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Long Term Dependences and Heavy Tails in Traffics and Queues Generated by Memoriless on/off Sources in Series

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HAL Id: inria-00073168

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073168

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Long Term Dependences and Heavy Tails in Traffics and Queues Generated by Memoriless on/off Sources in

Series

Philippe Jacquet

To cite this version:

Philippe Jacquet. Long Term Dependences and Heavy Tails in Traffics and Queues Generated by Memoriless on/off Sources in Series. [Research Report] RR-3516, INRIA. 1998. �inria-00073168�

(2)

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Long term dependences and heavy tails in traffics and queues generated by memoriless

on/off sources in series

Philippe Jacquet

No 3516

TH `EME 1

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