Sur quelques argiles glaciaires de la région lémanique

Article

Reference

Sur quelques argiles glaciaires de la région lémanique

VERNET, Jean-Pierre

VERNET, Jean-Pierre. Sur quelques argiles glaciaires de la région lémanique. Bulletin de la Société vaudoise des Sciences naturelles, 1957, vol. 66, no. 295, p. 409-419

DOI : 10.5169/seals-274736

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:145217

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

%XOOHWLQ

^GH

OD

6RFLpWp

YDXGRLVH

GHV 6FLHQFHV

QDWXUHOOHV

9RO 1ƒ

6XU TXHOTXHV DUJLOHV JODFLDLUHV ^GH OD UpJLRQ OpPDQLTXH

3$5

-HDQ3LHUUH 9(51(7

6pDQFH GX

DYULO

$YDQWSURSRV

&HWWH pWXGH HQWUHSULVH DYHF ODLGH ^GH OD ^© &RPPLVVLRQ SRXU OD UHFKHUFKH VFLHQWLILTXH ^GH O8QLYHUVLWp ^GH /DXVDQQH _ª

IXW

DFFRPSOLH SUHVTXH H[FOXVLYHPHQW GDQV GHV ODERUDWRLUHV ^GH )UDQFH /DQDO\VH JUDQXORPpWULTXH ^{HW XQH} SDUWLH ^{GHV DQDO\VHV} DX[ UD\RQV ; IXUHQW H[pFXWpHV ^FKH] OH 3URIHVVHXU $

