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺴﻘﻨﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺯﺘﺨﻻﺍﻭ :

لﻭﺤﺘ ﻭﻫ ،لﻭﻷﺍ

ﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﻘﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺭﻴ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺼﺃ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ﺹﺨﺃ ﺭ

ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺎﻨﻤﻬﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻝﺍ )

ﻲﺒﺭﻋ ﺱﻭﻤﺎﻗ ،لﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺍ لﻴﻬﺴ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺄﺘ ،ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻓ ‘

ﻁ

،16 ﺹ ،1995

:

.(1032 ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﺃ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﻡﻴﻓ ؟ﺓﺩﺤﻭ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﻐﻝﺃ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻝﺍﺯﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻡﻴﻨﻭﻔﻝﺍ ؟ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻓﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻨﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻤ ﻡﻴﻓﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﺏﺒﺴﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻨﻭﻓ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺡﺭﺸ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﻪﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻨﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺍﺯﺘﺨﻻﺍ لﺒ

ﻩﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻴﻓﺭﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻭﻔﻝﺍ .

ﻥﺎﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻓﺭﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ

ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻓﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻻ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻻﻭ

ﻪﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻭ ؟ﻥﺫﺇ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ لﻭﻘﻨ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻓﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ

؟ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻜ

ﻻﻭﺃ

، ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻻ :

ﺎـﻬﻝ ﺓﺩـﺤﻭ ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎـﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﻭـﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻨﻭﻔﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻝ ﺍﺩﺒﺃ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﺏﻫﺫﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺎـﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺎﻜ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻠﺒ ،ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘ ﻻ

ﺎﻫﺭـﺼﺎﻨﻋ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺤﺭﺸ ﺭﺫﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﺒ ﻅﻔﺘﺤﺘ .

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ لﻭﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺡﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ :

ﻲـﻫ ﺎﻤ

ﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﺒ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺒﻗ لﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ؟ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻥﺇ ،ﻩﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺎﻬ

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55

ﺎـﻨﻝ ﺢﻤـﺴﻴ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻠﺤﻤ ﺩﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎـﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺩـﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻹﺎﺒ ﻻ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻤﺠ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻯﺭﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ

لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻤﻌﻨ ﻥﺃ ،ﻩﺫﻫ لﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﻪﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺍﺯﺘﺨﻺﻝ ﻼﺒﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻭ لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ .

،ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ

ﻯﺭـﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ MACRO SYNTAXE

ﻡـﻠﻋﻭ ،

ﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻭ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎ

.

ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﻤﻨ ﻻ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ،ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩـﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕـﺒﻁﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﻴ ﻻ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ؛ﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ . ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻥﺇ ﻥـﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﻻ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ

ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﺒ ﺔﺒﻭﺤﺼﻤ ﺩـﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﺒ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﺴﻔﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ

ﺢﻀﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﺒ .

ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺢﻠﻔﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ لﺎـﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻲـﻓ ﺙـﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺱﻭﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﺒﻴﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ .

.2.1 ﺭﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﻴﻀ

ﻪﻴﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

"

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ "

ﺓﺭﻫﺎـﻅ ﻪـﻨﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺘ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ لﻠﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒ

. لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﺎـﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ

ﻥﺄـﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺘ ،لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ )

ﺓﺀﺍﺭـﻗ ﻡﺩﻘﻨ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ

ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ لﻜﻓ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﻭ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ

،ﺔﻴﻨﺎـﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩـﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻙﺭﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻬﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ .

