; :.:" .:..: :·, "LA'TH E SE'·A_ E , TE ,: :'. ,.·.·'·

;.... :.');' . ''Avis- "

.''.."-.

.

.,.

,".".'..~'

; :.:" .:..: :·, "LA'TH E SE'·A_ E , TE ,: :'. ,.·.·'·

.MICR OFllMEETELLE QUE NO US. :L.·~:V~ ~_~.REeljE"

...., ;-"r:.

· ····":.iI' ':_)."

. ,'" .

'CANADIAN THESES

ON

,.,1ICROFICHE THESESCANAOIENNES SURMJCAOF)CHE.

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coo.ulD.d

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bytta.Nl'A~~ece4ed.Th"'·theprlDdpd

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~ ~a.ti·~"'fO·i:.·

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~t-;~O~.lC ~~~c1a~:~c2 ~~.~~pea",~:·~· ~'~~y v'~ ~iear~d;.

. . . ' ... '..t:. ' .". . '.'." '". .' ._ . . ,' .• .". . . , .'.~ '

··.foJ;are lul n1lJ.l j.t iadepart_nt. DrIexpeft edly,vU.hth..remavalof_

, '. _. • • "• ..-'.;.'_ • • • • ' . :••:.-: -.,'.".~.:.-.•• . •' .,• • •'.'. '. .'j' ~.

the.Nfl frOlltheac en ..'·.politic.agaiD

c_

tothe:f or.,aDdd-OlIl1nated-.-

~-

, l

~

CHAPTER I BACKGROUND

. . ."..

In:·,191l,St.,:,j~hn' II'~~th~:~~f.al. co'=er~ial-~'~

··;~~;~;~~~~~f~ , ;S:t··

,J~hU'.S..had.,l?Us'~~en,, ~hePr1U~^-.ir~~:,SOCb~~~~ Poli~i::l;,.a"fis,^..it~.

COlllllll!.rCia~··lIUd(inllUcial,,~~prem.'CY',ilte~df~O/Il.,:t.<~i'bWiu.gcontrol over the ..'lIe a,l. and 'wbrador.t ~ lIhe rieBfrOlllthe'tl1o".nipe.t:eenthcen1:ury

" onw~.rda ,

^'andwaS

:~ousolidBte.d',sfte r,

the

b~ craB~' cif

1894. The c~r~i:U^ands~cial',lil1te;comdBte~^{of'II-smalluUJabe r}oflIlerchsn te.(

repr:e~entiug approxima~ely'i~fteen fi~ills3' engag :d ~n both th~:

^fish

. : _· ::~{:::~l:~:;~::::?~:: :::~::fji:l::::::::~:

:"-:...:. ."

'~~{.a.1IIQre ·4·e·~~He~· ~:i~~~~"-Of th~ socisl~ econolllic '::~~:;,~~i~;~t~~~u~:~'~~i:~~~~:n:i::d,~~;r~~=:/~n~;;:gF~:h:~en'~'

.;;,Pr ot e.ct'1:ve 1Jn1on·,in.'New-fo!D1dl ll1ld ,'-190 ~1.9 2S".(Ullpub lishe dPh.D~-theBis, / Univ er s it y of;,LOn400..1977); Addi.t~o.~ar:hi.tor~cal"ba.ckgroundis . '

.':~i:'~::oi;:;;:~i9~~}~ ' p:~l~:~~~ ~n,'Newfo~dland(,Toron t o: Unive r s ity ,-<',' . ;'."',;-

'2 " :,"

~

.... : ,::. ' ;: .. . ',. . .

. ; ..' c. ',:~,.-CelUiuaof.Newf o~d¥ndand'LabudoX'1911,Vol.I, ,I p".~.,.::"" ..~.'. ,:-,,'," , .

> : ." " .. /

~DODa1d. "FPtI,l' p. ^{n .} · FO r·J;utthec . inf o X'llla tion.'see

Host majormerchantll 'te tll1nedlLQabidinglOyalt y to'th~

4CO ,537/11 67. ChsrhsA1~under,HardB^toy~lter^Long.

March 23,1918.' .

'~HeDoi:lald,

".;FPU,"pp.39..40 ,'

,3~8'

^lind

~.

61b1d••p-...358.

8" :'

Noel;P~lltlC8in'NeWf ouudlan d , FP.24- 25.

.

^.

~co

^{537/1167;Harris to}

~g; Hal"~h23, ~918; ,~D.o~id.

,i'FPU," p . 40.-

,..'

'"

mothll r,~ountrj,con tinuallyrein f or ced by cOIlIllercial.andpersonal ties.

Afew~pentlongperi ods.inEng,l~~.,and manyse n t their~OIl8sbroadto be

e.ducll.te.~.

^{4 Although8}

nlllllblt~~~l:.ak.en'an

^activepart in polttica

f~ll~ln~ th'e,lI.~ventof,. re8P_on,~ibW {~,il'~nt

^'in.1855:

b~::th~,.lat~

~890a .wate~. Stx;~it:merchanta hlld"'f~;~he

^{.!los t}

,.pa~t· i3;band~ed

^.the

hPu~e

, . " i . ,... ,.' ,:" , ". " '.' ',." "

o.~.ass·~~iY, , +d

^were,

,c~t~~t" tq ~lt:~~. '~hei.r ~~l'n~s.' ·~~.t~r~~~s. i~~'

. ····:::2:h~'::t:;;v:~'~:;:·L :'::/:;:O:::::;:~':h:;;;:;L:'

sheets,;,.6the re ·

deve1o~'ed

a,latenteonvict i oJ\' that·.:1t"

~,as"' ~e'Bt

..Bu.1t;d,'

to.crowilcOlO~Y status ~7 ~ey

_~

-remd~~d v;;or~iJ~ oppor:e~ta

^.•

of 'cbn~~~e~at1on .

".;;..;

....

^{" ...},'.- ,.,

--:

"', .

wi t h Canada,pYinclpallYbecause. of ,diC..A:llIllIDerc1illcOI'IIp eti U on.J;hi a would

.entail. 8

Ne1th~r.

^{were they}

n~ ted(f~~""thair'"clViC

prJ.deor philantrophic:

activity. Re~er~1ng,ⁱⁿJanuary1914.t~

a.a.

_lI~dng'sre cen t·giI; of pag.land,·and·W.D.'Reid's:Jll~s^tobu~ldatube~ciJlos1a^{hoapit41,aSt.} John's'newspaper.cceeended~J:f'l:(genefo1,lSity;

whichl('a.aillmoststartl in g'10itama gDJ.t ude,.e Bpe cl- a~lyb1tbtii'colllllunf,ty...her.e.th~te:a:refe...ins t an ces of giftsbyweal t hyc1t1~ena,forpubllcpurposes... Itisrat hera tegret tableereecseeae ee th a t.In . spi teof allthe8rea~.fortunes made~n th~sColon y .~

....~.: .

•••b,.,tho. .'whoh.&..edeY~loped1tsp'r~c:1pal ,t ndUlltrie •••• • theRhasnever'be enany.ub",:,.' .HanU~ph1llil t tarop1 e"offeringOQtta.if behalf

iJDt llthepR.n t year•••• Thech&l1&e.dnot. ..a bette rna l1 z .t1OQ of ·tb e aoral.1fnotle&al•

.tla1ll11 of-..nofwealth·toeontdb llt etothe .., bette r-mt'olthecO-m1tll!S:1u,"hleh:t he.y have :aade; t helrIllOlMY.,9 ...:..~.> .:

. ...

^~

.... ;...

^,:.~

. . ..',

J~ '~~l'i~~:b/:~','~~~ins':'~~~'l~e:~~'/~lii'e,':~~'~{;".~ s ·: . ; )o~~:~-b~~~~'

. '~~;~ ~~,.,.: ^j o·~~.~~~ ^:tl.:· ~,~: ^.. ~~qt':.b~~~.~.~<~'~~:· . . : : ;~~~1·~~~~~.~~~'1,:.~n~·~~~·~~~~"" ~:'~

"ere ti e d to;gov'tI!""'nt/pubUtlIe " 1te tcfttr~Ct i,,:th e..ut~1IIIeeooOmy,.and theiai ln y,.md:the1<t·poP'u i .r.trength'UM'lD81~11:frOlll,the'

AviiJ:ori' ,

IIIl!rehen~dt.;~uled^theee.pol1tle~:l1,.".tt.1V~~pok.._n'~f:the'new',.. -',..,

:::: :~':d~::·::d.:;::::·r::i:.~ ::.:~: :;::~;::11··, .'

