HAL Id: inria-00070555
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070555
Submitted on 19 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub-
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
An experimental study of Java objects behaviour for mobile architectures
Arnaud Guiton, Michel Banâtre
To cite this version:
Arnaud Guiton, Michel Banâtre. An experimental study of Java objects behaviour for mobile archi- tectures. [Research Report] RR-5452, INRIA. 2005, pp.24. �inria-00070555�
ISRN INRIA/RR--5452--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
Thème COM
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
An experimental study of Java objects behaviour for mobile architectures
Arnaud Guiton and Michel Banâtre
N° 5452
Janvier 2005
*238.129./5
:2;=<?>A@BDCE@FHGJIK<
∗ >L<BNMOFQP7RSUT'VW>A<?XLGJ;JS
†
YZ\[=]%^_`(acbedgfihkjl[=]%^Jhm3nU]%]o\p\qrmstpUj9h
uwvxnzy{^3j9h|}_~d
'sz\Antvlj'i^vl^Jm9Z\^v9m9Z\^pK 7UbUstpgq^v'ttU+b7%szU^=h
5=7\tt ss2qrh4stpqpjl^=vl^Jh{jxqp\EvlnUtv9sz]W]Wqp\2rszp\UoszU^%qpjlZ^5m3nUpUjx^3 gjnz¡^=]4¢A^=\i^Jszi£
qrmszjlqntph(¡¤nUvjlZ\^¥L^3 iq¢qq¦j{fszphl^=m3ovlqj{f§qj4\vxn7qri^Jh¨©'n7ª^U^vJ«-qjxh+^ g^Jm3oijxqnUp vx^=¬o\qvx^]W^pjxh
stp%L^=vk¡¤nUvl]stpm3^Jhwszvx^nz¡jx^p®szpqrhxhko\^U¨¯^'\rszpWjxn¢\o\qrs+¢L^jkjx^vs7s(^3 i^=moijlqntp^=pgqvlnUp\]W^pj=«
j9szvxt^jlqp\®]Wnt¢\q^\Zntp\^Jh¨Y°n2q]%vln7U^q¦j9h(L^=vk¡¤nUvl]szpLm3^=h=«Aª^¢L^=q^U^4jxZs7j+s5hlL^Jm3qrszs7jljl^pjxqnUp
ZLsth+jxn ¢A^5oij%nUpjlZ^5]sz\qp\ nz¡}s7sEnt¢iy{^Jm±j9h4qp²]W^]WnUvlfU¨Y°n o\pi^=vxhkjxstpjxZ\^qrhxhko\^Jh«?stp
n7U^vxgq^=ª³nz¡]W^]WnUvlf qphlqri^5s§hkjxstp\szv9Us7sµ´¶qvljlosta§sUm9Z\qp\^qh4\vxntAnUhl^=¨EYZ\^=p-«vl^=^=stpj
m9ZLszv9stm±jx^vxqhkjlqrmhszp¢A^Zsgqnto\v9h°nt¡nt¢\y{^=m±j9h¡¤vlnU]³hk^=^Jm±jx^=^=]4¢A^=\\^=%sz\\qrms7jxqnUphszvx^vl^Jhk^=pUjx^=¨
YZ^qv}hkq]Wqrszvxqjlq^=hªqjlZ§hkjxszpL\szv9\^=hl·Ujxntµsz\qrmszjlqntph'stvl^+sthlnWqoLh{jxvxszjl^=-«szntp\WªqjlZEs%¸v9h{j
\qhxm3ohxhlqnUp5ntpµZ\n7ªOjlZ\^=f5m3nUo\r¢A^+ntvxUstp\q¹^=5ntp2]W^]Wntvxft¨
ºE»¼K½x¾4¿
7Àt
s7s%nt¢iy{^Jm±jxh}¢L^=ZsgqnUo\v9h«\s7s]W^=]%nUvlfU«\nt¢\y{^=m±j9h']sz\qpqpE]W^]WnUvlfU«\]Wnt¢\q^
\^gqm^=h
Á°ÂJÃÅÄ-ÆKDZÈHÉ'Æ-Ê9Ä°ÄQËÌÌzDZȤÍQÎ{ÏÐ3Ñ}ÁiÎÓÒÊ9Ä°ÔÕÄHÍHÈÖË×Î{ÕÍHÄËÕJÏÎ{ÈØ{DZÕ3ÍQÈHÊ9ØÓÍÙkÚ±Û3ÜÝ3Þ9ß±à±à±ßJÙkß±à±ß±Ý±à±ÝJá
∗Ê9ÈHÕ7Ê9ËJÏáâ±ËÃÍHDZÕzãÃÅÈHÃÅÄQÊJáäÈ
†×ÃÅØåÂÎ{æráÐ7Ê9Õ7ÊxÍHÈHÎlãÃÅÈÖÃÅÄåÊJáäÈ
45 .129./56 +*23
^(stp\Ustt^(Us7s^Jh{jqpUjvx^=hxhlstpj\szpLh^mst\vl^sz\\qrms7jxqnUph^]4¢Lszv9¬Uo^=hAnto\vs
hlnto\^Jhlhl^^j(rsh=mo\vxq¦j¬oq?szLnUvkjx^t¨_^A^p\stpjhl^=h(m3nUpUjxvxstqpjx^=h}^ Jm3oijxqnUp^jhl^=h¶L^=vk¡¤nUvk£
]stpm3^Jh(hlntpjhlnto\U^pj(op¡¤vx^qpµhlntp oijlqqrhxs7jlqntp°¨}ntoh\vxntAnUhlntpLh¶i^mntphkjlvxo\qvl^%o\p^pggqvxntp\£
p^]W^pj'^3 =moijlqntpµUs7s\oh^®msUm3^Anto\vj\Z\nUp\^=h]WnU¢\q^=h=¨?|¸pEsz]=qntvx^vhk^JhL^=vk¡¤nUvk£
]stpm3^Jh«p\nUoh-A^phlntpLh¬oo\p\^s7jkjx^pjlqntpjxntoijx^/stvkjxqmo\q[=vl^/\ntqj3jxvl^LnUvkj^}ntvxUstp\qrhlszjlqntpi^=h
nU¢iy{^3j9hUs7s^=p]]WnUqvx^t¨unUo\v¢\q^=p^=pmnt]W\vx^pivx^/^=hiq ®m3o\jJh«to\p%stL^=v!oi^rs}]]WnUqvx^sto
hl^qpµop\^]WsUm9Z\qp\^qvljlo\^=^+Us7s^Jh{j\vxntAnUht¨~wpLhko\qjl^U«\p\nUoh\v=hl^pjlnUph/^=hm=szv9stm3jvxqrh{jxq¬o\^Jh
^jm3nU]WLnUvkjx^]W^pjxh4nU¢iy{^3j9h4¬o\^®pntohstntpLh\ovl^=^=t^=v4hkov4i^=hsz\qrmszjlqntph+vx^"=hl^pj9s7jlqt^Jh¨
^o\v9h/hlq]%qq¦jxoi^=hsU^=m'i^Jhst\\qm=s7jxqnUph/Antovszo\jlvx^=hszv9m9Z\q¦jx^=m3jlo\vx^=hhknUpUjszohxhkqAqohkjlv^=h=¨~wpi£
¸Lp-«7o\p\^\vx^]Wq[=vl^iqrhlmohlhlqntp4hlo\vs'¡Ös#!3nUpinUpjm3^Jh°nU¢iy{^3j9hLnUo\vlv9szq^pj$jlvx^nUvlszp\qrh=h^=p4]]Wntqvx^
^Jh{j\v=hl^pj^t¨
%³¿ J ½ #& _nt]WAntvljl^]W^=pUji^Jh+nt¢\y{^3jxh4Us7s\«°]=]Wntqvl^W^ps7s\«-nUvlszp\qrhlszjlqntpi^=hnU¢iy{^3j9h«
J¬o\qA^]W^=pUj9h]Wnt¢\q^Jh
; 444
<>=?
= ¿ ÀzA@¿ ? B
CEDF » F @»¾ ¿HG » ¿ ¼ @?JI F K
\¨5L `¶¢\y{^=m±j9hvl^=\vx^=hl^pjxszjlqntpstp2h{jxvlom3jlo\vx^ ¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨ M
\¨5LU¨5L aE^]Wntvxf]szpstt^=]%^=pjqpEsWt´(a ¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨ M
\¨ON¶fgpsz]Wqrm]W^]Wntvxf®sznim=s7jlqntpO¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨ P
\¨: s7s\fpLsz]Wqm]W^=]%nUvlf®mnt^Jm±jxqnUp ¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨ P
\¨: ¨5L QsUhk^sztnUvlqjlZ] ¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨ R
\¨: ¨ Sszvx¢szU^(mnt^Jm±jlnUvxhm=s7jl^=tnUvlq¹=szjlqntp ¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨ R
\¨ Yn7ªszv9\hs]W^=]%nUvlf]stpszU^]W^pjqpEs7s¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TLJ
UOD
WV » zJAXi7\t » $@Ö=1@ÖU Gå¿ » » ÀÀ » À I F
"YZY &@ÖUi1@¿ ? <7[
: ¨5L |}\\qm=s7jxqnUph'hkjloiq^= ¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL'L
: ¨ a§^3jlZng\ntnttf ¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL
: ¨: ~/]4o\rs7jxntv9h¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL :
: ¨ dgjloifvl^Jhko¦j9h¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL
:
: ¨L¨5L 'o\]¢L^=vnz¡?sznimszjl^Jstpmnt^Jm±jx^=nt¢iy{^Jm±jxh ¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL
:
: ¨L¨ `¶¢iy{^=m3jxhhlq¹=^ ¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL=
: ¨L¨
:
|°U^v9szt^(hkq¹^Jh ¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL=
: ¨L¨ ~? gjlvx^]s§¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL
: ¨L¨ dgq¹=^=hiqrhkjlvxq¢\o\jlqntpN¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TLAM
: ¨L¨M ^3£å^=hkjlq]s7jl^JsU^v9szU^¶hlq¹=^¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TLAM
: ¨L¨]\ `¶¢iy{^=m3jxhq¦¡¤^Jhkstp ¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TL$\
: ¨L¨P `¶¢iy{^=m3jxhntvxqtqp5¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TLAP
BE=?
