Bâtir les mémoires locales, « pluraliser » le récit national : le musée communautaire au prisme des usages politiques de la mémoire et du patrimoine au Kenya et en Éthiopie

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Bâtir les mémoires locales, “ pluraliser ” le récit

national : le musée communautaire au prisme des usages

politiques de la mémoire et du patrimoine au Kenya et

en Éthiopie

Chloé Josse-Durand

To cite this version:

Chloé Josse-Durand. Bâtir les mémoires locales, “ pluraliser ” le récit national : le musée communau-taire au prisme des usages politiques de la mémoire et du patrimoine au Kenya et en Éthiopie. Science politique. Université de Bordeaux, 2016. Français. �NNT : 2016BORD0252�. �tel-01894890�





UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX



École Doctorale SP2 : Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique SCIENCES PO BORDEAUX

Laboratoire d’accueil : Les Afriques dans le monde

Bâtir les mémoires locales, « pluraliser » le récit national. Le musée

communautaire au prisme des usages politiques de la mémoire et du

patrimoine au Kenya et en Éthiopie

Thèse pour le Doctorat en Science politique

Sous la direction de M. Dominique DARBON

présentée et soutenue publiquement le 16 Septembre 2016 par

Chloé Josse-Durand

16 Septembre 2016

Composition du jury :

M. Dominique DARBON, Professeur de science politique, Sciences Po Bordeaux ; directeur de thèse Mme Marie-Claire LAVABRE, Professeur, Nanterre, présidente du Jury

M. Hervé MAUPEU, Maître de Conférences, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour

M. François-Xavier FAUVELLE, Directeur de recherche CNRS, Université de Toulouse Le Mirail ; rapporteur M. Christian LEBART, Directeur de recherche CNRS, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Rennes ; rapporteur



TITRE

Bâtir les mémoires locales, « pluraliser » le récit national. Le musée communautaire au prisme

des usages politiques de la mémoire et du patrimoine au Kenya et en Éthiopie

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TITLE

Building Local Memories, « Pluralizing » the National Narrative. Community Museums and the

Political Use of Heritage and Memory in Kenya and Ethiopia

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Sommaire

SOMMAIRE ... 4 REMERCIEMENTS ... 10 INTRODUCTION ... 13

1. Présentation de la recherche : bâtir des mémoires locales pour forger une appartenance nationale ... 21

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2. Problématique et Hypothèses de recherche ... 30

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PARTIE I : DE L’USAGE POLITIQUE DE LA MEMOIRE, DE L’IDENTITE ET DES MUSEES ... 85

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Section 1: Des cabinets de curiosité à la naissance du musée moderne…. 89

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Section 2 : Exposer les Arts et Traditions d’ici et d’ailleurs ... 103

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Section 3: Eléments de réflexion théoriques sur le « pouvoir » du musée 123

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Section 1 : Replacer l’Afrique dans les débats sur la mémoire collective . 148

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Section 2 : Le phénomène mémoriel comme ressource identitaire : la mise en récit du groupe par le musée communautaire ... 163

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PARTIE II : LA VALORISATION DU PATRIMOINE CULTUREL KONSO OU LA « RENAISSANCE » D’UN ÉTAT AUTORITAIRE ... 183

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Section 1 : De la « Grande Éthiopie » à « l’Éthiopie, musée des Peuples »191

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Section 2 : La mise en scène du fédéralisme ethnique ... 217

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Section 1 : Généalogie d’un projet de musée exogène ... 243

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Section 2 : Le musée Konso comme arène politique ... 263

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Section 3 : Le Kalla Gesahegn et Dinoté Kusia : portraits de nouveaux « entrepreneurs du patrimoine » ... 285

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PARTIE III : LE PLURALISME AU SERVICE DU NATIONALISME ? LE RETOUR DES HEROS COMMUNAUTAIRES EN POLITIQUE ... 300

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Section 1: « La mémoire au secours de l’alternance » ... 308

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Section 2 : La mise en place d’un régime mémoriel « pluriel » après 2007..336

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Section 1 : Le « nouveau » Musée National de Nairobi : vers une

muséographie de « soi » ? ... 375

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Section 2:La politisation du référent ethnique dans les musées de Province 404

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Section 1 : La réactivation d’un nationalisme Nandi par la reconnaissance de Koitalel Samoei ... 439

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Section 2 : Le Nandi Kaburwo Council of Elders, un groupe d’intérêt à

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Section 3 : La réinvention d’une « communauté de destin » par le musée .... 487

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