.

':Al~hOU~ ~' 8lgoiflelll1t'.·¥.·r;orti~~ ~~:h~~::'O~:·~~~l~

^..

~:~~::~~.

-'~-,--+-~"- "'- .,. ' .. .. . .\ ,

~undei A.~~~~1;:d;~i=~~~ri~ig·::=::~£:~:~i~:;~:~t~:.:\·

^-.:

Uftll-dinga..r.eterlatia.~.lIewfoUlldlmd'9\1.rterlr(St.John:. ),April.~. .' 192.2.:.p;,4•.Bowring wu localrepre. ent.Uveofthe,L!ve tpoo l-blllle d..··

,'f~ r..of JlOllrlnglI'totben;.Can8d1~bornlaid,thatol ony' a.we althi. .t

·In,d\lS t rl~l1l.t,.,Th.b08p ~U l.ne:"e~.lU.~e t1~l1zed~. .. ..,

".10':, ;'.<~: ',:'" ,: :,-,"~.';:::.v..',' ...' .':"..", . ' .

Earabll'h~;:'Of~=~:~ rG.~:~~~:. ~il~~~tJ~:~; :g~::o:4l~d

^•

...U14,~'Urb8!\,Hb t ori~vlew~IX(Fe~ r;~ry,1981) .·37...!

.

i.~ti~t~· ~>'~~~" ,;~·,·~~d~l'"~~i~~~: • . :'of'·~he ~~~;'-·Of ".

^",

.,the,N.evfo~dlend.HolllOeof Mllelllbly ,.Exe eut heCouoeil,and,Legl~lat1ve.i CoUntil;for.thePedod,19 55-l9 1~".•(unpubU.hed.-"I.A .tbe. b;Hemorlfl.s: Urr.1.,e~it1ofH~fOun~~~~1913),'

w• ..

5~~~~.~---:.. .

~.

13 ' out po rtba ckg ro unda, forthemoBt par t

..

.'.-:

..'.

:

,.":' : .:~. : ..I '•.''

I';; ,',,::,'•.

r~_80Ure'e, de'~do~~~t. ~abie'~,~.~;n~~8~~n i:.O_~,Il- unit_e;,i~:.~h~1r d~:'~ln~. ~ . >. J.

wit htheurbanworki ngclan

~:en8ure

tha tall

di~;u'~e:

within the, ,' , ,.

. ' ;

bll8in~1l eo:..~ity vere~ q\liekli '8ett~ed:Ut BY 191~:U

^the

Iievfoundland' ~ "

^';,

'~;"', :-,

'\.: ;.:.: :::-: ' : -,.Quart e:l rreporUd,

t~ Board.~

^{ofTrade hadn;QaII!topla ya:eh'alarlt';,.a.-,.}

' ,.! "

~.':.

.

~

. "

, ' . " ,

',., _. ....p~ttintheaet iY1Ue~ofthee~~~ythat~t.preaidiDgoff b:e r had-, .:, "

'::~ ~ ^{.. :. ,:- 'c:a.e td}

^{beresarded....:e.eoodoaly'to}

l;~e pr~

^aiQ.llltethUa8elf."24 ... " --\..

~

~l r- .'',.,,::::' :::,~:~pj;:i~;'d~iL~:1 ,::::ij~~~;t,:h:;2:,~:~::~X ~'Y;' ,:": ^:;r

':.'"" t '';:'

'!,,:. ' -::. ~'-'. .' • -.,. . ' " - . ' - ·i, ..... . - . . . . _ ' . ' .,,-.,j

::. ~. ; .;.', i: _~~e~~~~~:~.:::~.~~ll.~/ ,. ~~e.,.~OriDe_~

^__

Cl~~~.~y :_~.~;t.~f1e;~~t.h~l_r ' ~t~;.~es~·-:t:~' , : ~ ,i

.':.'-.'

';J~~':'

. ' :... . . .

--the- l att er.:.Wi thintheurbaD elX:l:lalD.lty,rellgiOll.'ratherthanee OllOldu ';:.;;. .,:

.·.. ·~ :~ .. ~~e ·~~i1~~-. o~r~:' ~~. -·f~~:~·~~~;: . . :'~~·" z:.. ,.>. ':. . : .-~./ : -', ",-.

^>'.-:'.'--.

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^{.• i> .-••}

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^{•• ..}

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IC:'::;Ai ? ; i t(i~ ~~ ~~rr~ ,, "

~. ; )r~, : ,,:,(,~,, ^{f;i "} ,;",<:~;;>

, .).'.-.:' . .. ~.:.:: .: . . :.~:, >~. ': :, ..._ : ... .: ':- -.. . '.<:. ~, c-· ,. ^{.: .. '} q

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:., ::_~:

.:-,

.,...

.. .. ... ::.: .

···'f

-.. :

-., '.

.:-.--".

-:::.

~ '. .

."..

::

^'.'.

...

^;

,..

~;:

.

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, , .,=-:•

..\ppr~x~t.i1, ~~~alf.tbe

_;. . <:.... ~ . .': ~ ..: ,

^1toIlan

CathOl.:lC~-·

^theother

h.al~

^_

cliv1d~c1.-l.D.

^[ougllly

equal pr~port1~.

,: : ;; ~~i ii I~~~.:;· . ..

. .1".' .../ '•..

:·;1 1 "": ... '

^i.

H'D=:'d'''FPti;;';;;:';;:~;; :::;~l;,ii,:::;ii~:~::~:;~~:~,,b';. ^{' .'" .}

.

·.•

_'

··• . 1

_.

.·· .""

_{:~~".-;\.:.:'}

'.. .''.'.

_{', : ;}

· · .,.;:i

l i land,_",

,f

ill

~,i6~:d<=:·i:::':.:'Y~

TheBook ofN"'"f aundlilnd;V.ol

;~~:

.,VI, ed,

'E;;)~:L;:;,;

by.1. 11. ,.Slllaliliood

^::1;;

'

^..•.•

;..

,.. .i··" .:;(St.;JohD.',lnNe;~f~dlUcl. Book,Pu~::'d~",n ,':1~7~,>.'pp.·:ZO()-:Z5.~ .-'<,...

f ,, ':' : ·"

;{;..

::;::

-.:i.tl!.an·~.

^b4:d

u.;t ~tii'~8ai'b~:11 g~~·t.d·_·P·ollti~' re~~~~·~~~.~i~ 'il1

··· :'::~2Yi:1$i?:r}'0: t. -":··

.. _··· 7~~~.::::~:t _{'~ ;" ;} b~'; 'O fm" n :7;m ::,~:~~::~j::~~E::::::;E~;:;::j;;·· " ~m, ' ^.. ~'~t';:. JBhn~"" :4 ^{..•• , . ...}

.constant;lyto frustrate.,.".~J:'oUll ~the} 6 ~ of•.t~~ ce~t urylocal

.:

powerleall toprcyenti t.4 3

In addition,lIIanylIIout hW'e atIlIeDwen tran81- ent e,shif tingback andfort hbetween thebanks IQld' the

Nova

Scotiaand Bo"tonf:l.aher~ea .44 The area\01&8 alsO,uniqueinhav ing... wintertnllho re cod f1JJhery. Whilethedilnoulinat:lonal1ymixed lIurin Peninsu lawllS

.1"61ative ly P?pulouaand'well,jervi~ed.the predocrlnanrlyAngl ican sou t h

COaBtwas extrclIIl;!ly !sabred and bllckwa. . ; rd. The loman Catho licdioee.... of

"'St -. Ge"rgl!" a..,QTganizedin,,1901enc·OIl1p88aedt~e·.tlfonorthwestandth re e_, "

aout~e8t"d1etricta:.'^butcnIy:St:_Ge9-r8';~8^{,·di.iltri.:t,}~ada,Cat~ol1e^majority;. ce~enllyIIpeaking ,'St~Johil'smerth~tI'doadnatedthe outp_or~~:l8h1ng'~ConDIlIY'th r (jU8hasya'cemofc_redi~·.purcb.a~1_ngfish~ ex<:hange for supp i t e ..'lInd cdnllumerproduct.; They'supplled the capital-a nd bOLe t.he riaka

of.t.~pitd ~ve.llt",e~·t .45

^{whi lef1s'helllenbore}

therill ko~f^tho:'vo~age,⁴⁶ Si n ce theyseldom rece iXirdcash,fhhermen l'fer....force dto te nd gardensand'livestock',.hunt"gllllle.Cut wood lind build theirownhOllieS

and

~essels. Merchant ..'in'turn organized the marketingoffish andfbhproductl!l. Theyinvestedcapitalchiefly in thewhol eadaand iataq.,~r"ad"-"andc~to de.pend in c re as i n g i yOntheir monopolyofthe",.41

As ~'~·" ~.~su1t,m~~:.?f

^theinshore

fishe~

^was

-t

..