» AY » =iA@¿ ? ? À À^@H= J1@¿ ? <7_
L¨5L `¶¢\y{^=m±j9h]Wng\^qp\ ¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨(¨+¨¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨TLAR
L¨ON¶qrhlmohlhlqntpa`?sWAnUhxhkq¢\^(nUvlszp\q¹=szjlqntp®nt¡nU¢iy{^=m3jxhqp]W^=]%nUvlf¨+¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨¨+¨+¨(¨+¨ct
bEc
¿ ? &1@¿ ? C<
° 2./3
~/]4¢A^=\i^Jµi^gqrm3^=h=«iq·U^(u N'|Nntv]Wnt¢\q^(Z\ntp\^JhZst^(·gp\n7ªpµsUvl^Js7ji^U^nt\]W^=pUjqpjxZ\^sUh{j
¡¤^=ªft^Jszv9h¨Óp+jxZ\^hlst]%^wjlq]%^U«jlZ\^=qvohl^v9h-vx^=¬o\qvl^J¢L^jkjl^=vA^vl¡¤ntvx]szpm^=hszpvxqm9Z^vst\\qm=s7jxqnUph¨
Yni\sft«ghlom9Zi^=gqm^=hszvx^}]szqp\fohl^=jxn]stpszU^¶mst^=p\stvxh/ntv^]szqh=«g¢\oij'stiqp]o\¦jxq]W^Jiqs
s7jxs¶szpZ\qUZhlL^=^=+ªqvx^^=hxh°p\^j{ªnUvl·ih°ªnUo\4szn7ªp\^=ª²sz\qrmszjlqntph-jlnsz\A^=stv1`sz]W^=h=«]4ohlqm
stpqri^=nWmntpjl^=pjsfgqp\¨
asz·gqpµjlZ\^=]8ªntvx·§qp²szp^ mq^=pjªsf§qhh{jxqsµZ\nzj%vl^Jhk^Jszv9m9Z§jlnU\qrmz¨§|}h4^]¢L^J\i^=\^gqm^=h
ZLst^+q]Wqjl^=§vl^JhknUo\vxm^=hÖ\vlnim^=hxhknUv=«\]W^=]%nUvlfU«^=p\^vxtf±«Lsntj}nz¡wªntvx·®vx^]szqph}qp§hl^U^v9sz°stvl^Jsth1`
ZLszv9iªstvl^U«wntA^v9s7jxqphlfih{jx^]hszp sz\qrmszjlqntph=¨ |'p ^3 i^=moijlqntp ^pggqvlnUp\]W^pjW¡¤ntv^]¢L^J\i^J
stvxm9Zq¦jx^=m±jxo\vx^(hlZ\nto`
]sz·t^(jxZ\^m3nUpm3o\vxvx^pj^ i^=m3o\jlqntp2nz¡?hk^=t^v9szst\\qm=s7jlqntpLh^ ®m3q^pj}szpvxnt¢\ohkj
]Wqp\q]Wq¹=^jlZ\^+^=p\^vxtfm3ntpLhko\]WijxqnUpnt¡°jxZ\^i^gqrm3^Jh
szn7ªOjlZ\^+^ i^=m3o\jlqntp2nz¡]o\jlq]%^Jiqrssz\\qrms7jxqnUph=«iªq¦jxZ2vx^=st¦£Qjlq]W^+m3ntpLh{jxvxstqpjxh
szn7ªDsz\qrmszjlqntphjln¢A^in7ªp\nUsUi^=ifgpsz]Wqrmstf
\vxn7qri^+szp2ntA^pEstvxm9Z\qjl^Jm±jxo\vl^U«isthAntvljxsz¢^+sthAnUhxhlq¢\^t¨
aE^=^3jxqp\hkom9ZWvx^=¬o\qvl^=]W^pjxh=«ts+ss(^=pgqvlnUp\]W^pjwsz\A^=stvxh?jln+¢A^jlZ\^}¢L^Jh{j/hlntoijlqntp°¨qvxhkj=«q¦j
stn7ª'hjlZ\^'\fpLsz]WqmnUsU4nt¡Ap^ª$st\\qm=s7jxqnUph¨YZ\^=p-«Us7s}¢gfjl^Jm3nii^=h?stvl^p\ntj/szv9m9Z\qjl^=m3jlo\vx^hkA^3£
mq¦¸Am`st\\qm=s7jxqnUph'mstpE¢L^4LnUvkjx^=2jln]stpf2\rs7jl¡¤ntvx]Wh'ªq¦jxZ\ntoij¶^Kntvlj=¨Us7sszrhlnnK^v9h'sWtvx^=szj
hkjxst¢\qqj{fstphk^Jm3o\vxqj{f¢L^Jmstohk^}q¦j9h?]W^]Wntvxf4qrh/stoijlnU]Wszjlqrmstf]szpstt^J¨å¡KjxZ\^'^pggqvlnUp\]W^pjwZsth
sWszvx¢szU^(mnt^Jm±jxntvJ«\p\n®Antqpjl^v9h'stvl^ohl^=Estp2p\n5iqvl^Jm±j']W^]WnUvlf2stmm^=hxhk^Jhszvx^+Lnhlhlq¢\^U¨YZqh
stn7ª'hwsvx^Uo\stvwohl^v/jln4in7ªpnstWszpWvxo\p®stpf%Us7s\vxntUvxst]µ«zªZ\q^'¢A^qp\%sz]%nh{j/hlo\vx^'qjªq
pnzj/]W^=hxhk£Qo\®jlZ\^¶ªZ\nt^']W^]Wntvxft¨qpLszfU«s7ssz\A^=stvxh?jln4¢A^¶sLnU\o\rszv/rszptostt^'szpL®szp^=t^v
Uvln7ªqp\po]4¢A^v'nt¡sz\qrmszjlqntphstvl^i^=t^ntA^=-«iszvljlqrm3o\rszvxfW¡¤ntv^]¢L^J\i^J2\^gqm^=h=¨
}^U^vljlZ\^=^Jhlh=«KjlZ\^]stqp\vxnt¢\^]cªqjlZjxZ\^Wohk^Wnt¡s7s5qrhq¦j9h^3 i^=moijlqntpA^vl¡¤ntvx]Wstpm3^U¨%| gqvk£
jxosz]stm9Z\qp\^®]oh{j%szªsfih¢A^5\vx^=hl^pj=«qpUjxvlniioLm3qp\E]Wntvx^®ntA^v9s7jxqnUphszpLjlZgoh^=sUiqp\µjlns
A^vl¡¤ntvx]szpm^¶nUhxhszpLsW¢\qtU^vvx^=hlnto\v9m3^Jhmntphlo\]WijxqnUp-¨?YZoLh«\^=t^=pq¡]WnUvl^+szpL5]Wntvx^]Wnt¢\q^
\^gqm^=h%szvx^! Us7s_nt]W\qrszpj" 5szp + ^3 i^=moijl^2s\vxntUvxst] ªvxq¦jljl^=p²qp$ss«jlZ\qrhWing^=hp\nzj
]W^JszpWjlZLs7jwjxZ\^fWmstp®inqj/^®m3q^pjxfU¨ÓpLi^^J«tjxni\sf4jxZ\^vx^'szvx^'p\n+^ ®m3q^pjmnto\\^=hwnz¡Zszv9iªszvx^
stpEhlnz¡j{ªszvx^hknUoijxqnUph=¨'|nzj¶nt¡w^p\ZLszpm^]W^pjxh¶mstp§h{jxq¢A^4]sUi^t«Aqp§jl^vx]6nz¡?A^vl¡¤ntvx]Wstpm3^Jh«
^=p\^vxtf®mntphlo\]WijxqnUp2stp2\szjk¡¤nUvl]0¥L^3 iq¢qq¦j{fU¨
Ynhlntt^4jlZ\^Jhk^\vlnU¢\^]h«Kª^stvl^4mo\vxvl^=pUjxfEhkjlo\fqp\2s®p\^=ª³Us7s^ i^=m3o\jlqntp§^=pgqvlnUp\]W^pj=«
j9szvxt^jl^=5jln5]%nU¢\q^+\Zntp\^Jh¨åj}m3nUo\µ¢A^4hlo\\Antvljl^J¢gf2shkA^=mq¦¸LmZszv9iªszvx^¶qpµjlZ\^¡¤oijlo\vx^t«L¢\oij
pn5sthxhko]%\jlqntp§szvx^+]sti^4¢L^¡¤ntvx^Zstp¨'YZ\qrh}^=pgqvxntp\]W^pj}hlZ\ntoµ\vxn7gq\^tngni2L^=vk¡¤nUvl]szpLm3^=h
¡¤nUvoLhk^=vst\\qm=s7jlqntpLhw¢\oijszrhln4ZsU^jlZ\^(n7ª^Jh{j/^=p\^vxtfmntphlo\]Wijlqntp5Lnhlhlq¢^U¨w`¶ov/tnszAqhszrhln
jxnWªvlqjl^+qj'qpµss«iqpµnUvxi^=vjlnW¢L^=p\^3¸j'¡¤vlnU]0jlZ^+]Wstpgf5sti7stpUj9szU^=hm3qjl^=µst¢Ln7U^t¨
ÓpEs¸v9h{j'hkjl^°«\ª^nUp\f5ªstpUjjxnWhlo\\Antvlj'¢sUhkqrm'j9sthl·ihjlni^]WnUph{jxvxszjl^(jlZ^¡¤^=sthlq¢\qqj{f®nz¡jlZ\^
stvxm9Zq¦jx^=m±jxo\vx^t¨Yn+injlZqh=«tª^p\^^J4jxZ\vx^=sth«thlnt]W^·gqpLnt¡L]W^]WnUvlf]stpszU^]W^pjwszp%qpjl^vxvxo\ijxh
hlo\\Antvlj=¨