ﺩـﻌﻴ ﻅﻭـﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﻕـﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺍﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺏ

) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ( ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ

ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺩﺒﻤ ﺍﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻲﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻡﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ :

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ﺎـﻨﻴﻫﺭ ﻰـﻘﺒﻴ ﻅﻭـﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻻ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻔﻓ ﺨﺸ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ؛ﻪﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﺒ ،ﺎﻬـﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻘﻁﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺼ

ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘـﺴﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻋﺎﻁﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ Autonomie de la syntaxe

ﺔـﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻲـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،

ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ لﺎﺨﺩﺈﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍﻭ Items lexicaux

،ﺔـﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩـﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﻫﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻲ )

ﺔـﺒﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ (

لـﺜﻤ ،

لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻘﻤ Indexicaux

) ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﻘﺤﻼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﺔﻴﻭﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺎﻜ ،ﻲﻤﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ (

ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﻡﺩـﻘﻴ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،

ﻪﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ :

ﺃ . ﺎﻨﺃ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ .

ﺏ . ﺍﺩﻏ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﺩﻏ ﻥﻭﻜﺃ ﻥﻴﺃ .

ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ :

ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻘﻤﻓ

ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ -

ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ )

ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ

لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﺎﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ (

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ، ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺈﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘ

لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺎﻤ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻁـﻘﻓ ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻅﺤﻼﻨﻝﻭ :

ﺃ . ﻪﻨﺒﻻ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺏﻷﺍ

" : ﻙﻨﺎﻨﺴﺃ لﺴﻏﺍﻭ ﺏﻫﺫﺇ ."

ﺏ . ﻥﺒﻻﺍ

" : ﻠﻐﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺱﺎﻌﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒ ."

ﻥﺈـﻓ ،ﺏﻠﻁﻠﻝ ﺏﺠﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺢﻴﺤﺼ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻪﻨﺒﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﺠ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺏﻸﻝ ﻰﻨﺴﺘﻴ ﻲﻜﻠﻓ لـﺴﻏ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﺩﻭـﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻙﺭﺩﻴ ﻥﺒﻹﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﺫﺨﺄﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺤ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃﻭ ،ﻡﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﺴﻷﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺽﻓﺭﻴ ﻪﻨﺒﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻝﺍﻭﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘ

.

ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ؟ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﺭﺒﺘ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﻜﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺭﻘﻨ ﺎﻨﻤﺩ ﺎﻤﻭ لـﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﺜﻤ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻭﻫ لﻫ ؟ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻁﻤﻨ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ

ﻝﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻭﻫ ﻡﺃ ،ﻡﻴﻨﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ؟ﺔﻠﻤﺠ

ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝ ﻊﻀﺎﺨ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﻴ )

ﺩـﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺕـﺴﻴﻝ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﻕﺩﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ

ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ

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ﺎﻬﻠﻜ لﻘﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇ ،ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ (

لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ،ﻪﻤﻬﻓﻭ ﻪﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻡﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻠﻝ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﺘ ﻥﺃ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ .

ﻪـﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ .

ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﻘﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻋ ﻼﺌﺎﺴﺘﻤ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﺘﻌﻴ ﺩﻗ

ﺱﺴﺅﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ :

ﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﻊـﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕ

ﺔـﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏـﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﻘﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝ .

ﺏـﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡـﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻘﻠﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﺏـﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﺜﺒﺸﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻴﺩﻗ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺩﻭﺩـﺤ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﺘﻔﺘﻠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ،ﻩﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻪﻝﻭ ﻱﻭﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺎ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺏﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﻡﻠﻌﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺄﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺴﻭﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻠﻝ

ﻼﻤﺠ ﻻ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ .

.3.1 ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﺇ :

• ﺍ ﻲﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝ :

ﺔـﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﺒ )

ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻭﺃ

ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻨ

"

ﻰﻨﺒﻝﺍ "

ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ .(

ﺔـﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﻲﻔﻓ

ﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻻﻭ ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻫﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺏﺎ

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻭﺩ ﺢﻠﻨ ﻥﺤﻨﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﻤﻬﻓ ﻡﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻨ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﻤﻬﻓ ﺎـﻨﻤﻬﻓﻭ ﺎﻨﺭﻴـﺴﻔﺘ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔ

ﺹﺘـﺨﺘ ﺎـﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻜﺅﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺀﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ . ) ﺭﻅﻨﺃ ( ،

Sperber, D , & Wilson, D, Relevance, Communication and Cognition, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 2° édition, 1995 . Moeschler, J, & Reboul, A , Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la pragmatique, Paris, Le Seuil, 1994. Reboul, A, &

Moeschler, J , Le dialogue n’est pas un catégorie naturelle scientifiquement pertinente, Cahier de Linguistique Française 17, 229-248, 1995.)