4~Dona1d.

"11'V,"p.41;

r~ 1916.~ut:"rie., Mare~

^16,

19 16,p. 15; below,pp.2?5-;l6. - - .

44B~1Iand'Ne b,"Region a lFacto~,,;np. 208.

4.5Sager,

l~erCh.ants

ofWaterStre"t.".p•71.and

~.

4.6B~8D.d·Neb, "Regional Factors, "pp.101-08 and.

~'.See a180,McDonald,"FPU,"..E..!!!..!!.!!:.. •

·under eapit ali&ed.48

Altho~ih

^{a nUllberof}

Ou~~or~

^{Mrcl1_uu:portecl}

"Il

':'1

':!

Ush.tha,... ed lenerallytoo _weakto lnve at in erpeDllive equ i p_Dt and

·,..un.; '.,•• 'm'

fa<

",~,gol •••",,.•." re ... b~. g,"'" , "0< ". f

bytheUntd.cad..'o f the twentieth ce ntury'_.rlaYent ype rcent

I

of_I I lncOldnI and OlItloingcarlo pan ed throulh. St.John,•• 50

i

.'.(

fact t_h atthe out po r uprovided the)r1n cip alre b OIl d'ltrefor St.

·John's- onthe lIuppl)'. id_.r....tllat.r1elaandlabour;onthe d_ d

a1~e.

^·....i-keu

~or

^local

IIIWl':Jact~red

^.md1lIIported'good..

-'~all ; freq~~~tlY

^,

' : : : : Z : , :::.. '::h::':::: ' f:::j,,:,~:::,::t:::,~~:,::,::::: . . ~l " ·" "

~Uf~~t_uring' l11d~strlu

^{wW cbwere}

prot-=C:t~d b;

^{hi gh.}

ta:r~f!a, -~~~

P:~lnc1Pal .

^{lou rca of}lovernmen trevenue:51

It:_

^this

,

^situation

th.~~

caverheto·tn. Ur.t.erlouachalleogeto, Sy:.',Joho'lIasc~daoey., .counted byV.F.Conn. fo undu oftb.F1ehenle~'1zeeeeeetveUnion ( [FPU]and theUnionParty .

hC1na.1 nlonthenorthea stcoal~In19? 8-<I9.Coeur.-at

~ttofreefu ber - n,froratheir'depend~Dce ~St.JOhD'II·_rch~U.

·a.rya

^{md Nah.}"Regioa&l F. ct or.. .. p. 208•

•

9~a1d.

^{"FPO." p.12.}

Ac~ording

^to

Hc~.ld~

.pproxiN.tely.t-l enoutport Un..weudin ct l ,.ta ...olve d10th~

exporttude•.

SOSager, "Hoar chant!'ofWat-=~Street,"p. 91; McGrath•

.Newf oundlan d1tI1911.p •.239. .

SlNot~ ,

^tor

ex~le .

^thi,

'~olllllent f~O\II ,the·weote~ Sta~'

asindicativ eotthe feeling,Onthevest'coas p ,"But for••• [the'- outport.]St.,John'stoday wouldbe.B'v;l.llegaof bllta,and yet when 1t tomeoto publicb.ei Ut i e.and1.llIprovelllentitheyICC stuillefu U y

._ ....':leglectcd.." Quoted.illEv~ltIg T~legrltlll.(St.JOhn 'I). O,ctOb~l'25',1918.

',21'101011.POl1t l u·inNewfound land'.p,20;

.. J

, •....

-

,'-~'. r ' ,

' .-" "

;¥,.

17

I)'the endof 1911t~eFPUcllhe dl.2,SOOd~-payinl~be"organizad ieee 116loc a~^Gdfou r dist dct...counci b,IWnt a blUbe d_ p aper(the F1aher.ea.'a#.d.vo<:ate. aooacobecomethsMa1.1mdAd.oe ace ),,11;1:1over 6000aubecr i ben,and aae~1uofcashsto~ea'opera t111.1unduthll"ll.RII of theUo.ionTra di ng Coop,,",y:S3 This"... fo11OO1e db)' the fWodlngof

t~e

union'part)',

~h1Ch

^advocated

. radica~

trau f o nlation of

th~ ~Oc:1~l

and.econ~csra te •• Coal<.er 's~a1,:,:st rength,!alI.~oncm.~rate~,1o '~he nor t hen,t'co~t,.8nd,,C~C~C 1OD.,~~~.d1st~1c:t~,o~.~.1.,lUll.g~i:~~,·F~~o.~ ^"c.~^",

>. - . 4 -:•.,:•.- 1/. .

'c

/I~aViat.~ :.·IeY·d~:~e~d.'.,.d^Portd:e:Gia~a; ^{'His,:-:U,cee'e,} ~the"e, ',!,r~~^•.'.

':,\!:n~:~:i::~':a::~:'~'t,::" :j~~-::'a~~':::~j:;:~~:~:~:,::~::.-.::.~::e,~~

^:".

." ,S"4' ",':~', '- ', : ''-. , :

theab sence ofun1t~dcler i cal,O'pp oa iti~. Riainr oad e onthe,...vd~.'."

Pen1nBu h, hadbeen haltedby,t!l"c~1nedoppoa1.tl.onofWater.Street , the~oveI1llllflltandCh'aRo...n Cat holf.c-.a.uieh . "'he n.111 1911el~en'rru loca18veeeapOPhneoU:lyfonedinl'errylm;'-dandI'lacent 1.ll- St ."",ry 'a dist ric ts . theyvereQuidtly'batll.e d bythe'. "....;,Ca tb.ol 1 c.aicbbi"shop . vilaargued th at theyvue"c.al~.ted^toeaU~.lr.~t·c~nf"'icm,,·"'d^an uphea valof'ouraocialhbri~"l^{toae t'elaea}a~sc c1&e~',^{andtoelld, .} InCh:niia anddeetruction oC

ou~ ,"c~rcial

^and

~u.lness .~

^.•

t~·~~S

^,"

"%heF1'U

lo"al~ .

^{folded.and.Co.aker'9.}

adVla~~

^.:..

eff.c~ive~y .

1:.pedl!!d 111

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. . .'.

:.

accow-t. ;

tbe~~:;d~~/de~:io:J:~/:f,~~9~u.~::et=~::~d~e;,~~~e

^.'

Iy19 14Il~~ enhiphad~a"hed21,060 org an i ud into 20610c&1 coun eU II•

. of whiehtwen tY':'flln eveIl.on the lI,outhwe,st·ceallt. McDonald,"" Fl'U , "

pp,. 54 ;'13 4".4" ". .... ..

: ,: :' r. . .... , , . ,"', ' » ' " "

..5Brym~dN..ilI,."Rej :Lon&1 Factor ll." S8l! oleoKcDonaid .

"Yl'U .'~pp.'S6-57; Nasi,PoliticsinNavfoundl.,.d•.pp.91:-94.

, - ,;y. ~, "1~ .'~d::.:';:,::,:~~A:;~

^b,

." "<0' 0, ,,"1.,

in

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~he rar~... . 1D.1912...deplan atoIU f t ht..b....t.n.... he adqllar tere fr;od St •.John'.to Port Unloaintr1n U!"y, "ltabl1.btn, au &l.te rziatlve toSt.

Jam'.

111the Dor th. CoruItruct1.0D, , _nc'd inUl&.aDdpro c e e ded

.

.

' ", ' ' -~

10 rapi dl y.ru t even-St. JobD'ac:lerlulhadreaaoa totlNl thr....reaed•

• .

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.. '

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57C~ 194/29~;.' ~r~1Ji. to 0a. S"~~~lIb·er' 28. , ~918. ·

,. -'..

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fO~~~'iU:' 19~O.

^It

. p .'s., ' ~ ' 1910

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th~r~'

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.... reonly.160Ule iuph o ff i c:ee and 1500-1111_8 ofline • .Largepar.t.,~f.;.

~he,llOrthe"1"D p_lne 1,l1& Wl:dLabr~dofremeilutd,UD.c:~~ec:te~. · "'

' . ". - ". '

·thi rty-tvo 1II.&&1It"r.t' .,thirt y-ail<

loliL\s• •

fev jll8th:e·•of'

. . , . . .. .