5LYLqUH

GH OD \6RUERQQH

/DXWUH _SDUWLH ^GHV DQDO\VHV DX[ UD\RQV ; ODQDO\VH WKHUPLTXH GLIIpUHQWLHOOH HW OHV PLQpUDX[ ORXUGV^\

IXUHQW PHQpV ^j FKHI ^j

O,QVOLWXW

)UDQoDLV ^GX 3pWUROH /D

JUDQXORPHWULH IDLWH VXLYDQW ^OHV PpWKRGHV GX /DERUDWRLUH ^GX

3URIHVVHXU $

5LYLqUH

_SXW ^rWUH H[pFXWpH DX /DERUDWRLUH ^GH

JpRWHFKQLTXH GH O(FROH SRO\WHFKQLTXH ^GH O8QLYHUVLWp ^GH

/DXVDQQH /pWXGH GHV SODTXHV PLQFHV DX PLFURVFRSH

IXW

^IDLWH DX

/DERUDWRLUH GH JpRORJLH ^GH O8QLYHUVLWp ^{GH /DXVDQQH}

-H WLHQV ^j H[SULPHU

LFL

^j RHV ,QVWLWXWLRQV ^DX SURIHVVHXU

$

5LYLqUH

^{j 00 $}

9DWDQ

HW *

%DURQ

HW ^j OHXUV FROODERUDWHXUV

PHV WUqV

YLIV

UHPHUFLHPHQWV

&HWWH QRWH QHVW TXXQH FRQWULEXWLRQ ^j OpWXGH _JpQpUDOH

GHV PDUQHV GX 3ODWHDX VXLVVH HW GHV IRUPDWLRQV _JODFLDLUHV pWXGH TXL ^{HVW HQ FRXUV GH} UpDOLVDWLRQ

/DQDO\VH SpWURJUDSKLTXH ^{D pWp PHQpH VXLYDQW} SOXVLHXUV PpWKRGHV UD\RQV ^{; DQDO\VH} WKHUPLTXH GLIIpUHQWLHOOH

JUDQXORPHWULH DQDO\VH PLFURVFRSLTXH ^HW PLQpUDX[ ORXUGV HW OpJHUV /HV pFKDQWLOORQV IXUHQW UpFROWpV GDQV GHV IRUPDWLRQV

JODFLDLUHV GH SOXVLHXUV ORFDOLWpV

/D IRUPDWLRQ _JODFLDLUH OD SOXV UpSDQGXH ^{GDQV FHWWH}

UpJLRQ HVW ODUJLOH ^j EORFDX[ FRPPXQpPHQW DSSHOpH PRUDLQH ^GH IRQG &HVW XQH DUJLOH RQFWXHXVH EOHXWpH ^GDQV ODTXHOOH ^VH

UHQFRQWUHQW ^GH QRPEUHX[ JDOHWV HW EORFV VWULpV ^&HV JDOHWV VRQW UpSDUWLV ^{GDQV OD} PDVVH FRPPH ^OHV UDLVLQV GDQV XQ

SXGGLQJ 3DUIRLV RQ WURXYH ^{GDQV FHWWH} IRUPDWLRQ ^GHV OHQWLOOHV

VDEOHXVHV RX JUDYHOHXVHV TXL ^{VRQW OHV YHVWLJHV GDQFLHQV}

FKHQDX[ GDQV OHVTXHOV FLUFXODLHQW ^OHV _HDX[ ^j

OLQWpULHXU

RX VRXV

OH JODFLHU ^{8Q DXWUH} W\SH ^GH IRUPDWLRQ _JODFLDLUH HVW DXVVL

IRUW

UpSDQGX ^GDQV WRXWH ^OD UpJLRQ ^GH /D ^&{WH FH VRQW ^OHV YDUYHV

&HOOHVFL IRUPHQW ^GHV JLVHPHQWV ^GDVVH] IDLEOH H[WHQVLRQ ^GXV SUREDEOHPHQW ^{j GHV ODFV GH} EDUUDJHV WHPSRUDLUHV /D GLJXH GH UHWHQXH pWDLW VRLW XQ FRPSOH[H PRUDLQLTXH ^{VRLW OH} _FRUSV GX JODFLHU OXLPrPH DLQVL ^OHV HPSODFHPHQWV ^{GH FHV ODFV} WHPSRUDLUHV VpWDJHQW ^GHV ERUGV GX /pPDQ MXVTXDX SLHG ^GX -XUD

/HV WURLV _W\SHV ^GH IRUPDWLRQV _{JODFLDLUHV SHUPHWWDQW} ^WLH IDLUH XQH pWXGH VXU OHXUV FRPSRVDQWV DUJLOHX[ ^{VRQW OHV}

DUJLOHV j EORFDX[ ^OHV OHQWLOOHV DUJLORVDEOHXVHV HW OHV YDUYHV

,O

UHVWH HQRRUH ^j VLWXHU JpRJUDSKLTXHPHQW ^OHV pFKDQWLOORQV

UHFXHLOOLV

D $5*,/( ^$ %/2&$8;

1 (FK )RUPDWLRQ

PRUDLQHGH IRQG ZXUPLHQQH

*LVHPHQW

&RXSH ^GH O$UQH\

/H 7ROHXUH

&RXSH ^GH O$UQH\

&RRUGRQQpHV E /(17,//(6 $5*,/26$%/(86(6

1ª (FK )RUPDWLRQ

$OOXYLRQV GH OD &{WH

%LVV:€UP

OLPRQ GHV %RQGV :ULQ$FWXHO

*LVHPHQW V%RXJ\

&RRUGRQQpHV

6( 3ODLQH GH %LqUH

F 9$59(6

1R (FK )RUPDWLRQ

JODFLRODFXVOUH ZXUPLHQ

^ª ª

^{! ª}

^!

*LVHPHQW

%XVVLJQ\

&RXSH ^GH O$UQH\

9LOODUV V<HQV /D 7LROH\UH V%LH]

&RRUGRQQpHV 6XU _RHV pFKDQWLOORQV IXUHQW DSSOLTXpHV ^OHV PpWKRGHV

VXVPHQWLRQQpHV /KRPRJpQpLWp ^GHV UpVXOWDWV REWHQXV SHUPHW ^GH FRQFOXUH SRXU ^{OD TXDVL} WRWDOLWp ^GHV IRUPDWLRQV _JODFLDLUHV ^GH OD UpJLRQ OpPDQLTXH GR OLQWpUrW ^GH SXEOLHU ^RHV TXHOTXHV

UpVXOWDWV

685 48(/48(6 $5*,/(6 */$&,$,5(6 '( /$ 5e*,21 /e0$1,48(

/DQDO\VH PLFURVFRSLTXH ^GHV SODTXHV PLQRHV QD GRQQp

DXFXQ UpVXOWDW /DERQGDQFH GX TXDUW] ^HVW UHPDUTXDEOH ^OD

WH[WXUH GHV YDUYHV HVW OLWpH DORUV _TXH FHOOH ^GHV DUJLOHV ^j EORFDX[

HVW FRQIXVH YDJXHPHQW ILOpH SDU HQGURLWV

/D IUDFWLRQ VDEOHXVH GH _FHV DUJLOHV D pWp UHFXHLOOLH _VXU XQ ODPLV GRQW ^OH GLDPqWUH ^GH OD PDLOOH pWDLW ^GH PP ^&HWWH IUDFWLRQ ^{VDEOHXVH HVW} _SHX LPSRUWDQWH ^HW pPLQHPPHQW TXDUW]^HXVH 8QH VHXOH UHFKHUFKH GH PLQpUDX[ ORXUGV HW OpJHUV