|¶hhxszqrsz¢An7t^U«°jxZ\^5qri^JsEqh4jlnªvlqjl^2szwjlZ^=hl^m3nUpm3^=ijxh4qp$Us7s\¨§YZ^5sz\vlnstm9Zm9Z\nUhl^pqrh4s
jxnti£Óin7ªp2ntp\^U¨~stm9ZEp\^=^=i^Jµszvlj'nz¡jlZ\^4^pggqvxntp\]W^=pUj'qrh'¢o\qrµqp§Us7s%o\pjlqsq]%qj}qrh¡¤nUo\p«
ªZ^vx^(nUp\f®ps7jxqU^+m3nii^+mstp¢A^+ohl^=¨
YZ\qrhszA^v¡¤nim3ohl^=hnUpjlZ\^(]W^]WntvxfW]szpstt^]W^=pUjª^(szq] jln%\vln7gqri^¡¤nUvjxZ\^(\szjk¡¤nUvl]µ¨¯ ^
¢A^q^t^5jlZszj4jxZ\^nUvlszp\q¹=szjlqntpnz¡'nU¢iy{^=m3jxhqp$]W^]Wntvxf qrh%sm3vxqjlqrmsz¡Östm3jlnUvjln qpLm3vx^=sthl^5hlfih{jx^]
A^vl¡¤ntvx]szpm^=h=¨¶YZ\qrh¶Zsth(szvl^Jstif2¢A^^p \vxn7t^p2¡¤nUv¶ntjlZ\^=v¶nU¢iy{^=m3j¶rszp\UoszU^=h=«Ahlom9ZsUh¶dg]szjxsz·
PUdj9s4PU Q¨
YZ^2]st\\qp\ nt¡(s7s§nt¢\y{^=m±j9h%ntp szU^=h Öm±¡{¨ ¸Uo\vx^ Lqrh%jlZgohsjl^Jm9Z\p\qr¬Uo^jxZs7jZsUhjln¢L^
vl^Jm3qrhk^=f®hkjlo\q^J¨`}¡mnto\v9hl^t«jln¢A^+^®m3q^pjJ«iLnUqrm3q^=h'stp]%^Jm9Zszpqhl]hZst^¶jlnW¢A^+ª^=°hlo\qjl^J
¡¤nUv5jxZ\^sz\qrmszjlqntph5jlZszjEªqvlo\p ntpOjlZ\^^pggqvxntp]%^=pj=¨ |\vl^Jm3qrhk^·gp\n7ª^=iU^§nz¡4nU¢iy{^=m3jxh
¡¤vxnt] j{fg\qrmst'sz\qrmszjlqntph%qrh%jlZ\^=p vx^=¬o\qvx^=¨ YZ\^µtnUstnz¡}jxZ\qrhWszA^vqrhjln\vx^=hl^pjvl^=^=stpj
m9ZLszv9stm±jx^vxqhkjlqrmhszpL5¢A^Zsgqnto\v9hnz¡?Us7snt¢iy{^Jm±j9h«\hkjlo\q^J]WnUvl^\vx^=mqhl^f¡¤ntv]WnU¢\q^\Z\nUp\^=h=¨
Java object Java object Java object
Java object Java object Java object
Java memory
physical memory memory bloc objects mapping on memory
qto\vx^6L4`?a§st\\qp\Wnz¡?Us7snt¢iy{^Jm±jxhnUpZfihlqm=sz]W^]WnUvlf
YZ\^vl^=]szqpi^v°nz¡gjlZ\qrh-LszA^v°qrh-nUvlszp\q¹^JsthK¡¤nUn7ª'h*`KjxZ\^/hl^=mntp+hl^=m3jlqntp+^3 i\rszqphKjxZ\^msUhlhlqrm
nUvlszp\q¹=szjlqntpnz¡]W^]Wntvxft«qphkqri^5sUs7sµ´}qvljlosta§sUm9Z\qp^ ±¨åjszrhlnEtqt^=h4szpn7t^=vlgq^ª
nt¡¶iqA^=vl^=pj%jx^=m9Z\pq¬o\^JhoLhk^J jxn ]szpLszt^µss]W^]Wntvxft¨$di^=m±jxqnUp
:
i^=t^ntLh4jxZ\^Eh{jxoif^=sU
jxn2mnt^Jm±ji^jxszq^=m9ZLszv9stm±jx^vxqhkjlqrmh¶nz¡Us7s®nU¢iy{^=m3jxh(¡¤nUv(]WnU¢\q^%\Z\ntp^Wst\\qm=s7jxqnUph¨%dg^=m3jlqntp
stpszfg¹^JhKjlZ\^vl^Jhko¦j9hstpqpjxvlniiom^=hs¢\vxq^¡iqrhlmohlhlqntp+ntp+Zn7ªjlZ\^Jhk^nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhm3nUo\¢L^ntvxUszpq¹=^=
qpµ]W^]Wntvxft¨ qpLszfU«gjlZ\^+rsthkj'hk^Jm±jlqntpEiv9sª'hsWm3ntpLm3ohkqntp°¨
&&3 " ' + #%'&¶
YZqh+hl^=m3jlqntptqt^=hstpn7U^vxgq^=ª nz¡/jxZ\^®ss]W^]WntvxfW`(jlZ\^U^p\^=vxsthkjlvxom3jlo\vx^Wnz¡s7s5nU¢iy{^=m3jxh
stp5jlZ\^+]W^]WnUvlf®nUvlszp\q¹=szjlqntp®nt¡sWhkjxstp\szv95s7s4´¶qvljloLsz°a§sUm9Z\qp\^qhi^Jhlmvlq¢A^=¨
!"$#%&('$')(
|}p®nt¢\y{^=m±jqh¢sUhkqrmstf]sUi^}nt¡°sZ\^Jsti^=vszpL®s4\szjxsstvl^Js\¨YZ\^}Z^=st\^v/qrhnz¡jl^=p®¢A^3j{ª^^p L¶szpL
: ªntv9\hntp\ ¤¢A^3j{ª^^=pµ®szp LJ¢gfjl^=h ±¨ åj'qhoLhk^J5jxn®h{jxntvx^]%^jxsU\s7j9soLhk^¡¤o\¡¤ntv}nt¢iy{^Jm±j]szpi£
stt^=]%^=pj=¨ ntv^3 \st]%^jxZ\^+nt¢iy{^Jm±j}hlq¹=^t«\7stvlqntohszvx¢szU^(mnt^Jm±jxntvqpi¡¤ntvx]s7jlqntp°«szpµs%AntqpUjx^v
jxn%jlZ\^+]W^3jxZ\niµszvx^=s\¨YZ\^+\szjxsWszvx^=sqh]sUi^+nz¡sth]szpgfªntv9sUhp^=m3^JhlhxszvxfWjlnhkjlnUvl^(jlZ^s7jxs
jxZ\^]hl^t^Jh¨
å¡nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhstvl^%szªsfih}hkjlnUvl^J§qp§jxZ\^WZ\^=st-«KjlZ\^=qvvx^\vx^=hl^pj9s7jlqntpEqp]%^=]Wntvxf2qrh(p\nzji^¸p\^J
qp jlZ\^§s7s hlA^=m3q¸Lm=s7jlqntp°¨ ~wt^=vlf²s7sqvljlost]WsUm9Z\qp\^Emszp jxZoLhm9Z\ngnUhl^jxn h{jxntvx^5jxZ\^] qp
Lszvljlqrm3o\rszv4hkjlvxom3jlo\vx^=h=¨EYZ\^5nUp\f j{ªnE^^]W^pjxhp\^=^=i^Jjln§¢A^5\vx^=hl^pjstvl^qphkjxstpm3^®7stvlqrsz¢\^=h
stps5ªsf2jxn2sUmm3^Jhlh(m3rsthxh¶qpi¡¤nUvl]szjlqntphkjlnUvl^J§qp§jlZ^]W^3jxZ\ni\h+szvx^=s¨dg^U^v9szst\\vxnUsUm9Z\^=h¶szvx^
vl^Jhk^=pUjx^=qp ´?^p R'P stpst]Wntp\jlZ\^=]s%AnUhxhkq¢\^Z\^=stnUvlszp\q¹=szjlqntp®qp2j{ªnWstvkj9h `
s%LnUqpjl^=v}szvx^=s«im3ntpj9szqp\qpnUp\f5vl^¡¤^vx^pm^=hjln%jxZ\^+qpLh{j9szpm^s7jxs«
szpµnt¢\y{^=m±j'stvl^Js\«im3nUpUj9szqp\qp\%jlZ\^qph{j9szpm^+7szvxqst¢\^Jh«ihkjlnUvl^Jiqvx^=m±jxf5qp2jlZ^+Z\^=st-¨
Ópstp ntjlZ\^=vsz\\vxnUsUm9Z§jxZ\^Z\^=st qrh+p\ntjiqgqri^=stp mntpjxstqpLh+iqvx^=m3jlf§AntqpUjx^v9h(jlnE¢AnzjxZmsUhlh
stpqphkjxstpm3^+\szjxs¨
¯ Zszjl^=t^vjxZ\^nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhnUvlszp\q¹=szjlqntp-«ntp\^(nz¡Us7s4szvljlqrm3o\rszvxqjlq^=hqhjxn\vxn7gq\^}jxn\vxntUvxst]h
s5]W^]Wntvxf2stoijlnU]s7jlqrmstf2]WstpszU^=µ¢gf2jlZ\^gqvljlost]sUm9Z\qp^t¨¶YZ^¡¤ntn7ªqp\hk^Jm±jlqntpLh}i^Jhlmvlq¢L^
jxZ\^+]W^=m9Zstp\qrhk]hohl^=jlnszngm=s7jx^stp2m3nt^=m±j']W^=]%nUvlfU¨
C*-<*-< %»
¿ ¼
²
?