.

the pe.ac..pol1ee·aDdI:ust_ o.(fi fl a l .aud re a ulu.c 1.-caUsofthe'

. .

^{' ~-} ., '. .

~i.pt~Courtpr:ovtded t.hech1.-~Unkllwith,th~~.plt&l• .F!,-ced.with t.h e

d.1~fiC:'.alt1.

^of

~·~!1

^..i1n&

" ~e~i!,,~'

^to

ilOlat.dc:~unlti;'. ~10ll.&'

^•

.>6 0OO;-lleco ut .',fIuCCe8111";io~~~t·._·h.d:.~OPt~dthepr~etice^of·

·

de;~il:.~·1ng ~; r.~poIlfLbil1u~s

^•.

:rhu~'

^.the

R~i~ ·~~noli.e.t

^•-..jor·

'p~t Q;

^the.

tran.po,rt.i1~ .~~·t_._ .~ • • i~.ry

^.D'd

ellur~b-epoa"~~e~'

•. . .. ntDenl:ot.th eeapi tal vu fu rther 1.Dc:u &sedby.t he.

" " -'

-.

^{' .}

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·.~.ea~.ti :~f o~tPor~ .d~: tr.t:t.~e .ag.~nt::i.~~ y:'?d,_ ·~.~~~~:~

•..

p.~r, ~_:~t_rl~~·_. ",

·repUU DtaU,on~d.,the_eat &b1iahoiclpracuc:~;ofdelelaU~I_" _adminl.~rau,:,,•.. ,"

.ut.~~r~,tl:':

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^{., :}

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;"eoi.andl:~,h';:e'e~tr~i' -IO':'~~~t' '~.~~.:i.n.d, b\l,t:',~·:·i~_e,ci81l.ili. b~re~.lI.~~.CY.':

. ' ~':.::~':~::':: :::,:::':~;;~:::~U:;b:t:;:::·:t:,;:,:~~ ",' . , . , /(.

IIl.lesian,,';~pd nc l pdi,'.~o\U\d~le.ctl~n

t. iM.

^{S 1 ;,.'S"ruul..',}

t1W.

out- - . ..,

.. .. .," '-" : -

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,.

". ," . port publlc....rvlc:a .IUch••Itwas , ..uUered£I,. ...lad;ofcoot.multi

·.and

C<>hu~on:

^{'1Q .d4it1onto}

^.n

llIadt=qu.ne

P~.ta1-t.eieir~~h ~yste:1I.S.8:·

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oq;an1zatiOli.a dgniUnn tp;;'rtl.."nof he.ltb.••lVic:n . lUldiDd hldu.al

MIL\B

aJ:ld~

pol1 .tLc:.l

~ard. ~'eelers t~.

'cl18t ri but l _

.."f

publ it

fW1d~'-59 :

^.

twohuDdntd.

~

f()1Jrte m,outpon

cler~tl

fellhelr;to',.

c:ooS1.~r.~l.

. ' .',:',

19

...j;", . ;P'2",,~tHc';';'''; ;;~'': ,, ;,,: ;;",; ;~'U';" ~";'fo:m.- ,; ·

. _~ • _~. <:K~~i.: ~~.: PP "· ':~', ; , ' :~<.;;' -:,. .' ^{·r '}

._. .' Kerr,~KS.."c1al,Anal,.. 1e~"pp.·,l8-19/ 278-} 9.-.',!lI e.Sur '-of til."seaAaaoc iat lon.• nd 1lenevoll!l:l-,t.Ir1ehSociet,.vere,~8t ":clu-;.

.

";-::a~:~ra~~~~~',:·:;::~~i~to~C:~~e:~~:1·,l~:~e~:f:::Y:~rt ~~J:r~:':": .·

^..,,-

. onthe'north• •t',co. .t·;m.dprovidedCo.ile~'with- •,,,.lu~lenetvor k..o f" '"

,~~'~~~:r ~;~~~~P - ~~;~;~~.an ~~:,~~£i.~~;a~\:;~~~-:i:t.'~~~?~r·7: ,~'.~

. .:: ''; ' 6~~:'~:1:i'n~~~'~~~:~r~~" ~~~~;~>~~'~~ ~: 'n~i,.",~~:~~blie~~ : . ';.

centnl N".,foun cll andlUflber1IlR,co~ lt iq.'. '"-. , , " .

'\.

, . '. " "

.le.denh1p~aDar'!_. Tbu e.~they .,,~'"10.,...r1 .ty of unofficial

. ,:' ..

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.

.. ..._.:..:...~.~ '_. _~ --. '

·

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~Ddi. <:~~t!"ed.

^Ltberd

'~rtY-;.

^{H;:n of}

~

^{he '!-,!}

~n

Un ioo.uff eranc e•.,

' Jand· ~.a.

^{.uccted ed}'s h ortly'

ther~.ttet

^bt·'J.M.

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..lIou,'PoliticsillNe"foundl~.~.,.l18;.H<:Donald." ;."

. ; "

.

:'.' .~.

,"',,'7_9MCPo'na~ii'; ',~Fl'~.". ~~~ '~6~!1l " .~~ ~~" .~C;v·.:-;P .. i~i~. ',;.,

.~~ -l~/;;~~7~":~~~d~":·,i:~':'~rca:.~"· ~~;-~~.· l~lir ^::'. '.~ ^.'. ~"

•COB7/~QO.David.o,nt~ ~~court,.:!l.are!il O',.u a .. .

~·divl..ion.-·,flH ~h~ gO~~~nD.en:t: re,t~~·ed 's~~,teen ~.o'~t~~ra·: ~tnli,~-:n'''': '

Catholic;'..

~ts,

^;"11alleYen

o~t,O,<fH.~~~opp~'iti"'" ~.r(c~, .

'h oethePrOhs't~t_.'..110rth._,. ,,'The'_{,. ;}tema~bl·'.ev'eli"·~eept ioti·_{, . .}

.

^" ~,I1~rth^. ',

29

pos siblyone or two'othercent res .for the mostpart they were an urban

measure of publicsu ppo rt,and came to.oc cupy an ex tremely,impo r tantplace phenomenon andinter-de nomi n a tion al,riva lr yplayed a large partin

see a1ao"PIlA19i7,Bennett ;Jul y25,

- '- , '

" , I , ;\ . ,

::Tnesa'scantypara-miliuryr~oiirce~"e~ealt,t ha t were

92 ,. '

.!!!!l!.,pp,9],-96.

191 7 , pp.'518- l9~

... '. .

, 93" , .

Nicho lson ,'Pight in g Newf oundland e r , p.97 ;~.

Telesr aiii,Dece mberI,1914 ." :

theirsucces s . Theyre cei ve d nogovernaentfunding.bu tenjoyeda large

in thesociallif~oft~town. Al t h.~ughmembershipwas opento ...11 dual'S,the,brigs.deswereCOlmII s n dedby prOlll1ne')tbualJ1 easandprofes.., sJonalmen

.mel

we reofficer I'dbytneiraone , many of

w iwm

^{fuiclrec'eive d}

~d1D,mtary,

1;i.fle lind de B!

~ti"u~tt:on in B~lti~h_P~bl~C

^Behaule.92.

,NOnethe1,~'S;

^{the movemen t :}inif fe,reil.

throu~h -;:;8nt

^of

p1"ofe."lio~.i

^.

military

~Xpertiae.

since'there

"ere'-Virtu~~lY

no prDfe..

~i-onslly

cJ;$ed

"ol di e ....re~iden t inthecolony. l1leLegionofF1:onc-lersl1Ien. aaelll1- militaryorgani:t~t:l.onwit hloots1.rIthe'Boer Wsj"'h"adbeent,ran s p o'rte d 'toN~foundlanibyIi.membe r pf'theGr enfellMis'~ion. It Wa9distiJ,g"lis b e d fr,01Il 'thecade t

~orp~

mainly by'its,a,dult',lIIelDb ersbiP:

~on-denollinll.tional

Chs;scter.sndnorth.e~^{'!'riell:ts t;ioil..} ~vies'"wetefIIaintained~inLa b ra dor, St. Anthony

(on ~h e

(l0 rtbe r n.tipof thei,iand ) and .se.JQhn',s . ,The,:'

la~t

^....

ab~'citb~d

^lIanY:f cin:..r

~~be:s

^of

the boy~'; b~:j.8ad.~~.

^93.

' ~"" ,

^,:."

~avali.~b1e

.

toth'~,goVel"nmen tin',Augii~t1!i! 4:"..