IXW

^{TT H[pFXWpH}

/LQYHQWDLUH VXLYDQW D pWp UHOHYp

0LQpUDX[ ORXUGV pSLGRWH ^WUqV DERQGDQW

JUHQDW DERQGDQW

KRUQEOHQGH EUXQkWUH DERQGDQW

JODXFRSKDQH FRPPXQ

FKORULWRwGH FRPPXQ

UXWLOH SUpVHQW

VSKqQH SUpVHQW

WRXUPDOLQH SUpVHQW

DSDWLWH

'DQV OH _{FDV GH} ODSDWLWH ^OH VpGLPHQW D\DQW ^pWp GHFDUERQDWH WRXWH pYDOXDWLRQ HVW VDQV YDOHXU

0LQpUDX[ _OpJHUV TXDUW] ^RR

IHOGVSDWKV ^R

DOWpULWHV ^R

/HV PLQpUDX[ _FRPSRVDQW RHV VDEOHV JODFLDLUHV ^{VRQW WUqV} DOWpUpV DXVVL

IXWLO

^{QpFHVVDLUH GH} _JURXSHU VRXV OH QRP GDO WpULWH WRXW ^FH TXL OpWDLW WURS SRXU ^{rWUHS GpWHUPLQp GHYLHQW} pYLGHQW _TXH RHV DOWpULWHV VRQW FRPSRVpHV GXQH WUqV IRUWH

SURSRUWLRQ GH IHOGVSDWKV ^{HW GH PLFDV}

$QDO\VH URHQWJHQRJUDSKLTXH

/HV DSSDUHLOV XWLOLVpV

IXUHQW

^GH GHX[ W\SHV DX JUp ^GHV

pFKDQWLOORQV VRLW XQ DSSDUHLO ^j FRPSWHXU ^GH *HLJHU0OOHU HW XQ

DSSDUHLO ^{j WXEH} &RROLGJH GpPRQWDEOH HW ^j HQUHJLVWUHPHQW ^VXU

ILOP

^SSS SKRWRJUDSKLTXH ^{&HV GHX[} DSSDUHLOV ^{VRQW WUqV} GLIIpUHQWV HW RQW WRXV GHX[ ^GHV DYDQWDJHV ^{HO GHV} LQFRQYpQLHQWV

7RXWHV OHV DUJLOHV

IXUHQW

GpFDUERQDWpHV SRXU OHXU ^pWXGH DX[ UD\RQV ; $YDQW GH OHV SDVVHU GDQV ODSSDUHLO ^j HQUHJLVWUHPHQW

DXWRPDWLTXH ^{HW j} FRPSWHXU ^GH *HLJHU0OOHU ^OHV

DUJLOHV IXUHQW _HQRRUH WDPLVpHV HW RULHQWpHV PpFDQLTXHPHQW

/DSSDUHLO j

ILOP

^{GRQQH GH ELHQ} PHLOOHXUV UpVXOWDWV VL

ORQ

^XWLOLVH

GHV SHOOLFXOHV GDUJLOH ^{RULHQWpH (OOHV} VRQW REWHQXHV SDU

VpGLPHQWDWLRQ GXQH _VXVSHQVLRQ GDUJLOH ^{GpIORFXOpH HW ELHQS GLVSHUVpH}

&HV SHOOLFXOHV RULHQWpHV VXELVVHQW HQVXLWH WRXWH XQH JDPLQH GH WUDLWHPHQWV FKLPLTXHV GLIIpUHQWV DILQ ^{GDPHQHU OHVJ UDLHV} GX VSHFWUH GXQ PLQpUDO DUJLOHX[ ^{GDQV XQH} SRVLWLRQ FDUDFWpULVWLTXH

&HWWH VpULH GDFWLRQV FKLPLTXHV ^VH

IDLW

^{S GDQV} XQ RUGUH ELHQ GpWHUPLQp VHORQ XQH PpWKRGH DVVLPLODEOH GDQV XQH

FHUWDLQH PHVXUH ^j XQH ^FOp GLFKRWRPLTXH

5LYLqUH

^{HW FROO}

&HWWH PpWKRGH PLVH _DX SRLQW _SDU ^$

5LYLqUH

HO VHV FROODERUDWHXUV

HVW H[FHOOHQWH HW SHUPHW XQH DQDO\VH WUqV ILQH ^{GHV WUDFHV}

GH PLQpUDX[ DUJLOHX[ ^{VHXOV OHV} JUDQGV pFDUWV UpWLFXODLUHV VRQW XWLOLVpV SRXU ^OD GpWHUPLQDWLRQ FRXUDQWH _{/H UHFRXUV} ^j OD FKDPEUH 'HE\H6FKHUUHU RX DX PRQRFKURPDWHXU QH VH