(+
» » ? @? I-, %
YZ^4Us7sW´¶qvljlosta§sUm9Z\qp\^ qrhjxZ\^]szqp§^=^=]%^=pj}nz¡ws®s7sW\vlnUtv9sz] ^ i^=m3o\jlqntp-¨ Qsthlq¦£
m=szfU«iq¦j'qrh'stp2st¢h{jxvxsUm±jm3nU]%oijl^=vjlZszj'vloph +,$ H5, ss\vxntUvxst]Wh=«¢f^3 i^=moijlqp\iqvl^Jm±jxf5s
hkjlvx^=st] nz¡/¢gfjl^Jm3nii^Jh¨ åjqrhq]%^=]%^=pjl^= ntp jlnU nt¡s2vl^JszZszv9iªszvx^4\rs7jl¡¤ntvx]cszp ntA^v9s7jxqp
hlfih{jx^]µ¨?YZ\^ qrhjlZ\^+^=^=]W^pj']sz·gqpjxZ\^ssrszp\UoszU^¶Antvljxst¢\^U¨
Óp^=t^vxf4^ iqhkjlqp\+ntA^v9s7jxqphkfihkjl^]h=«Uss7s(qvljlost\]stm9Z\qp\^'qrh/svx^Uo\stv?\vxnttv9sz]µ¨åjwjlZgoh
\^A^p\h4ntpjlZ^®gqvljlost?]W^]Wntvxf\vxntAnUhl^= ¢gf§jxZ\^®o\p\^vxfgqp\EntA^v9s7jxqp\Ehlfih{jx^]µ¨YZ\^t´(a
vx^=¬o\^Jh{j9h}]W^=]%nUvlfE¢nimh¶¡¤vxnt] jxZ\^5`d§stp§ohl^%jlZ\^=] ¡¤ntv(jxn2hkjlnUvl^%q¦j9h+\s7j9s\¨4YZ^%Lszvljlqrm3o\rszvxq¦j{f
nt¡sU´¶aesUhs\vlnUtv9sz] qrhWjlZLs7j®qjxh5s7jxsstvl^2jlZ^]hk^=U^=h®s7s\vlnUtv9sz]h=¨ YZ^qv®gqhlqnUp$nt¡
jxZ\^s7szqst¢\^]W^]WntvxfEqhpnzjjlZ\^Wvx^=sthlfih{jx^]c]W^=]%nUvlfU«¢\oijjlZ^ntp\^%\vxn7qri^J§¢gfµjlZ\^gqvkjxosz
]sUm9Z\qp^t¨²YZ\qrhW]W^]WntvxfqhWoLhk^JjlnhkjlnUvl^¢fjx^=m3nii^Jh«/nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhWqphkjxstpUjxqszjl^J ¢gfjlZ\^µ\vxntUvxst]µ«
Lszv9sz]W^3jx^v9h«gvx^3jlovlp\^J57sto\^Jh«inimststvlqrsz¢^Jhstpqpjl^=vl]W^Jiqszjl^+vx^=hlo\jxh=¨
ntv'^ ist]W\^U«AdgopEqvljlost-]stm9Z\qp\^ . R4R iqgqi^Jh'qjxh}]%^=]Wntvxf®qpµ¡¤nUo\v¶stvl^Jsth=«\sth'hlZ\n7ªpµqp
¸Lto\vx^7`
\
Methods space
Class data
Class data
Object Object
Object Object Class data
local vars
current stack frame
execution stack
Heap
Dynamic data area
Thread B Registers
PC
frame vars
optop
Stack Thread A Registers
PC
frame vars
optop
Stack
execution stack local vars
current stack frame
qUo\vl^0`w_rsthxhlqm=sz-U´¶a]%^=]Wntvxf®ntvxUstp\q¹Js7jxqnUp
/ 6*/ 1$90'+ qrh4hlZszvx^=¢gfszwjlZ^jlZ\vx^=sU\h=¨ åj%h{jxntvx^=h+qpi¡¤ntvx]s7jxqnUpnUpjlZ\^nsti^J
nt¢iy{^Jm±j9h¨\ntv^ ist]W\^U«7q¦j?m3nUpjxszqph°jlZ\^]W^3jxZ\ni\hszpm3ntpLh{jxvlom3jlnUvxh°¢fjx^=m3nii^Jh«7qpi¡¤nUvl]s7jxqnUp
ntp2jlZ^+nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhj{fA^ ¤pLsz]W^t«\]Wniiq¸^v9h=«i]%^jlZ\ni\h¶i^=hxm3vxqijlqntp-«¨¨¨%szpjlZ^m3ntpLh{j9szpj'szvx^=s\¨
YZ\^+gqvljloLsz]stm9Z\qp\^t^jxhqj¡¤vlnU]0jlZ^m3ntvxvx^=hlLnUpiqp\
+*5$
¸^=h=¨
/ /0,, qrhszrhknhkZstvl^Jszpm3nUpUj9szqph?jxZ\^(nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhhkjlntvx^=W¢gf%jlZ^(U´¶a«¡¤vxnt] jlZ^qvstnims7£
jlqntp ¤ªqjlZ2jxZ\^ H mnt]W]szp /jxnWjlZ\^=qv'i^Jh{jxvloLm±jlqntp2¢gf®jxZ\^+Ustvl¢stt^(m3nt^=m±jxntv 3¨
** ,84+$
¤nUp\^WL^=v+jlZ\vx^=sU ±¨YZ\qhqh+sµZ\qtZf§oLhk^Jhkjlvxom3jlo\vx^t«sth+ss2qrh+sEh{j9stm9·
]stm9Z\qp\^t¨ åj%m3ntpj9szqph+jxZ\^®ngm=szstvlqrsz¢^Jh«jlZ\^m3o\vxvl^=pjh{j9stm9·¡¤vxst]%^szpjxZ\^®^3 i^Jm3oijxqnUp
h{j9stm9·K¨
* 4*, ¡¤nUo\v(L^=v}jxZ\vl^Jst 3«Ajln5]stpszU^+jlZ\^jlZvl^Jst§hkjxsUm9·A¨ qrh}jlZ\^%uwvxnttv9sz]
_nto\pjx^vJ«\m3ntpj9szqp\qp4jxZ\^st\\vl^Jhlhnz¡jlZ\^+p^3 gj¢fjx^=m3nii^(jxn%¢A^+^3 i^Jm3oijx^=¨ ,H8 Antqpjxhjln
jlZ\^(jxnt®nt¡-jlZ\^(^3 i^Jm3oijxqnUphkjxstm9·K« # , qpiqrmszjl^JhwjxZ\^¶nimstA7stvlqrsz¢\^=hm3o\vxvx^pjstvl^Js\¨qpstft«
,$ LnUqpjxhjxnWjlZ\^mo\vxvl^=pUj]W^]Wntvxf5stvl^Js4nt¡jxZ\^h{j9stm9·,84+,$ ±¨
åjqrhq]WAntvljxstpUjjxn2pnzjl^jlZLs7j4s2vl^=to\rszv(gqvljloLsz]stm9Z\qp\^Wvlophntp\f
$W
st\\qm=s7jlqntp°¨%YZ\^
´(a qh¶m3vx^=szjl^=µªZ^pµjlZ^4sz\qrmszjlqntpEqrh'rszo\pm9Z^=EszpLEiq^Jh'ªZ\^=pEq¦j¶^p\h=¨'YZ\^=vl^+qrh'p\n5p\nzjxqnUp
nt¡}A^v9hkqrh{jx^pm^t¨$¯ Z\^p szp sz\qrmszjlqntp²^=p\h=«/szjlZ^µstnimszjl^=²]W^]Wntvxf¢\ngm=hWszvx^5¡¤vx^^J²szpL
stoijlnU]s7jlqrmstftqt^=p¢Lstm9·jxnjxZ\^hlfghkjl^=]µ¨
$
YZ^}tnszAnz¡°s]W^]Wntvxf%stnimszjlntvqhjxn4\vxn7gqi^}^t^=vlfst\\qm=s7jlqntp5ªq¦jxZ®jlZ^¶]W^]WnUvlfWqjp\^=^=\h/jln
vxo\p-¨ åj¶]4ohkjjlZgoh·gp\n7ª ªZ\qrm9Z2Lszvljxhnz¡jlZ^+]Wstqpµ]W^]WnUvlf5stvl^(¡¤vx^^+szpLªZqm9Zµntp^=hszvx^ohl^=¨
dint]W^stnims7jxntv9hszrhlnEjlvxft«wiovlqp\§jxZ\qrh4\vxnim3^Jhlh=«jln]%qp\q]Wq¹=^®¡¤v9szt]W^=pUj9s7jxqnUp-¨ Óp nUvx\^vjxn in
jxZ\qrh«]W^]WnUvlfµ¢\nim9·gh(nUvxi^=vlqp\5hkjlv9s7jx^Uq^Jh¶stvl^ohk^J¨YZ\^=f§mszp¡¤ntv(^3 \sz]W\^%tvxnto\E¡¤vx^^%¢\nim9·gh
nUviqgqri^hlnt]W^nz¡jlZ\^=]2¨
djxoiq^=hnt¡°iqK^vx^pjsznim=s7jlnUvxhmstp®¢L^¶¡¤ntop5qp ¯ Q RU nUv t¯ R'R å¨|Dm3rsthxhlq¦¸Lm=s7jxqnUp®Zsth
¢A^^=pµ]WsUi^t«\sUmmntv9iqp4jxnjxZ\^j{fgL^+nt¡stUntvxq¦jxZ\]0ohl^=`
** * 9-$ stnimszjlntv9h=¨-YZ\^fohl^sqrh{jjlZszj]szqpjxstqphszpqpgt^=pUjxntvxf}nt¡\jlZ\^/¡¤vl^=^/]W^]WnUvlf
¢\ngm9·ih=¨ |']WntpjxZ\^=hl^2stnimszjlntv9h=«whk^=t^v9szh{jxvxszjl^=tq^=h^3 iqhkj1`5jxst·qp\jlZ\^2¸v9h{j%¡¤vx^^5¢nim9·
ZsgqpWsWhlo®m3q^pj}hlq¹=^ ,2 ±«gj9sz·gqp\%jlZ\^+]WnUhkj'st\stijl^Jhlq¹^t¨¨¨
*4 $8 !,,6
stnims7jxntv9h'ohl^WiqK^vx^pjqrhkjxh¶¡¤ntv^=sUm9Zhlq¹=^nt¡/¢\ngm9·ih=¨ ngnt·gqp\®¡¤nUv(s
hkA^=mq¦¸Amhkq¹^qrhjlZgoh]om9Z%¡Östhkjl^vJ¨+sA^7`dgqvkjxoszi]sUm9Z\qp^ Q© t oLhk^JhjlZ\qrhjl^Jm9Z\p\qr¬o\^t¨
& '$
sznimszjlnUvxh u \'\ Q¨YZ\^f2szvx^+s7stvlqrszpjnz¡jlZ\^
4', ,,!