I'"

~H'OVl:-TWhellDi';g

L "

3D

When the Britis hultimatumto Genoany expiredat12100

. -

p.m,011AugustiI.191 4,the empi re"'8S atwar. It wa seh~.!.:~ax:(lfa compl1eaudtangle ofEur op e an politicaland-mil itaryriva1r1E;8that had been stm:.er-ingforye a r s . Al thoughtilecoil duc tofforeign policy, ini:ludingth e declarationof war,wsawholly a Rtitish'p r;roga tlve,tthe

"xtentofimpe c i a l participationwasamatter-

for

ind1v~4ua~.~ovenim~nt~.. to decide. Unlike

.

Canad a,A~atral1a.New^' Zeal~d

^{. '}

^,anil South^{,'" "} Afri c a,^~~ each.^"

ofwhich hadparUc1p a tedintheB~l!rWa r andrE!ota in e dch I!nu~t~ U8.ofa uill1hl;}'

eilta~1~8hment.

⁹⁴

New~O~~d~lI!ld

^had

.na.~~~e: r t~ain;d' ,ol~le~'

^-no-[-

tbaneceasaryadlll1nist.rat~ve

apparstuB

^{'tobrin g sforce}l~tobeing.,j

.

.

.

.

Norwere exbringpollt:r~a landUnancial.';~d.~tlons;-aus p i cious,eo that it 10'88 clea rthatunus ua lllIethodll~U8 t~:

adopted

.'.h oul d,tbe colonydec1detotske?irect'part.

"

;'

';'.

see The Umes ':~~~j~a~o~':~oo~:~:~n;~o~O~i~=:f. ~::;~~~

Hist ory oftheWar,·v ol. II(London,.1915), PP'. 2~8-651A.B. Keith, Wa r Gove\"'lUlll!.nt. 1nt~e;Doliinioil s(Oxford:.C~arendon ,l'res s .1921).,.

I,:'

:,.

"

^.~

_ _

^.

_ _

^.

THE ESTABLISHMENTOFTHEI.;I'A:

ST. JOHNIS TAKESOVER

Tbe outb reak.of ...ar i::_e aa a aurprilleto IIIOst St.

' : ~ ,

..

^{'~. " ,.}

.

John'slIlen. Althoug hthepublicandpreasreBpon d ed'enthusiaa.tieally to, th adeclara tion'.of

va~','a~

'tie fi'tt e d

'th~· :api~8.i'

^of,Brita'in"a:'

~'~~de8t'

on thelocal econ omy. "rp.theth r ong whichviai~edthegubernatorial reaidenc ewer emen of allaha da s ofreligiousand pol-ieicalaffili.,.

aUon... . The

w~r IIpi~it

^waa

ev~;;here."

^the:Mailand AdvOCate'not e d witr.a.pprovalononeday; ~nenenex t itcaUedfor the openu:g ofthe legislature in view'of aerioullfinancialdiffieultiea fae1ng'thecolony andfish'trade,th e "almoattotal'failu re" ofthefi:Shery in,s e ve r al

. , ~ . ,- , ',. 1

andthe -prospec tofprofiteeringllllIoug,provis iondedera. Libe ral

Even~!l Telesra.m;~d

^{the,ws.t et}

.5treet':'ori~ted D~ilY

^News

.~.l80

^.'

pr ese edfor the openingof-theiegi~ lature,to,Piot e c tt,:a de -and commerce. , Specifically,they desi re d,t he ena ct lll6nt.of alDorat~rium011'al ldebts

~

.

^"

~il'and Advocate,Auguat6-7,1914.

31

I

I

. .__,_,.. ..

^,~".,.

• .

^~_._~._.--_

•..,..._.J, ::::::;c:;::: . ..

J2

hel d

~uui;e

^the

eolo~y. _~ly .ln

Great Bdtain, inor derto reUeve pressure oafla h_rch a nts111 St. Joha's. 2

~oftbe s evo"C"C asverejustt U sd,aillc.theoutb re ak ofva"Cdidhav e apreJ udic1&l seoooa1e1o:',,'act. l"Con or.co-panl es011

!lellIslandvh~cllexp o"C t.d...chof tb.h p"Cod~ct-^toCe"C1l.&ll1all but

, , ., .

Ceas e dop. r ation,throvilli-ove"C1000

_II.

^{f"Co-.theae ,Jomi'a}

area,and,CcJuteptioo. Ba y

ou~-

^{of''';'"Ck. ri:e Raid}

Ne~~OU~~l;md .·Comp:'y

:~;::':,'::p:::';:;::;t~l:~?::~ :::j:::~:::::'::':~~J

provision .pri~,~~o:._~~~.

^and-

fu."h··.p!,ic~" d~.opp~,{;~~g_'_to.·.wil~lY: fi~eiu~'

'ao i rig

e~i:har:~e '~~~~e'

^.,

~urope'-n

^·muketil,"and.

tne~~'

^.;

.'~ ~ii~"~~'

^the

ban\l.a .4 '~e

^Mai'i

and:"'d~oe'a't~' e~tinued

^to

h_~"all~y: 'at t~e ~ieak

• _ : I '. c' " _ . '.

pco"pee ts

"".o:1n

g Dorth.eru fis hin geDlIDUnlt1e~,andest1lllat edthat one- thl "Cdoftheto tal popul U iOP ¥Ould-requi~e'govern.ent aUisiaoe.,-du"Ci ng';

"i,b ev:1uter.5 Initialf.an oftbe

di"l~ea~i.ng

^{affett'of thevar were}

tbe; . fo",·wi d. eprea dand.de.p;oaAuguetrith.DillyNevsevenantiti- pate dthe cre atiooof'a

~~tiaaal goV~"C~~t

^to'«IP';:

~th

^{the'tr isis.}

" . ' ^'. .

, .lha:

p"Co~p~et.

^of,a·••

il1·;.~ ~eapQDn. ~~ no~

^{ent i rely}

"oye u hadowlliclby-.th ea .·C:CGc:enul ,

,~d

^tha

br:Lg.d.~ -~r.

^{theflu tt;}

ir.h~ ' · '

'2 " - ".:'. -. . .

. DailyNeva,Auguat6. 1914;!Vftl1DsTel eu_.Au gUs t TheDaily_,Newahadunt~l"C.~tly_,sup,l' or.t. '"th.Peop l e' s

:3£~e;~~g

_.

~nlcl {St. ~~~".)' ~guat ~J~'i914~

_.

': 4ltall'~d^Advoe..t~,·^'August22,1914;co19412sil,

•Davids onto uerccure,?c:tob erJl._1914.

... ..

5~i1

^and

';"'dvoeste,-_ Au~\lIIt

^{8,'10,'1914 ,}

! r

. , !

--_._ -' -~_ . • _- ' -' - '- '--"- ~,~~-~._- ' -' _ .:.:..,':. <: '

Hia·Maje st y'

.·Gaie::'~nt '

giadly ,'av'ail','thIlll18e l ves'of, offe' r.of your.Governmenttora!setro~p8·fO,rland serviceabr oa d . Will'tele gr aph..b t e,r'~,tona val

res erv e.a.. ' -

anyoubatantial1ntereot. Over500pe~oonoIIttende dIIiDe e t i ngot the ..CLB A"", ury on Auguo t.11.and II1milllrmee Un g~wereheldby othe r

orgllnh ~t ionll .inc ludingtheCCCe,the Highlsndero,and.,the Rifle,Club.- Many volun t'eeredto e!"-Ua t bi.mperial·fo rc eo,,an d,1l11.declllr~d^theit

• , .',' 6 , " , ,-

suppo rt.f0r,alocal vo l Wlt a rymili ~ia. 'The Urat'indicaUOl?- th lltsome

'fo~'~/of~~cbl pl~nn1ng '~'ila

^{,i n}

p;Ogre~8

:cai:le:fI:or

/i:l!e i~v.~~~nt-

$pon~~red '£v~rii~I5' Re~~ ld. ;'~~{t'ed;' b';'~h~ ~n

^.'"

~~.

^T.:

,~~~;~~~,:,:'\~~'~~', ~~v~~'i~~ed

~he''~id~t~~lll:'~iv~iian. 'd~f~~C~',f'~~'c;:. ~v'~liia~l/~o~' ~~~ria~~:'d~t;:',~~:: ~ ":

" .:". ,-,7,:"-'" '.""",;. ':"""," " :,<'-.";.": ', ',, '.>" ;' ~ Gre~t~~.it~1.Ii.:,',':LW0..d~yll,~ater~t.pllbUahed ~"ex.:.fl~geo( t.~legr~

. bet'~~~;'

^"the'

'~o~.yn~r',~"~',·~he·-'~'~cr~~.iy

^..