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ﺔﻠﹶﻜـﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔـﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺄـﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻑﻴﻜ ،ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ،ﺔـﻴﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻤﻨ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ؟ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ

؟ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﻥﺎﺘﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﻥﻴﻝﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ

:

ﺃ . ﻴﺘﻤﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﺇ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻑﺎﻀﻨﻴ ،ﺯﺎ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻼﻴﻭﺄﺘ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ

)ﺃ ﺭﻅﻨ (

،

Heim, I. The Semantics of Definite Noun Phrases, Ph D, dissertation, University of Massachussets, Amherst Publiée en 1989 par Garland Press, New York, p. 185./ Kamp, H. & Reyle, U. From Discours to Logic, Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of natural Language, Formal Logic and Discours Representation Theory, Dordrecht, Kluwer, p. 102)

ﺏ . ﻋ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ لﺒ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻠ

ﻊﻤﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩـﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻥﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻭﻘﺒ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﻡﻠﻜﺘـﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﺎـﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ) ﺔﺜﺩﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ .

)ﺃ ﺭﻅﻨ ( ،

Reboul, A, & Moeschler, J, La pragmatique aujourd’hui, Une nouvelle science de la communication, Paris, Le Seuil, 1998, p. 113.)

.2 ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ anaphore

:

؟ﺕﺎﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ

ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰﺎﺼﺭﺤ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺘ ﻡﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘ ﻥﻷ

ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻻ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺠﻤ .

ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺭﻫﺍﻭـﻅﻝﺍ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﺩـﺼﺭ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻯﻭﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨﻝ

ﺭـﺴﻌﻴ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻔﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺎﻜ ـﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺯﺠﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺽﺭﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﺼﺭ

"

ﺓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ

"

ﻲﻋﺩﺘـﺴﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ،

ﻲﻤﺎﻘﻤ ﻁﻴﺴﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﺇ .

ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺼﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺼﻨ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺔﻴﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻜﺘ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﱢﻜﻤﺘ .

ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﻜ ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﹰﻻﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺒﺎﻨﻤ ﺏﻭﻨﻴ ،ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ لﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻲﻁ

) ﺭﻴﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻔﻤ (

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ

ﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﺎ

ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ لﺠﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،

ﺩﺩـﻌﺘ ﻰـﻝﺇ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ .

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59

ﻉﻭـﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺭﺸﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫﻝﺍﻭ ؛ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺘﺨﺘ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫ ﻲﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻅﻨ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻘﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺘﺨﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﻼﺜـﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝ ﺞﺘﻨﻴﻓ ،ﺎﻫﺍﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻁﻴﺭﺸ ،ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ . ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻁـﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ؛ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺒﻗ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻥﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ،ﻡﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻤ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ

ﺔـﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜـﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﺔﻠـﺼﻭﺤﻭ ﻊـﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺭﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍﻭ لﺨﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﻫ ،ﻥﺫﺇ ،ﺎﻨﺘﻴﻀ :

.1 ﻪﺘﻓﺭﻌﻤﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ .

.2 ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻲﻘﻁﻨﻤ لﺨﺩﻤ .

.3 ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﻲﻋﻭﺴﻭﻤ لﺨﺩﻤ :

. 1.3 ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻘﻠﺘ ﺔﻠﺼﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ

؛ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

.2.3

؛ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ

.4 ﻱﺭﺼﺒ لﺨﺩﻤ visuel

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻴ :

.1.4

؛ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻘﻠﺘ ﺔﻠﺼﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ

.2.4

؛ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨ

.5 ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤ لﺨﺩﻤ :

.1.5 ﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ

؛ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻥﺇ ،ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ

.2.5 ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ

؛لﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻓ

.6 ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔـﻝﺎﺤﻺﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤ لﺨﺩﻤ

ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ،ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ

؛ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ لﻴﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ

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ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻀﺨﺘﻭ :

ﺃ . ﻕﺒﺎـﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭـﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ لﺜﻤﺘ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ

؛ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻠﻝ

ﺏ .