stnims7jxntv9h/ªqjlZ
jlZ\^AnUhxhkq¢\qqj{fjln(tvxnto4hk^=t^=vxstU¢\nim9·ih°nUv\qgqri^nUp\^nz¡\jxZ\^]qp%ntv9i^vjln(\vx^=m3qrhl^fhxs7jxqhk¡¤f
jlZ\^+vx^=¬o\^Jh{jJ¨
H'7, sznim=s7jlnUvxh=¨°YZ\^}qi^JsZ\^vx^qrh?jln+ZLst^'s+m3oLh{jxnt]³qpi^ iqp\¡¤ntvw^Jstm9ZWLnUqrm3fU¨YZqh
jl^Jm9Z\p\qr¬Uo^}qrh/U^vxf4¥^ iq¢\^(¢\oijA^vl¡¤ntvx]szpm^=hszvx^'p\nzjszªsfih?nUijlq]4o]2¨ 96,4 qh
s57stvlqrszpj}nt¡wjlZ\qrhsztnUvlqjlZ\]µ«Kohlqpszpszvxvxsfnz¡/¢q¦j9h¶qpnUvx\^v'jxnqrh{j(jlZ\^Ws7szqst¢\^4¹nUp\^=h
nz¡jlZ\^+Z^=sz°¨åj'qrhohl^=qpjxZ\^+gqvljloLsz]stm9Z\qp\^nz¡? S ¯+U szpµU~/a Q'`(U å¨
~/sUm9Znz¡jlZ^=hl^sztnUvlqjlZ]Whvl^Jhk^=pUj%iqK^vx^pj4A^vl¡¤ntvx]szpm^=hstp^=st jxniqA^=vl^=pUj%^=t^=h+nt¡
¡¤v9szU]W^pjxszjlqntp-¨0|mmntv9iqp\jln t¯ R'R Q«szngm=s7jxntv9h5szvx^§jxZ\^]szqp hlnto\v9m3^§nt¡]W^]WnUvlf ªsthkjl^t¨
UntZph{jxntp\^ szp ¯ qhlntpOZst^§¬ostpUjxq¦¸L^= jxZ\qh5¡¤v9szt]W^=pUj9s7jxqnUp$¡¤nUv5^Jstm9Z hkjlv9s7jl^=tfU¨³YZ\^f ZsU^
\^=iom^=5jlZszj=«\opi^v'm^vljxstqpµm3nUpiqjlqntphjlZ^+]%nh{j¢sUhkqrmsztnUvlqjlZ\]h 2, ¡¤ntv^ ist]W\^"szvx^
jxZ\^+]WnUhkj^®m3q^pj=¨
#$
YZ^hk^Jm3ntpL2mnt]WAntp\^=pUj}stn7ªqp\szpEszoijxnt]s7jxqm]W^=]%nUvlf5]WstpszU^]W^pj'qpEUs7s%qh'jlZ\^+szvx¢szU^
mnt^Jm±jxntvJ¨åj'qrhjlZ^+ntp\^vx^=hlLnUphkq¢\^}¡¤nUv'vx^=m3fimqp\jlZ\^+]W^]WnUvlfjxZs7j¢A^=mnt]W^+ohl^^=hxh¨
YZ^(]stqpµqri^=s%¢A^Z\qpµszoijxnt]s7jxqm(]W^]WnUvlf5mnt^Jm±jxqnUpqrh'hlq]W\^6`
i^3jx^vx]Wqp\qp\ªZ\qrm9Z2nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhm=szp2p\nzj'¢A^stm=m3^Jhlhl^=szpgf®ntp\U^vqp2jxZ\^+\vxnttv9sz]
¡¤vl^=^qp\%jlZ\^+]W^=]%nUvlf®jlZ\^Jhk^+nU¢iy{^=m3jxhohl^=¨
åjWqh4t^=p\^v9szfp\ntj^=sUhkf jln i^3jx^vx]%qp\^¢L^¡¤ntvx^ZstpªZ\^=p²szpnU¢iy{^=m3jªq¢L^Jm3nU]%^o\pgohl^=¨
YZqhmszpZn7ª^=t^v/¢L^(intp\^¶ifgpsz]Wqrmszf%szj/^3 i^=moijlqntpWjxq]W^U¨wYZ\^'Ustvl¢Lszt^mnt^Jm±jlnUv/ohl^}s+vx^=sUm9Z
mvlqjl^=vlqntpjxni^3jx^vx]Wqp\^5jlZ\^5nt¢iy{^Jm±jxh4Lntjl^=pUjxqstfo\pgohk^J¨§|'p²nt¢iy{^Jm±j4ªqjlZ\nUoijvx^3¡¤^=vl^=pm3^Jhjln q¦j
ªq-p\nzj¢A^+ohl^=µszpgfntp\U^vA`qj}mstp5jxZgoh¢A^¡¤vl^=^=¨
R
Yfg\qm=sz?m3nU^=m3jlqntpstUntvxq¦jxZ\]h}ªntvx·Esth¶¡¤ntn7ª'h*`}szj¶jxZ\^W¢L^=tqp\p\qp\«-sstvkjxqmo\stv(hl^3jnz¡nt¢i£
y{^Jm±j9h«gmst^=vxngnzj9h«Uqhhko\Lnhk^JWvl^Jstm9Zst¢\^t¨ Ópsj{fg\qm=szKhkfihkjl^=]2«UjlZ^=hl^'nt¢iy{^Jm±j9hstvl^jxZ\^}]stm9Zqp\^
vx^Uqhkjl^=vxh=«jlZ\^hkjxsUm9·K«gjlZ\^qphkjlvxom±jxqnUpAntqpjl^=v=«ijxZ\^+tnt¢Lsz7szvxqst¢\^=h=¨wYZ\^p-«^t^=vlf5nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhvx^3¡¤^=vk£
^=pm3^Jµ¡¤vxnt]6svl^Jstm9Zst¢\^nt¢iy{^Jm±j}qrh¶q¦j9hk^=¦¡wvx^=sUm9Zsz¢\^t«Am3vx^=szjlqp\®s5m9ZstqpEnt¡wvl^¡¤^vx^pm^=h=¨¶`}¡/m3nUo\vxhl^t«
jxZ\qrhqhstpst\\vxn iq]s7jxqnUp-«sth+hlnt]W^Wnt¢iy{^Jm±j9h(m=szp¢L^®sUmm^=hxhk^JE¡¤vxnt] jxZ\^vlngntjxh(ªZ\q^p\ntj+¢L^=qp\
oLhk^Jstpf5nUp\t^=v=¨åj'ZsUhZ\n7ª^=t^=v¢A^^=p2vln7U^=jxnWZst^+s%tngni5^ ®m3q^pmft¨
C*U*-<
\
» &+ ¿
$@¤AX
Sstvl¢Lszt^2m3nU^=m3jlntv9h Wing^=hWpnzjt^=p\^v9szfsUm±j®m3nUpUjxqpgo\nUohlf¢\oij®]st·t^µm3nt^=m±jxqp +*4+ ¨
|m3fim^¢L^=tqph%ªZ\^p²jlZ\^ i^Jm3qri^=h%nUvqrh%p\nzjxq¦¸^JjxZs7jW]W^]Wntvxf]4ohkj%¢A^2vl^Jm3rszq]%^J¨|}h
^ i\stqp^=qp ¯ qRU å«\szvx¢szU^¶m3nU^=m3jlnUvxhm3vx^=szjl^+hl^3jxhnt¡nU¢iy{^=m3jxhiovlqp\sWm3fim3^4`
&4+
nt¢iy{^Jm±j9h«iªZ\qrm9ZEszvx^}jxZ\^stm3jlqt^ntp^=h
nU¢iy{^=m3jxh=«iªZ\qrm9Z2stvl^¢A^qp\®szpstfg¹=^=
^/78
nU¢iy{^=m3jxh=«iªZ\qrm9Zµstvl^(o\pgohl^=µszpL®¡¤vxnt] ªZqm9Z2jlZ^
ªq°vl^Jm3rszq]0]%^=]Wntvxft¨
C*U*C
i+ » ¿ &&» z ¿ 7Wt\ » + ¿ $@Ui1@¿ ?