IDLW

TXH ^{GDQV OHV FDV} WUqV FRPSOH[HV

/HV PLQpUDX[ ©DUJLOHX[ª ^GDQV XQ ^VHQV ODUJH ^GpFRXYHUWV SDU ^{OD PpWKRGH GHV} UD\RQV ; VRQW GRQQpV GDQV OH WDEOHDX ,

'DQV OH FDV GH OpFKDQWLOORQ^\\ Qƒ WRXWHV ^OHV UDLHV ^GHV SODJLRFODVHV VRQW SUpVHQWHV HQWUH HW

? ,O

^HVW

DLQVL _SRVVLEOH ^GH GLUH _TXH SDUPL ^RHV SODJLRFODVHV ODOELWH HVW

SUpGRPLQDQWH /DPSKLEROH QHVW GpWHUPLQpH _TXH SDU ^{XQH VHXOH} UDLH

LO

^VHPEOH FHSHQGDQW TXH ^FH VRLW _XQH DFWLQRWH

/LOOLWH

^GH OpFKDQWLOORQ Qƒ SRXUUDLW ^{DXVVL ELHQ rWUH GH} OD PXVFRYLWH FDU

LO

_\ ^{D XQH WUqV} JUDQGH

GLIILFXOWp

^j WUDQFKHU HQWUH RHV GHX[ PLQpUDX[^\\ _{VXU XQ} GLDJUDPPH ^GH

ILOP

^'DQV

FHWWH DUJLOH RQ ^D GHX[ W\SHV GLIIpUHQWV ^GH NDROLQLWH PDLV QRXV UHYLHQGURQV SOXV ORLQ VXU ^FHWWH TXHVWLRQ

/D GpWHUPLQDWLRQ ^{GH OD}

S\URSE\OOLWH

^GDQV OpFKDQWLOORQ Qƒ

HVW ^EDVpH XQLTXHPHQW VXU XQH UDLH (OOH HVW GRQF WUqV GRXWHXVH 2Q WURXYH ^{pQXPpUpV GDQV OH WDEOHDX}

,

^{WDQW{W GH}

OLOOLWH

GH OD PXVRRYLWH _RX GHV PLFDV

/LOOLWH

UDSSHORQVOH ^HVW XQH PXVRRYLWH DOWpUpH 3DUIRLV

LO

^QHVW SDV SRVVLEOH ^GH IDLUH XQH GpWHUPLQDWLRQ VSpFLILTXH ^HW

ORQ

HPSORLH DORUV ^OH WHUPH JpQpUDO ^GH ©PLFDVª 'H WRXWH IDoRQ HW VDQV YRXORLU

HQWUHU GDQV OHV GpWDLOV RQ SHXW ^VDQV IDXWH SODFHU

OLOOLWH

^OD

PXVRRYLWH HW OHV PLFDV _VRXV OD GpQRPLQDWLRQ JpQpUDOH PDLV MXVWH

GDUJLOH ^PLFDFpH

/H SUREOqPH ^{GH OD} NDROLQLWH HVW WRXW DXWUH ^-H

GLUDL

^VLPSOHPHQW

TXH SDUIRLV FRPPH ^{GDQV OH} FDV GH OpFKDQWLOORQ Qƒ

RQ UHQFRQWUH XQH NDROLQLWH ^GH W\SH FRXUDQW ^{PDLV j F{Wp GH} FHOOHFL HW ^OD SOXSDUW ^GX WHPSV ^{VHXOH VH} WURXYH XQH NDROLQLWH

GH W\SH SDUWLFXOLHU ^{&H PLQpUDO D} OHV PrPHV pFDUWV UpWLFXODLUHV TXH OD NDROLQLWH ^PDLV QH UpVLVWH _SDV j ODWWDTXH FKORUK\GULTXH 3RXUT

T

SOXV ^{GH GpWDLOV} MH ^{UHQYRLH OHV OHFWHXUV j} XQH QRWH ^GHV

&RPSWHV 5HQGXV

9HUQHw

685 48(/48(6 $5*,/(6 */$&,$,5(6 '( /$ 5e*,21 /e0$1,48(

7$%/($8 ,

)RUPDWLRQ ^1R (FK 0LQpUDX[

$UJLOH ^j EORFDX[

FKORULWH IHUULIHUH PXVFRYLWH NDROLQLWH TXDUW] SODJLRFODVHV ^GRORPLWH

R

^S\ULWH

R

FKORULWH PXVRRYLWH NDROLQLWH

TXDUW] SODJLRFODVHV

!

^R

IHOGVSDWKV DOFDOLQV ^RR VLGHULWH 7 FKORULWH PXVRRYLWH NDROLQLWH TXDUW] SODJLRFODVHV ^R VLGHULWH

7 /HQWLOOHV

DUJLORVDEIFXVHV

FKORULWH PLFDV NDROLQLWH TXDUW] SODJLRFODVHV A ^R

IHOGVSDWKV DOFDOLQV A! ^R

FKORULWH IHUULIHUH PXVFRYLWH TXDUW]

SODJLRFODVHV A! ^{R IHOGVSDWKV}

DOFDOLQV GRORPLWH

©R

^DPSKLEROH

7

9DUYHV

FKORULWH

LOOLOH

^NDROLQLWH TXDUW]