~i \It,it'~ ~,4~ ~e~ ~ti~J~t:8 ':,~ci. ,~'-:~

r~8pect,iV~lY.^OiW,ch,re ad",0 p'a i:.tl

~~s~era 'de~ii:e' aU~ho~~~; 't~:':~;li8~ '8pec11l1 1lIen

^.

'I~or ]serv! ..e-abroa4,by la ndand 'sea • .tU:n1,s t.en Wlde T-talte leel:tau eforce of na val,r es.etv e by . Oct.Jb"to 1000efUdent" menavaU able,for .

."na va l se rv iceabr o adloronefea t::; lQIdare:willing

,tomeetall,l ocal.expen8es~ SlI".;era! hundred,with .

effi ci ent:locU:liriga\le 't rain 1ng"offe t~or,en list- ment'for14n cI s l1; rvic,e'abrosd~::BI~ 1ie~ethat,5 0.Q ,could ,b a,enliated withinonelllOnth •.'Pr opOlIeto inducesariricell;b,~emen bet>leen'l8 an d J6,ye a rs;to ..

::~;~e~h=:;V:'~~:~::~~~~:~~~l:~:f~:'se

^.

wouldform'mat erial forfurther.dra ft s.

. .

^.

,

. . .' ~

adopted the iniUative..an d-pe r s ua dedMQrttstofcil l~.

" .:

^.

JS.

..

^{. ::'}

i .: .

s ecu re a b~. euppori .·_~ ';'~

^thenItte:nde"d a

_~tba ~t; ^{. ,}

^{eo lotdal}

,"~'.j' :' .'. '.,-,

,eecr ..

^t:ry'acfUee. '

^prea1d~d

, . ' ^over,

^by,l1or~i

,.^{••'thepurpoioJe}

.

^{cf,·wh1d.wa."}

e e

arnnie't'o rapub l1 c·altberba"tn

':'rd..

r"to a1ft tbe'citizen ltbe ....·l n.

: ",: " , ..' ' '-'., : ','13 " . .:~.

a>;l'opp.ntuaityofde&11.agvithtbe_trer.~ .&leo

P -:..

~tvetere.~ ~

.:Ilr.atiV~. '~f 't~' ~~~ ~~e~:~" ~~"~'fr~t1e~"~ end ~f~" ·~lid:. ·

^and'.

"! .

';"

^{:', '"}

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^:',". ",

.."" :;'' : . ' , ';__: __ ,. +.d~.,~~ , ~~~~,t.~~,:~c;' ~~~. ~·~op~.,a~ .. "f~t~-:,~,~~~~:O~~~~d:, r:~?'~':

~:,::::::J;~~nf:~~:,:::e:;,:=ti:~:~;:~::d~~:-~:~:1:~:;1:~~;7:7 ~., .~, .. ~.~".':

'...". ~"",i ^{',; ," CLB} ';;;.,.. ,;, = A;.~i12;: ,""~ "~'''''' ^{;'. - '-.} 'I : '

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^;...'

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.

^;

i" I ),

ofthe cit)' •.~.titecl^{be f o n tb...00_.}pletfo_~~^...~'1JIpte8_lI1ft-.r~.7 of

.cli¢t~~.l~~.

^who

h.;cl~" t~1ne~

repn8entatl ft8·t.rr.t lucle cl

~17

^,oo.e

_lIIberof.the'l.~.of.•• •

..,l,..

^{r •}.I.Morri••tbeprt_ ~b~8fl...

"rr.uichen,.ee"t alte,sut hste p. aalIl<iy,be, _deemed'netee8e~,for enl:lJit.in g' ...d'eqU1P;b g••;::

';SOciJ-~n ~~ ^_ .-,,-: :.'~:~' ~d ~- ;oill~ct'l~-

^with

t~e

.,_.:. :; ' " '

..

^{:", ' \.,:-',.' ,: " : ' .}

^{: .}

'.'Gove_m.e~tofth~.Col~ ~andHis;ExcellencytheCovern~r~_7.The

: i:o-J.tt'e~ ~~.

^to.be··Il_ (b)'

n;"rt~ODI '

^ones

coall~lt~t~·.

^-it

~a8 then ~

·:~·~~:~~:::~::~~;::':i:·::p.~:~·;:t:t,::~:.~:::~-:::~;:::'. ~

; '._>.." .,'':,_'"", " •,C'_ _ -_ •_ ••_< .- ''-_-; .

·_-_: ·~~u;r.

of'

j....tlce.lli~r~

sqw.i-e• •

·pa Ut.r1but.·tO »&V1ds~·^{• .}

.. ·~~~.t~~ti~·:·~ot1;,~'·~t~~t::~~ ·~~'t~'~;',,'~~~cl'l'r~~;"~r~ui~ _~~ ~

^..

~~r.~~f-_~ff~rtl.;,·_Mo~'rls-~~~ke

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l~~;·.~~t~1^.~h"t':~~

-;;"'et.1n I- .';U

.: :: :i::h ;:: ' f~::~ .. ^..n' 2:~i:~';~;~ ^{h. i·} :::2:;~~::~r~: :' .'

>,:'. '.", :' ,';I-:...'·b.~e De~.r:'~pok.~

bette r ; "

J!.e ,ia.t~r '~~f1de~' '~o:tlui

lJeo;r'et a q'of

... " . ;; ". ·· .;.. t:~.}' '. "'\(:." ;tl;~ • • U ·;... _{;'. ~~oh P;:;~;;} .• _{pO~ ,f;"_d , "}

, ; . . t; . ... : :: :, ;, ,:,r~~~,.:~,~~·,:.~:,p~~~~~:t~~~: ~f; ^{r :'.} ,:pu~:;~~~~~~'~'~'::,~.b~: t:(te, ~~~:~ ,~~

:""':':'.

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:

.:, :

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~--. ::;., "::

..

^.-

..

"-:.'.

wa~u'P' t o thepub l :ietodo its part,·"inholdin g uptne.handsofthe

'. . ' . . 20

adlll1nistratlonin thiscR.use. "

The"Mail'an d Adv oc.a te,the on l y newspa pertohave J7

"

: ,' : , . ,-. :-' :' :-,' " '-','" , -' <,':, .:'>. '- '

TheMaHandAdyocate'stMrdpoint,...;-t'hs't ,by-i~8^{'fa:11u'r 0i} to

Con8~lt

^lIle lllbe r s of

t~ OPPo81~ioD- the':~QVe~~t

^h4d'

s~~v~'~'~ed

^-the....-.

delllocr~ric

^procenan d. rendet:edrhe-....are ffor ttil.""

pre,rt:iga:ti~e 'of

^,II

. '..- '.. ^' ' . -,- : ,

,

few- w~lleQullllytrue, b.1Jt morediff1~u l tto.e xpla in .-rewou ldeeea, h_owj,ver,.'that'M~rrisl rel uctan ceto take,opp ositi onpari:t~s^intohis confid..nce'...11>lbas ed onsoUnd politicalcons idera tionS."Fu lly,aware . -..,, :' ,-,' .-" ':,', ;

. . ....

^{". ,' .}

^.'

th~tthe~areH,orrr~Uir,ed a,lW;i-£ie4poliUc;:.~ frOD~1~e... a~onet~e~. 1~8are~uetant'ti'place'_hilllse lf 4nder,any 'dir e ct- obligation,-t.o ,t he-

~i,on .pa~t;

^•.,A

'coali~~.;'~p<;~le'd:c'lrt lli~:

d'isasret ,'

tii~ce,

^H

~~~~~nor'

only-render.dcme8'~:i.c^policy'lIub j eee tothei~fluen'~e'of'~he"^{FPU, but}

deEi~;O~ ^{'"r io..} re~~t~.·

^0_f'hl'8

:pe'n~~a.l .s~~p~~~ , ~-~at~r Stre~~ ,

^{and in}

Ro'~,ca~h~iic'are&il·~_ R~rhereforehad· l 1ttle'chciieebut.eeg~bl~on

.

,

mil1tioryNtce sa~ioeans of rest,orlog .some of his~ovemmertt'II lOBt prest,ige,111St.John's.,foritDotooly~apital:lJ:edon the..en t hUflla:-m geneu tedbyth e-declara t i on of'wsr,kllitpr omis e d"eg'divl!rtattention

.fro~.~~espreadt::g_rc:i.al

and

e.c:oriom1.c:disloc a t i ons which WBreexpected

tofo.llow.·Given,theresp.onse _ofthe other,Belf-governing'd Olll-1 nl '?f\ll._,it ...

o:iu~d

^{aliio have}

~.;~n 'd1fileu~t to avOid.

^{:10the-neondp'lace;the"to -.}

"',; - " c. __',',-': . ," : ".':-: .,: ".. ', ', '

pos edcit iz eoseOllliait t e eave r t ed

en e.

eumberaome,:slCN andexpensive

~~~'C~~8: ~f, est~b:~l~~1n~ t~::ri~:::egea~:'go~~;mn'e~t~ :~~h~~e'~, .; ~~i~~

~·~~.e:.fO~~~_O'

^..

b~~i8'.':i: T~':·~~~._~.'",O(';~~~~.~" '7~~-:~~'~ 'ei~~~~~~:~~.,~'~t:

^::.

beyond.Christmas . :, " '. ",,,,

...