YZqhhk^Jm±jlqntpqpjlvxniiom3^JhjlZ^®jlZvl^=^]Wszy{ntv+j{fgA^=h4nz¡'Ustvl¢Lszt^Wm3nU^=m3jlnUvxh=«ªqjlZntoijjxvlfgqp\Ejxn§¢L^
jxZ\ntvxntotZ-¨2|}hstp^3 \sz]W\^nz¡q]%^=]%^=pjxs7jxqnUpsz\\vxnUsUm9Z-«-jxZ\^5mnt]WszvxqrhknUp ¢A^3j{ª^^=p " szpL
-+* *,
Ustvl¢stt^m3nU^=m3jlntv9hmstpµ¢L^+¡¤nUo\p2qp a§stv R7\ Q¨
mstp2¢A^4m=s7jl^=tnUvlq¹^J5stm=m3nUvxiqp\%jln
Zn7ª jlZ^f®q]W\^=]W^pj'jlZ^¶jxZ\vx^^hl^3jxhnt¡nU¢iy{^=m3jxhi^Jhlmvlq¢A^=2sz¢An7t^ Öm±¡{¨ ¯ qR $`
W+ +,$"
¨µ¯ qjlZjxZ\qrh+jl^Jm9Z\p\qr¬o\^t«¸v9h{j%i^=hxm3vxq¢A^=qp _ntMt å«^Jstm9ZnU¢iy{^=m3j4Zsth
smnto\pjx^v(qp\qm=s7jlqp\5jlZ\^Wpgo\]4¢A^v(nz¡vl^¡¤^vx^pm^=h¶LnUqpjlqp\5jln2q¦jJ¨åj(qrh(qpmvl^=]W^pjl^J§ªZ\^=p
svx^3¡¤^vx^pLm3^EjxnjlZ\^ nt¢iy{^Jm±j5qrh5mvl^Js7jx^=«'stp i^=mvl^=]W^pjl^J s7j5^=t^vxf²nU¢iy{^=m3j5^q]%qpszjlqntp-¨
¯ Z\^p qj%vx^=sUm9Z\^=h\«jlZ^nU¢iy{^=m3jWm=szp ¢A^5¡¤vx^^J¨ YZ\qrhstUntvxq¦jxZ\] qhWhlq]W\^t«/¢\oijWZszv9jln
]sz·t^^®m3q^pjJ¨`¶pEjlnUnz¡/jlZszj=«KªZ\^pj{ªnnt¢iy{^Jm±j9h}vx^3¡¤^=vl^=pm3^^=stm9ZnzjlZ^vJ«Kmfim3^=h(mszp ¢L^
qpjxvlniiom^=¨ Óp2jxZ\qhm=sthl^t«gjxZ\^=hl^+nt¢iy{^Jm±j9h]Wsf5p\^U^v¢L^+vx^^=sUhk^J¨
$ $W%2,8 ¨|szvx¢szU^(mnt^Jm±jxntv'nt¡jxZ\qrhj{fgL^stm±j9h'qpµj{ªnZsthl^=hnUpµjlZ\^4Z\^=st-¨ Óp
jlZ\^¸v9h{j(sthxh=«LjxZ\^4nU¢iy{^=m3jxh(h{jxqqp ohl^szvx^\qhkjlqp\toqhlZ\^=E¡¤vlnU] jxZ\^%Uszvx¢stt^szpL§s®¢\qjqh
st\\^=jxn§qpLiqm=s7jx^jlZ\^nt¢iy{^Jm±jhkjxszjloh=¨YZ\^=p-«jlZ\^ 2 8 Lsthxhvx^=m3rszq]hjlZ^5Ustvl¢Lszt^W¢gf
qp\·gqp\2jlZ\^=] jlnµs5qrh{j+nz¡/¡¤vl^=^nU¢iy{^=m3jxh=¨4| ]Wstvl·§stphlª^^sztnUvlqjlZ\]6qrh(ohk^Jqp§jxZ\^
´}qvkjxosza§stm9Z\qp\^ 3«sth^3 i\rszqp\^Jqp _d
+ å¨
W-H '*&, +,$ +*8$ ¨OYZ\qrhWj{fgA^2nt¡ qrh%jlZ\^EnUp\^µohk^J²qp jlZ\^dio\p t´(a
. R4R Q¨|mmntv9iqpWjln © P :
å«Ahkjxszjlqrh{jxqm=szfU«ijlZ\^4nt¢iy{^Jm±jxh¶m3vx^=szjl^=2vx^=m^pjlf5¢gf®jxZ\^4hlfih{jx^]
szvx^5jxZ\^µntp\^JhjxZs7j®stvl^5jlZ\^µ]WnUhkj%q·t^fjlniqrhxsz\A^=stv%¬o\qrm9·gfU¨²|
'*H*$9-$W$ $*&,
+,$5,+*
stvkjxq¦jxqnUp2jlZ\^+nU¢iy{^=m3jxhstm=m3nUvxiqp\jlnWjxZ\^qv}szU^+szp«Ls7j^=sUm9Zszvx¢szU^(mfgm^U«intp\f
\vxngm^=hxhntp\^U^p\^=vxszjlqntp-¨YZ\^m3fim^Jhszvx^}jxZoLh'hkZntvljl^vJ¨
Ópmvl^=]W^pjxstiUszvx¢stt^m3nt^=m±jxqnUpZLsthwsthln(jln+¢A^'m3qjl^=-¨åj/mntphlqrh{j9hqpqpjl^vx^=sgqp(hl]sz\o\p\qjxh
nt¡Uszvx¢stt^m3nU^=m3jlqntpªq¦jxZ²hl]Wsto\p\qjxh4nz¡'vx^tostvsz\\qrms7jxqnUp^3 i^=moijlqntp-¨§YZqhjl^=m9Zp\q¬o\^5qh
st]Wnh{j}]stp\s7jxntvxf5¡¤nUv}^=]4¢A^=\i^Ji^=gqm^=h=«LªqjlZ vl^Jsz-jxq]W^Wm3nUph{jxvxstqpj9h¨ Óp\^^=-«Aqjqh}jlZ\^ntp\f
ªsfWjlnqphlo\vx^¶jxZ\^ S_ vlnim3^Jhlhj9sz·U^=hs¸\ i^=Östpµhk]sz&st]Wnto\pjnz¡jlq]W^t¨
(# "$
YZ^nU¢iy{^=m3jlqt^nz¡LjlZ\qrh?hl^=m±jxqnUpqrhjlnqpjlvxng\om3^Z\n7ª²jlZ\^]W^]Wntvxf]szpLszt^=]W^pjª^szq] jln\vxn7gq\^
¡¤nUvjlZ\^+^ i^=m3o\jlqntp2^pggqvxntp\]W^=pUjiqA^=vxh¡¤vlnU] h{j9szpszv95]W^=m9ZLszp\qrhk]h=¨
YvxsUiqjlqntpstft«s7sW\vxnttv9sz]h]W^]Wntvxf5qrh']stpszU^=µs7j'j{ªn®iqrh{jxqpLm±j}^U^rh«Asth'i^Jhlmvlq¢A^=µqp
Q'_ S} : szpL5vx^\vx^=hl^pjx^=¸Lto\vx^ : `
jlZ\^nUL^=vxszjlqp\$hlfih{jx^]q]W\^]W^=pUj9h2qvljlost(]W^=]%nUvlfU¨ åjjxZoLhZLszpi^=hjxZ\^mntpgt^=vxhlqntp
¢L^j{ª^=^p2jlZ^+qvljlost-szp\Zgfihkqrmst-st\ivx^=hxhhkLstm3^Jh«\hlªsz5]W^Jm9Zszp\qrhl]WhstpszU^¶¡Östo\jxh
jlZ\^WU´¶a q]W\^=]W^pjxh}jlZ\^Wstivl^Jhlh¶hkLstm3^4nz¡?jlZ^%s7s®sz\qrmszjlqntph=¨ åj+hlszjlqrh{¸^Jh']W^]WnUvlf
sznim=s7jlqntpLh¡¤vxnt] jlZ\^AnnU¶nt¡¡¤vx^^ hlsUm3^nU¢ijxstqp^= ¡¤vxnt] jlZ^ hlfghkjl^=]µ¨ åj2ntp\f Zsth5jln
m9Z\ngnUhl^µªZ\^vx^µjln\rstm^E^=sUm9Z p^ªnt¢iy{^Jm±j®qp jlZ\^§ntUqm=sz'sU\ivx^=hxhhksUm3^U¨OYZ\^§]W^]WnUvlf
i^=stnimszjlqntpqrhw]sti^(szoijxnt]s7jxqm=szf4jlZ\vxntotZUstvl¢Lszt^mnt^Jm±jlqntp®stpWqrhwjxZoLhwjxvxstphkLszvx^pj
jln®st\\qm=s7jlqntpLh¨
YZ\^Jhk^ ]W^=m9Zstp\qhl]h5stvl^§pnzjnUijlq]4o] ¡¤nUv5]Wnt¢q^\Zntp\^Jh5p\nUv5ntjlZ\^=v5^]¢L^J\i^J i^gqrm3^Jh¨
ÓpLi^^J«wjxZ\^vx^2stvl^5j{ªn^t^=h%nt¡}qpLiqvx^=m3jlqntpa`nt¢iy{^Jm±j9h%stvl^¸v9h{jWZstpi^= ¢gfjxZ\^µt´(a«?ªZ\qrm9Z
nUvlszp\q¹^JhjxZ\^] sUmmntv9iqpjln qjxh2Lnhlhlq¢\qqjlq^=h=¨ YZ\^p°«¶jxZ\^ntA^v9s7jlqp\ hkfihkjl^=])]WstpszU^=h5jlZ\^
gqvkjxoszLszt^Jhszp2]szjlZ\^=] nUp\Zgfihlqm=sz]W^]Wntvxft¨
¯^¢L^=q^U^wjlZLs7j?s}iqvl^Jm±j]Wst\\qp\(nz¡ss'nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhntp\Zgfihkqrmstt]W^]WntvxfszU^=h Öszrhln}vx^\vx^=hl^pjl^J
¸Lto\vx^ : /ªnto5\vl^Jhk^=pj]szpgf¢A^p\^¸\jxh=«iqp5jx^vx]0nz¡^ i^=m3o\jlqntphlA^^=2szpL®^p^vxtfm3nUphko]%\jlqntp-¨
YZ^/Antvljxsz¢qq¦j{f(ªnto\rszrhln'¢L^qpLhko\vx^=q¦¡ijxZ\^\^=hlqUp+qhm3nUpiom3jl^=4s7jkjx^pjlqt^=fU¨`}¡mnto\v9hk^U«=¢A^3¡¤nUvl^
¢o\qriqp\hlom9Z5s]WstpszU^]W^pjJ«s+vl^Jm3qrhk^}mnt]W\vx^Z\^=phlqnUpnz¡jlZ^}nt¢\y{^=m±j9h/¢A^ZLsqntovxh?qrhvl^J¬Uoqvx^=¨
YZ^¸vxhkj/hkjl^Wjxn7ªstvxh°jxZ\qrhw]W^]Wntvxf]szpLszt^=]W^pj/i^=hlqtpm3nUphkqrhkjxhqpWjlZ\^}hkjloLif4nt¡Ks7s¶nU¢iy{^=m3jxh
¢A^ZLsqntovxhszpLm9ZLszv9stm±jx^vxqhkjlqrmh=«K¡¤ntv4]%nU¢\q^\Zntp\^Jh+sz\\qrms7jxqnUph=¨5YZ\^p\^ j4hl^=m3jlqntp\vx^=hl^pjxh
Zn7ªOqrhªsUhm3ntpLiom±jx^=2szpµi^jxstqrhjlZ\^+vx^=hlo\jxh=¨
*,-.w0.12+.w3-3. "7 ' * 22!#}&¶ +µ33.