FKORULWH IHUULIHUH PXVFRYLWH

NDROLQLWH TXDUW] SODJLRFODVHV ^RR

VLGHULWH 7 S\URSK\OKWH 7 FKORULWH IHUULIHUH PXVRRYLWH

NDROLQLWH TXDUW] SODJLRFODVHV

!RR IHOGVSDWKV DOFDOLQV

©RR

FKORULWH PLFDV HW LOOLWH TXDUW]

SODJLRFODVHV A ^{RR VLGHULWH} 7

/pJHQGH 7 WUDFHV

(Q UpVXPp ^{OH VFKpPD GH RHV} DUJLOHV JODFLDLUHV TXHOV _TXH VRLHQW OHXU kJH HW OHXU _W\SH ^GH IRUPDWLRQ ^{HVW OH VXLYDQW}

FKORULWH JpQpUDOHPHQW IHUULIHUH DUJLOH ^PLFDFpH

NDROLQLWH TXDUW]

SODJLRFODVHV

IHOGVSDWKV DOFDOLQV ⁶

&HV PLQpUDX[ SULQFLSDX[ VRQW DFFRPSDJQpV ^GH PLQpUDX[

DFFHVVRLUHV GLIIpUHQWV VXLYDQW ^OHV pFKDQWLOORQV 7RXV VH

WURXYDLHQW GDQV OD SRXGUH GHFDUERQDWH© D\DQW ^{SDVVp j} WUDYHUV XQ WDPLV GRQW OH GLDPqWUH GHV PDLOOHV HVW ^GH PP

$QDO\VH WKHUPLTXH

GLIIpUHQWLHOOH $7'

&HWWH PpWKRGH GpFRXYHUWH SDU /H

&LLDWHOLHU

HQ UHVWH HQ )UDQFH pWXGLpH VXUWRXW SDU ^{OHV FKHUFKHXUV GX}

0XVpXP $FWXHOOHPHQW ^FHVW SOXV SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW ⁶

&DLOOqUN

TXL WUDYDLOOH ^{GDQV RH} GRPDLQH 3DUDOOqOHPHQW ^OHV $PpULFDLQV

ORQW

_GpYHORSSpH LQGXVWULHOOHPHQW HW

O$7'

HVW FRXUDPPHQW XWLOLVpH GDQV OHV UHFKHUFKHV VWUDWLJUDSKLTXHV ^H[pFXWpHV ORUV ^GHV IRUDJHV SpWUROLHUV 3RXU OLQVWDQW VDXI GDQV _{GHV FDV} ELHQ SUpFLV

HW GHV PpODQJHV VLPSOHV ^FHWWH PpWKRGH QH GRQQH _{SDV GH} UpVXOWDWV TXDQWLWDWLIV

&HWWH LQWURGXFWLRQ WHQG ^j PRQWUHU _TXH

O$7'

HVW XQH PpWKRGH HQ SOHLQH pYROXWLRQ PDLV HQFRUH SHX SUDWLTXpH ^'DQV ODQDO\VH ^GHV DUJLOHV HOOH ^D WURXYp XQH DSSOLFDWLRQ LQWpUHVVDQWH

&HSHQGDQW ORUVTXH ^OH PpODQJH ^GHV PLQpUDX[ DUJLOHX[ ^HVW

FRPSOH[H EHDXRRXS ^GH RRXUEHV H[RWKHUPLTXHV RX HQGRWKHUPLTXHV

VRQW FRPPXQHV ^j SOXVLHXUV PLQpUDX[ ^HW XQH

DWWULEXWLRQ

^VSpFLILTXH GHYLHQW DOpDWRLUH

,O

^UHVWH GRQF TXH OD PpWKRGH SUpGRPLQDQWH

GDQV OD SpWURJUDSKLH ^GHV DUJLOHV ^HVW OpWXGH SDU ^OHV UD\RQV ^;

7RXWHV OHV RRXUEHV

G$7'

^GRQQpHV _SDU ^OHV DUJLOHV JODFLDLUHV RQW ^pWp JURXSpHV VXU XQ ^PrPH JUDSKLTXH

YRLU ILJ

^DILQ

GH OHV DQDO\VHU SOXV FRPPRGpPHQW /HXU

XQLIRUPLWp J

IUDSSDQWH HVW HQRRUH DFFHQWXpH SDU OD SUpVHQFH GDQV WRXV ^OHV

GLDJUDPPHV GX SLF HQGRWKHUPLTXH GX TXDUW] HQWUH ^{HW ƒ} 'DQV FHWWH VpULH RQ GLVWLQJXH LPPpGLDWHPHQW ^OH QXPpUR TXL ^HVW XQH DUJLOH ^j EORFDX[ ^GH

