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HAL Id: tel-01751193

https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01751193

Submitted on 29 Mar 2018

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Ontologie, sciences cognitives et identité personnelle :

Mikaël Mugneret

To cite this version:

Mikaël Mugneret. Ontologie, sciences cognitives et identité personnelle :. Philosophie. Université Nancy 2, 2006. Français. �NNT : 2006NAN21012�. �tel-01751193�

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AVERTISSEMENT

Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie.

Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document.

D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale.

Contact : ddoc-theses-contact@univ-lorraine.fr

LIENS

Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4

Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php

http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm

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Table des matières :

PARTIE 1 : INTRODUCTION

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PARTIE 2 : DISCUSSION ET CRITIQUE 75

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PARTIE 3 : IDENTITE PERSONNELLE ET EXPERIENCES DE PENSEE 345

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ANNEXE : IDENTITE PERSONNELLE ET SURVIE

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