N¶qA^=vl^=pUjh{jxoiq^=h=«im3ntpLiom±jx^=W¡¤nUvdi]Wstjxst·PU dgjxs4P Zst^¶hkZ\n7ªpWjxZs7jqjªsth/Lnhlhlq¢^U«Uo\pLi^v
hlnt]W^5mntp\q¦jxqnUph«jxn§ntvxUstp\q¹=^nt¢iy{^Jm±j9hqp ]W^]Wntvxf qp nUvxi^=vjxn§ntijxq]Wq¹^\vlnUtv9sz]h^3 i^Jm3oijxqnUp
hlA^^=-¨wYZ\^+hlst]%^+hlq¦jxos7jxqnUpµqhq·U^fjln®st\A^=szv¡¤nUv'Us7s\¨
u?stL^=vxh'hlom9Z§sUh +©}t ntv _^S UqU^+qpjl^=vl^Jh{jxqp®vl^Jhko¦j9hntpEnU¢iy{^=m3jxh'¢A^ZLsqntv}¢\oij}j9szvxt^j
4"5 s7s§sz\qrmszjlqntph=«vlop\p\qp\nUp²i^=hl·jlnU m3nt]W\o\jl^v9h=¨ Óp dis _ : å«/dgvxqhxs7£Ószp°« nszpL
_ZLszp\i^Jhlmvlq¢L^shlA^=m3qrszszvx¢szU^3£Óm3nU^=m3jl^=®]%^=]Wntvxf®]Wng\o\^U«\j9szvxt^3jx^=ntpµ^]¢L^J\i^J2\^gqm^=h
ªqjlZ vx^=szjxq]W^Em3nUph{jxvxstqpj9h¨ YZ\^=qvWªntvx·vl^J¬o\qvx^=²s hkjlo\f nz¡(vl^¡¤^vx^pm^m3nUo\pjlqp\szp$]Wntvx^
U^p\^=vxstfnU¢iy{^=m3jxh?m9ZstvxsUm±jl^=vlqrhkjlqrmhnz¡K^]¢L^J\i^Jsz\\qrms7jxqnUph=¨YZ\^Jhk^vx^=hlo\jxhwstvl^qpjl^vx^=hkjlqp\+szpL
L'L
qto\vx^ : `?ss%nU¢iy{^=m3jxh]szpstt^=]%^=pj
\^3jxstq^= rs7jl^=v=¨©}n7ª^=t^vJ«KjlZ^f stvl^%p\ntjvl^=^=stpj(^=p\nto\UZ¡¤nUv+oh=¨®|}h(jlZ^\vlnty{^=m3jnUp\fEjxstvlU^3jxh
]WnU¢\q^(\Z\ntp^=hqp2s4¸v9h{jjlq]W^t«ivx^=hlo\jxhnt¢\jxszqp\^J¡¤ntv'\^=hl·Ujxntntvvl^=to\rszv^]¢L^J\i^Ji^=gqm^=hmstp
AnUhxhlq¢\fWp\nzj¢L^sz\q^=-¨Ynhl^^¶q¦¡°jlZ\^=f®szvx^}hkq]WqrszvJ«vl^=^=stpjsz\qrmszjlqntphwjln4jlZ\qrhszvx^=s+ZsU^jln
¢A^hkjloiq^=-¨
| p\nUp4jxvlqgqsti]W^]Wntvxf+]szpstt^]W^=pUjwhkjlv9s7jx^tf+ZLsthjln+qpjl^Uvxszjl^hk^=t^=vxstU^=^=]%^=pjxh?q·U^nU¢iy{^=m3jxh
hlq¹^=h=«tq¡¤^=hlszpszpLWntvxqUqp-¨YZ\^¡¤nUn7ªqphk^Jm±jlqntpW\vx^=hl^pj9hjlZ\^¶h{jxoif%nz¡-sz\qrmszjlqntph?i^=t^=nUL^J
hlA^=m3q¸Lm=szf¡¤ntv+]Wnt¢\q^\Z\ntp^=h=¨2dgq st\\qm=s7jlqntpLhZst^W¢A^^p]WnUp\q¦jxntvx^=`jlZ\vx^^®i^=t^=nUL^J¢gf
}nt·gqrs4¡¤nUvjlZ\^=qv's7smnt]Wszjlq¢\^+Z\ntp\^Jhszp5jlZvl^=^\^t^=nUL^J5¢gfnto\vjx^=sz]µ¨
&'$# #
YZqh+Lszvlj¢\vlq^3¥Lfi^=hxm3vxq¢L^JhjlZ\^®st\\qm=s7jxqnUph+ªZ\qrm9ZZst^W¢A^^pstpszfg¹^=-¨5YZ\^®m9Z\nUqm^=h]sti^
stvl^Wp\ntj4qpiqA^=vl^=pUjA`4q¡ª^\rszpjxn§¢sthl^]W^]Wntvxf§]szpLszt^=]W^pj4h{jxvxszjl^=tq^=hntpjxZ\^]µ«jlZ\^®s7jxs
s7jxZ\^vx^=²Zst^jln¢A^µjlZ\^E]Wnh{jvx^\vx^=hl^pjxszjlqt^Lnhlhlq¢^µnz¡(jlZ^§sz\\qrms7jxqnUphjxstvlU^3jl^J²qp jlZ\^
¡¤o\jlo\vx^+^3 i^=moijlqntp2^pggqvlnUp\]W^pj=¨
YZ^%st\\qm=s7jlqntpLh}ZsU^4¢A^^=p m9Z\nhk^=p stm=m3nUvxiqp\jxn5j{ªnmvlqjl^=vlqrs0`'¸vxhkj=«AjxZ\^fstZsU^¢A^^pm3vx^3£
szjl^J®¡¤nUvjxZ\^+^]¢L^J\i^J5ªntvxszp2szvx^(p\nzj'hlq]W\^LnUvkj9szt^(nz¡^3 iqrh{jxqp\W\vxntUvxst]h¨YZ\^p-«i^=t^=vlf
st\\qm=s7jxqnUpªsthm9Z\nhk^=p5¡¤nUv'hknU]%^nt¡qjxhstvkjxqmo\rszvxq¦jxq^Jhqp2jl^=vl] nz¡]W^=]%nUvlf5ohlstt^U¨
¿ @ÖÀ ¿ @H YZ\^ $-$ stUntvxq¦jxZ\] ]Wnii^=h/jlZ\^(]Wn7t^=]%^=pj/nz¡°sm3vxn7ª'¨YZ^ $- ]Wq\^j=«
m3nii^J¢gf }nt·gqrs\«iqrhªvlqjkjx^pµqpEs7s¡¤vxnt] sWLhk^=oinim3nii^ J¨
Qsthlqm=szfU«z^=sUm9Z%qpiqgq\oszL]%n7U^=h?sUmm3nUvx\qp\(jxn4s+hk^j/nz¡Kvxo\^Jh¨YZ\^ }nt·gqrs]%qri^3j\qhl\rsfgh
jlZ\^5vl^Jhko\j4nt¡jxZ\qh4]Wng\^qp\ntpjlZ\^5\Z\ntp^®hlmvl^=^pa`4jlZ\^®oLhk^=v4mstppnzjqpUjx^v9stm3jªq¦jxZjlZ\^
\vxnttv9sz]µ¨'¯^WmszpµjxZgohhko\Lnhk^4jlZ\^%sz\\qrms7jxqnUp§ªqZst^s5hkjxsz¢^]%^=]Wntvxf¢A^Zsgqnto\v
sthp\n^ gjl^vxpstAqpjl^=vlU^pjlqntp2ªq]Wniiq¦¡¤fq¦j9hvxo\p-¨
&¿
»
¿
@Ö
YZ\^
5A+ $
]%qri^3j5ZLsth¢A^^=p oLhk^J ¢f 'nU·qrs jln qohkjlv9s7jx^µjlZ\^
tv9sz\Zqm=szqpUjx^vl¡Östm^|}u ±¨ åj}mntphlqrh{j9hqpEsWsz]W^qpµªZ\qrm9Z2jlZ\^+ohl^v}Zsthjxn]%n7U^+s 3hlZ\q
szpµi^Jh{jxvln7f®hx¬oszvx^=hst\L^JszvxqpnUp5jxZ\^hlmvl^=^p-¨
'p\q·t^ - « 51+ 6 ohk^Jh}qpjl^=phkqt^=fµqpjl^v9stm3jlqntph'¡¤vlnU]jlZ\^%ohl^vJ¨ åj+hk^=^]h¶qpjl^=vk£
^=hkjlqp\Wjlnhl^^Z\n7ªOjlZszj'ªq-qpi¥o\^=pm3^+]W^]WnUvlfU¨
%³» ÀZ@Ö- Y &» ¿ @Ö YZqh'st\\qm=s7jxqnUpqohkjlv9s7jx^=hjlZ^ 3aEnU¢\q^aE^Jiqs (|'u U¨YZ\^+ohl^v
mstpWm9Znnhk^jxn+\sf%iqA^=vl^=pUj/stoiqn+ntvwgqri^n(¸^=h=¨?YZ\^]4o¦jxq]W^=\qsmntpjl^=pj?m=szpW¢A^'qp W
¤q]szt^Jh 3« $ « 2$# szp .- ¡¤ntvjlZ\^+stoiqnhkjlvx^=sz]0stp , ¡¤ntvjxZ\^¶gqri^nh¨YZ\qrh]%qri^3j
qh4qpjx^vx^=hkjlqp\Esth+qj4tqt^Jhoh+nU¢iy{^=m3jxhm9ZstvxsUm±jx^vxqhkjlqrmhszpL qpi¡¤nUvl]s7jxqnUp¡¤ntv4sµ]o\¦jxq]W^Jiqs
sz\qrmszjlqntp-¨
@½ ? À !"$#%'&(")*""+ YZ\^Jhk^j{ªn'sz\qrmszjlqntphKZLst^?¢A^^p+i^=t^=nUL^J¶¢gf(nto\v
jl^Jsz] stpstvl^Wsz?¢sthl^=ntp ohk^=vqpjl^=vxsUm±jxqnUphszpp\^3j{ªntvx·Em3nt]W]o\p\qrms7jxqnUph=¨4YZ\^f szvx^
qpjx^vx^=hkjlqp\5qp§jxZ\qh(hkjloif§sUhjxZ\^f§stvl^vx^vl^Jhk^=pUj9s7jxqU^nz¡w^ gqrhkjlqp\stpE^]W^=vlUqp\sz]4¢q^=pUj
m3nU]%oijlqp\®sz\qrmszjlqntph=¨
,
&*.-/
hlZ\n7ª'h}stp§qp\p\n77s7jxqU^4ohl^4nt¡?jlZ\^Wm3nUpm3^=ij¶nt¡wo\¢\qr¬Uoq¦jxntohm3nU]W\oijlqp\L¨ åj¶¸p\h(vx^=sz