O$UQH\

SUqV G$XERQQH ^HW OH QXPpUR XQ pFKDQWLOORQ ^GX OLPRQ ^GHV 5RQGV GX 6( GH

OD SODLQH ^{GH 5LqUH &HV} GHX[ RRXUEHV SUpVHQWHQW XQ SLF

HQGRWKHUPLTXH YHUV ƒ LQGLTXDQW ^{OD SUpVHQFH GH OD GRORPLWH}

&H SLF ^QHVW SDV GRXEOp SDU FHOXL ^{GH OD FDOFLWH FH} TXL ^HVW Jp

685 48(/48(6 $5*,/(6 */$&,$,5(6 ^') /$ ^5e*,21 /e0$1,48(

QpUDOHPHQW OH FDV FHFL VHPEOH rWUH G€ j

OpOLPLQDWLRQ

^FRPSOqWH

GX FDUERQDWH GH FDOFLXP SDU ODWWDTXH FKORUK\GULTXH /D GRORPLWH QHVW TXDFFHVVRLUH HO QLQGLTXH ^{ULHQ GH} SDUWLFXOLHU WRXW FRPPH ^OHV SLFV H[RWKHUPLTXHV HQWUH ^{HW ƒ} TXL ^VRQW DSSDUHPPHQW ^{GXV j OD} VLGHULWH pYHQWXHOOHPHQW ^j GHV PDWLqUHV RUJDQLTXHV RX ^{j GHV} VXOIXUHV

$1$/<6( 7+(50,48( ',))(5(17,(//(

ƒ ƒ

ISV

)LJ

/HV PLQpUDX[ DUJLOHX[ SURSUHPHQW GLWV VRQW VXUWRXW

UHSUpVHQWpV SDU XQ PLQpUDO ^{j FRXFKHV} _K\GUDWpHV VH PDUTXDQW SDU XQ JUDQG SLF HQGRWKHUPLTXH VXLYL GXQ SOXV SHWLW ^HQOUH S

S HO ƒ SDU XQ JUDQG SLF HQGRWKHUPLTXH ^{pYDVp HQWUH}

HW ƒ HW ILQDOHPHQWS

PDLV _{SDV GDQV WRXV} OHV _FDV SDU ^XQH WUqV IDLEOH

LQIOH[LRQ

HQGRWKHUPLTXH YHUV ƒ &H SPLQpUDO

j RRXFKHV K\GUDWpHV GRLW DYRLU GHV FDWLRQV DGVRUEpV ELYDOHQWV

VHORQ +

0D\RU

^{'DQV RH} FDV

LO

VHPEOH SUHVTXH FHUWDLQ TXH

ORQ

VRLW HQ SUpVHQFH

GLOOLWH

/HV RRXUEHV

G$7'

^GHV NDROLQLWHV VRQW ELHQ FRQQXHV HOOHV PRQWUHQW XQ SLF HQGRWKHUPLTXH YHUV ƒ

*pUDUG+LUQH

^HW

0pQHUHW

^HW

^{HW XQ} SLF H[RWKHUPLTXH ^WUqV DLJX YHUV ƒ ^&H GHUQLHU SLF ^HVW GDXWDQW PRLQV _PDUTXp TXH ^OD NDROLQLWH HVW PDO FULVWDOOLVpH

,O

^{HVW QpFHVVDLUH GH GLUH}

FRPELHQ _XQ GLDJUDPPH

GLOOLWH

SHXW rWUH ERXOHYHUVp SDU ^XQH DWWDTXH SUpDODEOH ^GX PDWpULHO DUJLOHX[

.HUU ^.XOS

^HW

+DPLOWRQ

^{/D NDROLQLWH HVW} SHXWrWUH SUpVHQWH PDLV ULHQ QH OD _GpVLJQH VSpFLILTXHPHQW

9RLOj HQ TXHOTXHV PRWV ^OHV UpVXOWDWV REWHQXV SDU ODSSOLFDWLRQ

GH ODQDO\VH WKHUPLTXH GLIIpUHQWLHOOH DX[ DUJLOHV

JODFLDLUHV pWXGLpHV

$QDO\VH JUDQXORPqWULTXH

/pWXGH JUDQXORPqWULTXH ^{GH FHV DUJLOHV} JODFLDLUHV ^HVW IDLWH SDU ^{OD PpWKRGH GH OD} SLSHWWH G$QGUHDVHQ UDFFRXUFLH

/HV DUJLOHV ^{QH VRQW} SDV GpFDUERQDWpHV _{0LVHV HQ} VXVSHQVLRQ DTXHXVH HOOHV VRQW DPHQpHV ^j XQ S+ EDVLTXH YRLVLQ GH HW DGGLWLRQQpHV GXQ GpIORFXODQW UKH[DPpWDSKRVSKDWH ^{GH 1D} 3XLV SODFpHV GDQV ^GHV IODFRQV HOOHV VRQW DJLWpHV ^j ODJLWDWHXU