OIl,AUBWlt13,thedayafter thepubl1 c~~~1D8an~the

"

";

~~l~~

^.•pent.the

Int~~~Q~~ pt!;1~'~~ t~,

orgen1%aricm.~.

^p..

t rlot:i.c ·~t~~e. f~ni'

^{the.rU P__}

~~liith" _~

"Uke-upofv~iio1a "~ttee8_^{C'H1nuhn'are'q,ult a}r~~dY'^to:ai:c:pt

. ..':t::.::£:::;::: :::::?:;:::·::':::: :n:.:.:;;~:;:::~~.,:' ~· .

. .'

'';<i23~~ 6i~;~ ^.. ~'v1~~.tO· ~;C:O~rt'~ Au~~;t"~! ^{.: '} 19~4; ' "..,."

_ . . '24

1U11 ~d Ad"':"C:.~te ;· A~~~.t'

^{14,'1914 ;}

n... :d1Ber~anc:~

of fo.urn_.,·r~.~,~.ec:ountt!d--f~r.-· · .• •

2'F~~~<~'~~~~~~~'bre"kdOwn' 8~a be ~"".

^{Chap t er}

~it·.

daybe f ontb •.Kail _01Advoc:.a tefint

_de

l u vt C\lIknQWU.Dav1~~ .' drafted a 11arofforty-threeu..-.aa.da1,lbalttedittoliorru,

'Ugg~~t1nl .tlat

^{b. cut}

1~ .

^{down . :}

~r.~··~'8'.bla P~~~~d.OD~~

^Morr,"

nltu~'lld

^"rha

Ib~

^{c,onAugu8t14,-hav:blon'e ilaccmt nry}

~dd~;j

^{-ei cht'}

··.·;:2~i~~ J~E~~t12~~ t&.!') ·;

. .. ·.:~~:t2:::n:.t:::~:::~;:: ::::::::1:::t::;±::: :~~t::E : ';"

MiiAa

;md

rhr'!: . · ~rOfell~1oQ~i_j06~~l1it

^...

,~~~ ~~ver~~- ·l~tt

^..

·~.~~-re .~~t

.." .'toinclivid lUol

~. r8.~f .th e_ CO~tt

^••lu v i t 1ni·thea- .to•.

tten~_.th.e ", '

- :,. "

,~,-",:--..:-.~:...:~:...::...;...~~; :;<,:,-:', ,,''.' t , ..

- i,

r,

-', ";'..

-:' -

"' "

'-:'"

the chair .~dat

''llluch '

Cheerl.ng"and the.iDim g·;ofthe D..tl~&1 ..nth~;

,>,

Hath_

la_eh~

^{iDto •}

8~r1·e·. oi· ~rg";~.nti.0I'181 :d:~~1l8.

iDcl:..ttn.\he

"Ppo~~_t

^of

1nd~';'ld~ .~~t~ee~' ~~ an ~\ltl~e-

^of·thetr

dU:~~8.:·

. . . '.~ , ' , . '

They Included

pr'1>cl-.oUoo..recru iting.ph)'llitalfitne8s ;equlpllll!f1t,

, ^.'-", t" . ?EB2'EJ~ ^.

th8~~.~d.onM.dslr~adY_,eho",en.them; "',The

~~;;~;:gf.

Co~tteereadily:.Ct.Pt:~

r+ > ,

.,:

j~ ;·

~':': /~

.j. · ···<;··· I~i1!I,' j~;····~(;·

" f ; . .. t . .. _~ .. : ::_" ,., ",,;;in~ :u. ',",~;1n;:~,L \ ': . . .:.

'" i: tn· te~'

^__Of,

it~ .. ~t~C:r1tit8?u~.ec:t;:th._'att~Dd_C:. of i.tbe~ai. P~~~·:t:~ :.~: .. : ..; ::~: /.

:J .•.. . .• .:... '. ' ''-:. .. ... "'..'.":;:..' ...:.: ..' "" .:

•

~l

^{." ' • •}

~,.

^{• _ . ',, " "}

:~.-JO~~,~: ·P8/i'/~'~ i~:J·"~;" ~~~t~;~)~i_··~D.t~f:Me:;b.~~::"< .' .<'." _{~ '} .

.},;' .. ;. :

^...~:.

. , ~ '~:;~~~d~~~M~.1~~~;9i:~~~~f.f;~:r:~:~:~~~:~~:.-t~~::~~~~~~66 >: ,::' :{ ^{.:. .\}

-,;1 :.

.

:':::~:~,~,~~~:,;,:,,; ~.

^:;:,<-

r.

:'.~ ~

...

'~'

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43

all""lt'M:orop ll!l!ln ~range ofre ap ona,ibilit ies, and atteaptedtoel<t endit s

~nfl~en~e,to.tft.e^{outpo·r t a . Ba a edonthe re}as oni ng that it"'asinteqdlld tobe rep resent ativeof8,11interests,thenOllllnat l ng'e0lJ!llli t t ceadde d some250nSIDe Sto the ros t er , blcludi ngtheprim eminister;membe re of

o.t~choua:cof asselnbly.andle glll lative council;St. John' s city .c.oimnia81 on"'Ts ;iittycle rg ymen; oH t ,cera,of'city Boc i e t ieaand unio ns;"

!Iev eraladdii:io naise. Jahn'sbUs1~~88men;an dnewsp ape r.e df.torathrough- out thecolony. 3 6 Itals oadvi~'edthai:b~ancb,ea

.b e

establishedby eut -

", t • • . .

pccemagiatrlt'esto\lo r k undereeedirection afchecent raltolllll.1ttee.

-j 3600Aug us t

ig.

^{Davidsonadde dtheROlllan,}Cath o lic arch- bbhClp,the.Anglic an bis hop,sn d Supreme Cour tjudg ea, CO616/2-, .David sont~Har.cou r t ,-Augus tn,1914.

37pMlL,pa/ B/ g:f11e,1,Al,lgl,ls t18,19 1"4.

~8CO^{616/2;Davi ds ontoHa rc ourt, August21,1914;}

PAN!. GN1/1/7~'no .146,Davi ds on toHar court,August 29,1914.

; 1

Athi r~lIIce t1Jr&of thc Pat ri ot1eC01lllll!tt eewilacon vencd on Auguat20wit h over100 penonsin attendance ,bywhich tiDeministera badfinallyfbe dtherough terms of the col ony' s fi nan c ialeOllllllitllen t and the unne rinIlhieh fundingwasto behan~led~ CorreBp~.ndence bet ween.t he colonialsecre taryan d thecbaim8llofthefinan ce ccesdtt ee Wall

t~bled,

whi chgave

Doti~_of

thegover11lllent's'htention t.ollleet

th~

enti r e coat'o f,the contingentbothath~1IlE!^{a:dabt olili. Following}this aDD\J\ln cc llCnt:_the fin ance cOlIIIIitte e.annou~ ced_the adop t i onof'can~d i an pay,s,cales,whlch.were consilierab1y highe r thanBri tillh scales, cOJ[lll>encing.at$Ipe rday.fo renliate dlle~withsuit abl e incr e as es for non-c Olllllll891 on ed · an d, c01llllli s s lons dofHen s . Itwa spropps~dtha teach soldierallot40tpe rday tothe suppo rtof h19 falllily ,.r etaining onl y 60t forhims e lf. Theae decisionsre pr e se n t ed a signi fic an tdep artu re, from previ ousint entions ,and can onl y beexpla inedIn t e nna.ofthe

39' .