ªnUvlr®^ \sz]W\^(qp¡Östhkj\qhkjlvxq¢oijlqntphhl^vxgqm^=hhlom9ZsUhszoijxnt]s7jxqm}jl^=qp%]sUm9Z\qp^=h=«gqri^n
vl^=pjlqp\]stm9Z\qp\^=h'ntv']W^=st°nUvxi^=vxh=¨/YªnU^v9hkqntpLhnz¡jlZ\qrh}hlnz¡j{ªszvx^Zst^+¢A^^=pEohl^=µZ\^=vl^`
, &*.-/10.2 43 «g¡¤nUv'msUhkZ2ªq¦jxZiv9sªstszp5, &*.-/1076^ 76 AA83 ¡¤ntv]W^Jszntv9i^=vxh=¨
YZ\^5hl^=mntpnUp\^t«:9 $09 $8$9-$ 4+*9- «stn7ª'h+iqrhlst¢\^=A^nt^®ªszqjlqp\§szjjlZ\^¢\oh
h{j9s7jxqnUp®jlnW¢A^ªstvlp\^J¢A^3¡¤ntvx^¶jlZ\^+szvxvxq7szAnz¡°jlZ\^=qv¢\oLhk^Jh¨åj'szrhkn%szoijxnt]s7jxqm=szfWªszvxphjlZ\^
¢\ohivxqU^v}jlZszj(Z\^%]4oLh{jh{jxnt-¨+|}h}jlZ^=hl^%st\\qm=s7jlqntpLh'qpm3oi^%p\^3j{ªntvx·gqp®szvljxh=«Aq¦j+mstp
¢L^+qpjl^=vl^Jh{jxqp\%jxn®hk^=^(Zn7ª jlZqhqpi¥o\^=pm3^+]W^=]%nUvlfU¨
; -=<)#)
Óp$ntv9i^vjlnm9ZstvxsUm±jl^=vlq¹^WjxZ\^Ei^=hxm3vxq¢L^J²sz\qrmszjlqntph=«whlnt]W^57szo\^JhZLst^®jxn ¢A^2]%^Jsthlo\vx^=nUp
jxZ\^qvnt¢iy{^Jm±j9h¨?YZ\^¶j{ªn]WnUhkjq]WLnUvkj9szpjstvl^}jlZ\^=qvhlq¹=^(stp®q¦¡¤^JhkLszp-¨?YZ\^(ntvxqUqp5nz¡-jxZ\^¶nU¢iy{^=m3jxh
m=szp®sthln¢A^¶hkjloiq^=sth/nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhm3nU]%qp\+¡¤vxnt] jxZ\^¶s7s|'u {h=«¡¤vlnU]³jxZ\^¶st\\qm=s7jxqnUp®ntv/jlZ\^(t´(a
qpjl^=vlpst-h{jxvloLm±jlovl^Jhªq-p\nzj'¢A^+\vxnim3^=hxhl^=jxZ\^hxsz]W^ªsfU¨
ÓpEmntpmvl^jl^¶jl^vx]h«gjxZ\^¡¤ntn7ªqp\\szjxs%ªq-¢A^hkjloiq^=a`
]Wqp\q]4o]stp5]sz gq]4o] nt¢iy{^Jm±j9hhkq¹^
>
Â3ÍHÍHÌ%?@@lÆ-Æ-ÆwáA3ÎkÈÖâ±Î{ÕÎÓÍláÕJÎ{ÍB@xØ{DZÕÈHÊ9ÏC@xÐUDZÃÅÏJÄD@xÌÄHÎkËJÏÇJØ{ÇÏÎáÂ3ÍH×æ
E
Â3ÍHÍHÌ%?@@lÆ-Æ-ÆwáFHØ{ÌáDZÈÖâ
L
st^=vxstt^¶hlq¹^
iqrh{jxvlq¢\oijxqnUp2nt¡°jxZ\^=hl^hkq¹^Jh
nt¢iy{^Jm±j9hq¡¤^=hlszp
ntvxqUqp2nz¡jlZ\^+nU¢iy{^=m3jxhH|'u ±«Asz\\qrms7jxqnUp-«\U´¶a8qpjx^vxpsz&
Óp2ntv9i^v/jln%¢L^(jxZ\^¶]WnUvl^(stmmo\v9s7jl^¶Lnhlhlq¢\^U«jlZ\^(¢L^Jh{jªnto\r¢A^(jln%^3 i^=moijl^¶jlZ\^sz\qrmszjlqntph
\qvx^=m3jlf4ntpWs]Wnt¢\q^\Z\ntp^t¨©'n7ª^t^=v=«zmnt^Jm±jxqp\+vl^Jm3qrhk^\szjxs(^K^=m3jlqt^f4qrhjxZ\^p®iq ®m3o\j=¨?YZ\^
m9ZnUhl^pµszjl^vxpszjlqt^(qhjxZgohjlnoLhk^stp2^=]4o\rs7jxntvJ¨?~w]4oszjlntv9hszvx^+hknt¡j{ªstvl^(vxo\p\p\qp\ntpµsWvx^tostv
\^=hl·Ujxntmnt]W\oijx^v¢\oij+ªZ\qrm9Z§UnUszqrh}jxnvx^vlniiom^jxZ\^%hxsz]W^%¢L^=ZsgqnUv¶sUh}jxZ\^Wm9Z\nUhl^p\^gqm^t¨
YZ^5sz\qrmszjlqntpvxo\p\p\qp\nUpjlZ\^^]o\szjlnUv4mstp p\nzj%iqhkjlqp\Uo\qhlZ ¢A^3j{ª^^=pjlZ\^ntvxqUqpst/i^=qrm3^
stpWjxZ\^¶gqvkjxoszAntp^t¨?YZ\^(^]4oszjl^=5i^gqrm3^¶m=szp¢L^szp\ntjlZ\^=vmnt]W\oijx^vszv9m9Z\q¦jx^=m3jlo\vx^t«gsu2N}| nUv=«
qpµnto\vm=sthl^t«\s%]Wnt¢\q^+Z\ntp\^U¨?Y°ªniqK^vx^pj'^=]4o\rs7jxntv9hZLst^(¢L^=^pµohl^=¨
' (
YZ^}nt·gqs N¶^t^=nUL^=vxh+dgoq¦jx^¡¤nUv+taE~'«Kntv
2
L«K^=]4o\rs7jx^=h(\vx^=m3qrhl^f§s5rszvxt^vxstp\t^nz¡ }nt·gqrs
Z\ntp\^Jh«qpm3oiqp\jlZ\^=qv¢\o\h¨åjhko\LnUvkj9h/m3nU]W\qqp\s7ssz\qrmszjlqntphszp®¢\o\qiqp\%vl^Jstifjln
hlZ\qstm9·7stt^=h=¨dg^=t^=vxst\\o\tqphwstvl^'sthlns7szqst¢\^U«tszn7ªqp\jxZ\^'^=]4o\rs7jxqnUp%nt¡-s+iqK^vx^pj/Z\ntp\^
j{fgA^t¨%YZ\^nUp\^%ohk^JZ^vx^qrh¶jlZ\^ *- 5 ¨ åj(vln7gqri^=h}jlZ\^®dgfg]¢\qstppszjlqt^W|'u {h=«
ss7s%^3 i^=moijlqntpE\rs7jl¡¤ntvx] stp2jlZ\^ *5, ,*4 « '&5 ,$- stp 81/ |'u {h=¨
YZqh^=]4o\rs7jxntvZsUh]Wstqpf®¢A^^=pµohk^JjlnWvl^Jm3nUvx5nt¢iy{^Jm±jxhq¡¤^=hlszpEszpLhlq¹=^t¨
YZ\^i^=t^=nU\]W^pj(·gqj+¡¤ntv^]¢L^J\i^J st\\qm=s7jlqntpLh(\^t^=nUL^J¢gfdgopqrhmst^=jlZ\^ "$#$
-+* $9-$ *5, 9 1 9 3¨åjqhsthln%qpjl^=vl^Jh{jxqp4¡¤nUvoLhszp2m3nU]%^=]%^=pjxh¡Öszqvxf
ª^AjlZ\^
2
qp2nto\vh{jxoifU¨ÓpLi^^J«iq¦j\vxn7gq\^=h?jxZ\^psz]W^(nz¡stLjlZ^mvl^Js7jx^=nU¢iy{^=m3jxh=«ªZqm9Zqh
oLhk^¡¤o\jlnhkjlo\f®jlZ^qvntvxqUqpÖst\\qm=s7jlqntp°«\|'u ntv'U´¶a8qpUjx^vxpsz&±¨
'$# ! '
|¸v9h{j(n7t^vxgq^=ª nt¡wjlZ^4vx^=hlo\¦j9h¶hlZ\n7ª'h'jlZ\^=qv(vl^=szjlqt^Znt]WntU^p\^=q¦j{f2qp§jl^vx] nz¡/hlq¹^4nUv}q¦¡¤^JhkLszp-¨
YZ^¶hl^^=m±jx^=®st\\qm=s7jxqnUphw¢A^qp\hlo\\AnUhl^=jln4¢A^}vx^vl^Jhk^=pUj9s7jxqU^nz¡-]Wnt¢\q^}\Z\nUp\^¶st\\qm=s7jxqnUph«
ª^+mstpZ\nUL^jxZ\qrh'h{jxoif®ªq¡¤o\vxp\qhlZEstm=m3o\v9s7jx^¶vx^=hlo\jxhqpjxZ\qrh'int]stqp-¨
U*5B *-< » ¿G &&¿ ti » À ? À ¿ &&» z » À ¿ WV » zJ
YZ^=hl^\s7j9sWZ\qUZ\f2i^=L^=pµnz¡?Z\n7ªDntp\WjxZ\^4sz\qrmszjlqntpµqrhohl^=¨|'p§sU^v9szU^¶¢A^ZsgqntvZsUhjln
¢A^hkq]4oszjl^=-¨ ÓpWm3ntpLhk^J¬Uo^pm^t«jlZ^vx^=hlo\jxh\vx^=hl^pjl^JZ\^=vl^m3nUvlvx^=hlLnUpjxn(s ±vx^Uo\stv" ?ohk^nz¡LjlZ\^
st\\qm=s7jxqnUph¨\nUv^ \sz]W\^¶ssz]W^}rsthkjlqp\¢L^j{ª^=^p4szp2+]Wqpgoijx^=h¡¤ntv 51+ 6 «ijxZ\^¶sf
nt¡-szp®szoLiqnszp®sqri^=n+¸^¡¤ntv ,- W5* ntvntp\^']W^=ponUvx\^v?¡¤nUv , &*.-/ 06^ .6^A13 ¨?YZ\^
s7jxs(ZsU^¢L^=^p®m3nU^=m3jl^JªqjlZWjxZ\^ 'nU·gqs 2 A¨zYZ\^p-«tjlZ\^}]%^=]Wntvxf4sznim=s7jlqntpLh?szpWm3nU^=m3jlqntph