URWDWLI

SHQGDQW ^j KHXUHV $LQVL FHV VXVSHQVLRQV VRQW ELHQ GpIORFXOpHV HW GLVSHUVpHV

&KDTXH VXVSHQVLRQ ^{HVW YHUVpH} GDQV XQH pSURXYHWWH HOOH PrPH SODFpH GDQV XQ EDLQPDULH SHQGDQW MRXUV ^{/HDX GH}

RH EDLQPDULH FRQVWDPPHQW DJLWpH HVW PDLQWHQXH ^j XQH

WHPSpUDWXUH GH ƒ /D WHPSpUDWXUH pWDQW FRQVWDQWH HW ODPELDQFH KRPRJpQpLVpH DXFXQ FRXUDQW ^GH FRQYH[LRQ _{QH SHXW VH}

SURGXLUH /D VpGLPHQWDWLRQ VHVW IDLWH VDQV TXH ULHQ QH YLHQQH _HQ WURXEOHU ^OH _RRXUV ^'HV SULVHV pFKHORQQpHV GDQV OH WHPSV VXLYDQW XQH SURJUHVVLRQ JpRPpWULTXH ^VRQW IDLWHV _{JUkFH DX} GLVSRVLWLI

GH OD SLSHWWH G$QGUHDVHQ

IL[p

^j GHPHXUH VXU OpSURXYHWWH ^GH VpGLPHQWDWLRQ

,O

^{HVW DLQVL SRVVLEOH GH} SRXUVXLYUH OpWXGH

JUDQXORPqWULTXH GH RHV DUJLOHV MXVTXDX[ SDUWLFXOHV ^GH PP GH GLDPqWUH

/HV RRXUEHV JUDQXORPpWULTXHV DLQVL REWHQXHV VRQW SRUWpHV VXU XQ JUDSKLTXH VRXV IRUPH ^GH FRXUEHV FXPXODWLYHV (Q DEFLVVH VRQW LQGLTXpV ^{OHV GLDPqWUHV GH FHV} SDUWLFXOHV ^HW HQ RUGRQQpH ^OHV SRXUFHQWDJHV FRUUHVSRQGDQWV ^&H JUDSKLTXH ^HVW VHPLORJDULWKPLTXH FHVWjGLUH TXH ODEVFLVVH HVW ORJDULWKPLTXH

YRLU ILJ

LRR

?

VHU@

B ^A

? _?

!

? $

N[ ^[[ _A<

W ! ^{< < ?Y}

HG

XQ W ! ! ?

^Y! _V

^{\? IW A ?}

M(L, _BÎMƒ+ ?

^.. _Y

^{? IW} ₁ A ^{A1 1 1} _A ^{A AA} ? ??

,2 V

L

^D©

©QRL

^V

JUD^HU

²²© VDEOH ^FVHU

^{VDKOH ILQ KPRQ}

^LO

)LJ ² &285%(6 *%$18/20(7%,48(6 &808/$7,9(6 ^'(6 )5$

(FKDQWLOORQV ^QRV HW

/D

IUDFWLRQ

VDEOHXVH FHVWjGLUH GXQ GLDPqWUH VXSpULHXU

j PP ^HVW YDULDEOH VXLYDQW OHV pFKDQWLOORQV $ SDUW ^FHOD OHV RRXUEHV VRQW WUqV VHPEODEOHV (OOHV _VH UDSSRUWHQW ^{ORXOHV DX} IDFLqV ORJDULWKPLTXH ^{VHORQ OD} WHUPLQRORJLH GpILQLHS

GDQV OHV

WUDYDX[ ^{GH $}

5LYLqUH

6HXOH XQH OpJqUH ^GLVSHUVLRQ DOpDWRLUH HVW YLVLEOH _{DX[ GHX[} H[WUpPLWpV ^GH FHV FRXUEHV 7RXWHIRLV ^{OD RRXUEH GH} OpFKDQWLOORQ Qƒ VRLW OH OLPRQ ^GHV

%RQGV GH %LqUH HVW WUqV GLIIpUHQWH (OOH PRQWUH XQH GRPLQDQFH GHV SDUWLFXOHV GRQW ^OH GLDPqWUH HVW GH PP ^&HW K\GUR FODVVHPHQW HVW SURYRTXp SDU OD FLUFXODWLRQ ^GHV HDX[ HQWUDvQDQW

