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HAL Id: inria-00074309

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074309

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Issues in acoustic modeling of speech for automatic speech recognition

Yifan Gong, Jean-Paul Haton, Jean-François Mari

To cite this version:

Yifan Gong, Jean-Paul Haton, Jean-François Mari. Issues in acoustic modeling of speech for automatic

speech recognition. [Research Report] RR-2368, INRIA. 1994. �inria-00074309�

(2)

ISSN 0249-6399

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Issues in acoustic modeling of speech for automatic speech recognition

Yifan Gong, Jean-Paul Haton, Jean-Francois Mari

N˚ 2368

Octobre 1994

PROGRAMME 3

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Unite´ de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopoˆle de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LE ` S NANCY

Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rhoˆne-Alpes, 46 avenue Fe´lix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex 1

Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unite´ de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex

E ´ diteur

INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)

ISSN 0249-6399

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