؛ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺈﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕ . ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫﻝ ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﻥﻴﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ

؛ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻷ لﺎﻤﻫﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﺨﺩﻤﻜ ﺎﻤﻫﺫﺨﺘﻴﻓ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺙ . ﻥﺎـﺜ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ لـﺜﻤﺘ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻨ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻤ ،ﺦﺴﻨﻝﺍ

؛ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺝ .

؛ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺡ .

؛ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ

ﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜﻓ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤ لﻼ

ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤﻫ ﺎـﻌﻔﻨ ﺭـﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺎﻓ ﺎـﻨﻫ ﻰـﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺎﺜﻤﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻰﻨﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ :

.6 ﺃ . لﺨﺩﻴ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍﻭ لﺠﺭ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻝ ﻥﺍﺫﺨﺄﻴﻓ ،

.

ﺏ . ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜ ﺔﻌﺴﺘ

ﻲﻤﺭﻴ ، ﺔﻌـﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺠﻴ ﻡﻠﻓ ،ﺎﻀﺭﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ

ﺭﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺕﺠﺭﺤﺩﺘ .

ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺏﺼﻨﻴﺴ )

،ﺓﺃﺭـﻤﺍﻭ لـﺠﺭ

ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜ ﻊﺴﺘ (

لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ، )ﺃ

( ﺎـﻤﻬﻨﺃ ﻡـﻠﻌﻨ ﻥﻴـﺼﺨﺸﻝ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻥﻼﻜﺸﻴ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ

ﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﻨﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﺎـﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴ

) ﺏ ( ،

ﺔـﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﻨ ﻻ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﻨ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺭﻭﺩﻘﻤﺒ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ .

ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎـﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﺎـﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﻓ

ﺔـﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ،ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﺎﻤﺘﺤ ﻲﻫ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ . لﺎﺜﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ )ﺃ

( ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ، :

لﺠﺭﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ لﺜﻤﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻨ )

لﺠﺭﻝﺍ@ ( ،

ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ لﺜﻤﺘﻭ )

ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ@ ( ﻥﻴـﻠﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻑﻁﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺍﻭﻓ ؛

ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ) لﺠﺭﻝﺍ@ ( ﻭ ) ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ@ ( ﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ لـﺜﻤﺘ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝ ﻼﺨﺩﻤ ]

لـﺠﺭﻝﺍ@

&

ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ@ [ . ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻁﺒﺭﻴ

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61

ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺀﻱﺯﺠﺘﻝﺍ partition

ﺩـﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫـﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ .

لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ،ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ )

ﺏ ( ،ﺕﺎـﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﺤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،

ﻤﺘ ﻻﺇ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤﻓ ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﻼﺜ

) ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜ@ ( ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ،

ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ) ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺠﻴ ﻡﻝ (

ﺔـﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺩـﺠﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﺘ

ﻲﻨﻫﺫـﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺘﺄﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻌﺌﺎﻀﻝﺍ ) ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜ@ ( ،ﻥﻴﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﻥﻴﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ )

8@ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜ ( ﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻲـﺘﻝ

ﻭ ،ﺕﺩﺠﻭ )

1@ ﺔﻴﺭﻜ ( ﺔﻌﺌﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ .

ﺀﻱﺯـﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴ ،ﻥﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ :

؛ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ −

؛ﺔﻌﻁﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ −

؛ﺀﻱﺯﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ −

ﻠﻋﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻜﺸﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ،ﻪﻴ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻱﺯﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ .

.3 ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ :

ﺔـﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﻤﻠـﺴﻤ ﺭﻭـﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻨ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ .

لـﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺯ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ؛ﺔﻴﺼﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺱﻴﻝ

ﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﺘ ﺽﻭﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺒﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﻪﻴ

:

.1 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻭﺤ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻅﺤﻠﻨ ﻡﻝ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻲﻫ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻘﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ

،ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻠﻠﺤﻤ ﻪﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ

ﺎﺌﻴﺸ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ .

.2 ،ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥـﻋ ﻲﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻼﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺯﺠﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺎﻋﺃ

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62

ﺤﻹﺍ ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤ ﺎـﻬﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺔـﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺎﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ .

ﺱﻔﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﻻ ،ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲـﻓﻭ ،ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ

ﻴﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻭﺃ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لـﺨﺍﺩ ﺔـﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ لﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻔ

ﺔـﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜـﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻊـﻤ ﺭﻓﺎﻀﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ . ﺎـﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻤﺠﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻨ

) ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺒﻻ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ (1978

ﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺴﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ، ﻲـﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ لـﺴﻠﺴﺘ

،ﺙﺍﺩـﺤﻷﺍ ﻊﺒﺎـﺘﺘ ﻡﺭﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﺘﺘ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻱﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻸﻝ لﻤﺎﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ لﺴﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺭﺘﺤﻴ ﻻ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺎﺒ ،ﻲﺼﺼﻗ لﻤﻋ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻯﻭﻋﺩﺒ :

ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﺘﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻕﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﺘﻤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺹﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻲﻁﻐﻴ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻤﻀﺘ

ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺠﻤ .

ﻪـﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻻﺩﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻤـﺴﻨ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

) ﺀﺍﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻻﺩﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻻﺩﺘﺴﺍ (

ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻫ ،

ﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺎﻫﺎﻴﺇ ﺎﻨﺤﻨ

ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺸﺘﺴﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﺃﻭ ﺭﺒﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤ ﺭﺎـﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ ،لﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃﻭ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﺯ لﻼﺨ ﻲـﻘﻠﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﻲـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﻘﻝﺍﻭ .

ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺔـﺠﻝ

ﻲﺘﻵﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ :

.1 ﺔﻴﺒﺒـﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﻗﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ،ﺓﺭـﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﻠﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﺯ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺒﺨﻠﻝ

ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺭﻬﻅﻴﻭ :

ﺃ ﻪﻌﻓﺩ ﺩﻘﻝ ،ﺩﻝﻭﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﺴ• ﻩﻭﺨ

.

.2 لﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻴﻅﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤﻴﻬﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺭـﺼﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺯ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻁﺒﺍﺭ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ لﺨﺩﺘ

لﺎﺜﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻁﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ :

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63

ﻪﻌﻓﺩ ﻩﺎﺨﺃ ﻥﻷ ﺩﻝﻭﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﺴ• .

.3 ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻜﻭ ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻯﻭﻗﺃ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ

،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ

"

ﻊﻓﺩـﺒ ﺥﻷﺍ ﻡﺎـﻗ ﺍﺫﺇ

ﻁﻘﺴﻴﺴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ،ﻪﻴﺨﺃ

"

،ﺔـﻴﻤﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭـﻘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺏﻴﺭﻏ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻁﺒﻨﺘﺴﻴ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،

ﻰﻨﻌﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺎﻓﻼﺨ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ )

ﻥﻷ ( ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻜﻭﺘﻝﺍ :

ﺍ• ﻁﻘﺴ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﻩﺎﺨﺃ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺥﻷ .

ﺔﺼﻼﺨﻝﺍ : ﻕﻴـﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻯﺩﺒﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ،ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺎﻤﺎﺘﺨ ﺕﻼﺜـﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺀﺎـﻨﺒ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ لﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊـﻀﻭ ﻰـﻝﺇ لـﺼﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﻻ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺩﻌﺒﺎ - ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ méta-représentations ،ﻥﻫﺫـﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﺤﺭﺘﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻭـﻫ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺭﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺭﺎـﺴﻤﻝ ﺽﺭـﻤﻭ ﺩﺴﺠﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻲﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ .

ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ

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− Weinrich, H. (1973), Le temps. Le récit et le commentaire, Paris, Seuil.