RHV SDUWLFXOHV DX VHLQ ^GH OD QDSSH ^GH JUDYLHUV UHFRXYUDQW ^OD SODLQH ^GH %LqUH

(Q _UpVXPp

LO

DSSDUDOL TXH TXHO _TXH VRLO OH W\SH ^GH

IRUPD

OLRQV JODFLDLUHV ^OD UpSDUWLWLRQ JUDQXORPpOULTXH SRXU ^OD

IUDF

OLRQ ILQH HVW WRXMRXUV ^VHPEODEOH H[FHSWLRQ IDLWH^{S GHV} _DUJLOHV JODFLDLUHV ^{UHPDQLpHV GHV} OLPRQV ^GH %LqUH

(Q FRQFOXVLRQ GH FHWWH pWXGH RQ SHXW GLUH TXDXVVL ELHQ GDQV OHXU FRPSRVLWLRQ JUDQXORPqWULTXH VDXI OH[FHSWLRQ

VXVPHQWLRQQpH TXH GDQV OHXU FRPSRVLWLRQ SpWURJUDSKLTXH ^OHV DUJLOHV JODFLDLUHV PRQWUHQW XQH JUDQGH KRPRJpQpLWp $XFXQH QpRJHQqVH QH VHVW PDQLIHVWpH SDUPL ^{OHV PLQpUDX[} DUJLOHX[

TXL VRQW GRQF WRXV GRULJLQH GpWULWLTXH TXHO _TXH VRLW ^OH W\SH

GH IRUPDWLRQ 'H SOXV ^DXVVL ELHQ GDQV OD IRUPDWLRQ^T _JODFLDLUH OD SOXV DQFLHQQH FHOOH ^GHV $OOXYLRQV ^GH OD &{WH _{TXH GDQV} OD IRUPDWLRQ JODFLDLUH DFWXHOOHPHQW UHPDQLpH GHV OLPRQV^T GHV %RQGV GH %LqUH DXFXQ FKDQJHPHQW ^{GDQV OH} FRUWqJH ^GHV PLQpUDX[

DUJLOHX[ GpWULWLTXHV QDSSDUDvW (Q UpVXPp OD VpGLPHQWDWLRQ DUJLOHXVH ^QH YDULH SDV GDQV OHV IRUPDWLRQV _JODFLDLUHV

QL

HQ

IRQFWLRQ _{GX WHPSV} ^S

QL

HQ IRQFWLRQ GX PRGH ^GH GpS{W ^{HW VHV} FDUDFWqUHV VRQL DLQVL GpILQLV _SDU FHWWH pWXGH 6HORQ XQH ^UHPDUTXH GH $

%HUVLHU LO

DSSDUDvW TXH ^RH TXH

ORQ

DSSHOOH ^©DUJLOHVª JODFLDLUHV ^HVW IRUPp HQ JUDQGH SDUWLH SDU ^XQH PRXWXUH ^GH SK\OOLWHV ^HW TXH ^OHV PLQpUDX[ DUJLOHX[ ^{HQWUHQW HQ} UpDOLWp SRXU XQH IDLEOH SDUW ^{GDQV OD} FRPSRVLWLRQ ^{GH FHV} ©DUJLOHVª

685 48(/48(6 $5*,/(6 */$&,$,5(6 '( /$ 5e*,21 /e0$1,48(

$87(856 &,7(6

*pUDUG,,LUQH ^{- HW} 0HQHUHW ^- ² (QUHJLVWUHPHQW JUDSKLTXH ^j KDXWH WHPSpUDWXUH ^{GHV FRXUEHV} GDQDO\VH WKHUPLTXH GLIIpUHQWLHOOH

%XOO ^6RF IU ^{&pUDP 1R}

² ^/HV UpDFONPV WKHUPLTXHV ^j KDXWH WHPSpUDWXUH ^GHV NDROLQV HO DUJLOHV NDROLQLWLTXHV %XOO 6RF IU &pUDP

.HUU

- .XOS / +DPLOWRQ 3. ² 'LIIHUHQWLDO WKHUPDO DQD¤

O\VHV RI UHIHUHQFH FOD\ PLQHUDO VSHFLPHQV $PHU 3HWUROHXP ,QVW 3URMHFW &OD\ 0LQHUDO 6WDQGDUGV S

0D\RU ⁺ _{² 7KqVH VXU} OHV DUJLOHV GX %DV&RQJR HQ SUpSDUDWLRQ

%LYLqUH ^$ ² *pQpUDOLVDWLRQ ^{GH OD PpWKRGH GHV} IDFLqV JUDQXOR¤

PpWULTXHV (YDOXDWLRQ GH OD GLVSHUVLRQ ^{DOpDWRLUH & 5 $FDG}

6H 3DULV 1ƒ

%LYLqUH $ 9LVVH / )ULGPDQ ^% HW9HUQKHW ⁶ ² %XOO *URXSH )UDQoDLV ^GHV $UJLOHV QOOH ^VpULH 1R

9HUQHW -3 ² ^/HV PLQpUDX[ DUJLOHX[ ^{GHV VpGLPHQWV} ROLJRPLR¤

FqQHV GX EDVVLQ PRODVVLTXH ^{VXLVVH & 5} $FDG 6H 3DULV L