Can,adianexampl e . Atth ispoi n t.t hegov eituIlen t dive rg e dsha rp l y fr oll establ hhed pr sc 1;1c eelsewhl!re lind announc e a'tha t funds .wou l dbe made ava ilab l ethroug h

th~

^finance

cOllllll1t~ee "fr~

tu;"etotiJneallrequi r e.d, the~dlllin.iB trat ionof said funds being in thehandsoftheFlna\lc e Commit te e'sub ject tothe suliitofthe Aud it orGen e ral.,,40 D,aVid son es'timate danaggr ega teout layof appr oximately'$300,OOOfot one year ,

"","~mrh.

,," 0 '

^<h•

." '0'"''

^{'hom,, . .. ..ce' m .and<h.}~oo-un .'.'39Se e,fore.xampl e ,PANL;F8/B / 9, file

are,

^{Davi dso nto}

Harcourt. October 21,1914•

•40Ib1.d. ,fiie'1,lAuguet20,

~_91~;

^{Da ily}News, August21, 1914 . See"ala oJHA-l91S,Reportof theFinan ce COIIlIIli ttee , Match,1915 , inh'PARePort,1915~').324.·

.>» :

,'

.

'.

"~~~. ~.-..-

'.'-:=-l...,-;....:.•_...

~ .~" .,._:;\..,:--::-,.-

^{.,.,:,.;,; _,__'_ ._._' .'}," _ '_ _ .',.

_...--....',~,:

^....:

45

additionto the Nllv alaeeerve. Thisrepre ae n re d a ninepercentincresse into t al government e,cpendit u rea.41

Hav.ingbeengiven1Irelativelyfree handinMiltmar t en:. the I'atrl C1tlc COIMIrltts eWIISnov able.tound e r u ke t.heor,g anlz atlonof theforceitae if .',I tbaue d.on Au'gus t21 '8pr~clallla'tion'callingfot the cnlUtmen t,of.young,men,andcne followingday enrollment.,be g an.at the-CLBArmoutj:,Be.fo~e't hl!;

en4 -

of'theIWU'thallllOlIt:6~O'menhad

. " ,.;,;,..,;" a'~" aU

'f

'h~ ^" ","" ';"<1<Y ," . ;af; In

'th ,'

;assurance'that st.'•.john'

IIan d,

the 'Liber!,ls

~~pp~rted. ita~ ~ff~rt~ .

^&pd

tha tit'waskeepingpacewith theothe~·"dom1.D.lons.43"t heg(i~e.rnmEmt

couldnow face the proa pec t ofmeeting thehO\lllewith confidence", l~fact.by-now allthreepartie~agreedOD"th~ne~dto convene thele g is l a t u r e andon August'lBMor r;isconferredwithKent . Kent appro ac hed-Couerthefollowlll gday;44:,Coake r'soptions had already beenseverely,circums~r1bed1>y the'actions ofthe·Li ber a l Party

~ , .'" ' ' "

/IIldbyt.he factthat .forover twowee ks he hadbeenpressingthe govern-"

41 " ,', . ..>l"",

CO 616/2 ,Da vids on to Harcourt,AU8 u~t29, 1914.

42 ' ,

Hal1and Advoea te,Septe,mb,erI,191 4.

43CO 616/2,Dav i dson toR~;court ,^{August29,i914.}

..

,

,:4Even~i''Ie1e8ram,

^August2,0-21, 1914.

' .

48 . .. . . '-.' '

Daily News,Sept",llIber3,1914;MailandAdvocate, September3:19'14,'Seeelao-PAl'lL,GN1/117.no,155,Davids onto H~reourt,Sept ember1,19U:

4-7_ibid. , August2.9,19;4.

45MaU~ci A~vocate,^{AU,i us.t.19,2.4,.}19 ~ 4.

46Ibid.: AUgU~t

^{2.0;1914 .}

.Coaker.~pok",ciftheUo i o o Party',d.,eslre~o~f a,cU.lta tt! th~liareff~r:t·

and.explain",d.hi ll initialrefusalto jOi o t'he:;Patdo ticConmdt t e e00 'We are.here to's an e t'ioo PleasurestakenbygOvernme nt .and toprovidethe le gi sla t ive.authorit ywithout

'(which theirva lid.i t yIlightbe questiono:d.... So longashoatilit i e.s continue ,ao long as the Empire .isengaged.wl1;hafo reignfoe,you-willUncino

cr1ticin, no oppolli,tion ,'ft Olll, thillsid e of the lIouse.4 8

. ~

ofCoa~r'sprop6sa lli. Referringto'th e..vents ofth..pre ce~in~ four weeks, Kentdecl a r edonbellalf of.theLt.1;IeralParty:

.\ ·45'

.members 9£the Patri oticCommittee , CQlIkercounte.redwithalloffer

By thetUlleth e house,fin a lly ,opened the&o v em lllentb,ad

".slloot he d ove ren e s ed:i.fferenc~s.p rlneipIl11y-by agreeingt o te-train'oehet .0

tosupportthe gc ve r nsientoncond it i on thatitaddrass the se and other

. • . 46

matters; andcons ul t the oppos1tlQII~thaView tounited.action.

Morrisa8re~d.^anditw;,,~announ~ed^t\liltthe leg is l a t urewo uld conv ene inaapeeia1waraeail1ononSeptelll"ber2 •..6ever~1days later,toak er '"

~ d_elU.!!-ded

^pri.ee

support~'

^for

f19~. P~b1ic;'c~trol of- ~~~;~8.1~"

^a:}d

" - ," , _ -',"47 .

the eBta1l1.tehment of II coali t ion... Noneof these.demanda couldpos sib ly

"

' .

have

,been lI~t b~. ~: &ove:~t"~hlth :~n.tic.lp'aee~ fut~'reWat.e~

'St re e t,

~

__

~

. _ _ . L :

47

guuods that without legislat i ve. approvlIl lt WIiS'the tool ofonepar ty . Mor ris res pon de d'tllatevenheb.adu,otbeenamong theorig inal fifty- f iVe mellbers,49

and

the Pa trioticC_ittae was not tIeot ionlldagain du ring theremain de r of tbe8"-88 100 .50

Coake ~^{....eellble ·to}con~ciehllllS~lfw1th_ha~iog^{had"1I08t-" -.}

le!islatl~ ~Ub1ll1 t~ea

^to

h~'8- part~ In ll~vanee5{8nd

^....

ith.:·~eeh.gB~eral

.: ,.-, .-:.,. ' ._- - • 52 " .".,," ., '-,",' ' - of h1,a propo,ulse~B}l r1ned In l~..'" Addltioilal.l eg1s 1ati.OD,empowere~.

.

.''. . ~.

..".

' . . : ' ..'.. ,'-.'.-',,""

thegcive ~~o r:ln.,.c ouncU"to-do:'an~'auth or b e.s uch,a c,ts.llI1G.tlrln gs,' ,an d'

.: ::J:~;~ff::: ::::,~,:1:·'::~O:'::::'::db::r:'::::::~:,~::,:: ··

49Even ingTelegr8lll,Septembe r'5,1914. According'to Davidson ,coekerexpres sedaninte restinj9ining the Committee.ce AugUBt27. Th".goVe,~orres pondedth-at'hillpre5etaee~ul'~'be se j.eeee

.at -the mee tlll g,th at, night -.:Howeve r , COak erfaUe dto atfend. ·The Mail'

and,Advocatecont in u e d.totaJreex ce ptl on,totbeideaof4~and.49, opposed to,'a,naval force ,':t~the'f a c t,tha t the cOlilmitlllent,_ • hadbean mll-de,wi t h o,ilt.prio,rcer ereceeeethe hOUG e,andto eqoste~he P~U":l.otlcAsaociation wi thWat.er St ree t.,'See CO,616/2,,'Davi dson,!.o,. Hat.court , August:2.9,1914 ; "Mail an dAdvocate~'S8pteJDbe r10.12,18 , 19,

1914and~;~elow, pp.IOO-IOl.~'. ' ."'

.

5~e _c'io8e~t' le~ii1lative

referen ce :0the·Patri otic

~~~t::e~a

¹

~o:~::e:t;~e~e ~~;:n::~~ ::~:c~:7°:~ ~~t;X:~'~:;~

⁵

i~e:~e~;

'ma,nnerandbyuch p ers OIJa as.lihall be dete rmin e dby the Governo rin .

Council," . .

5~lall^anl\Ad~ocate ,Allgu,st"31,1914:

52 : "" " .

. v.

They includedan,inqui ry into'theseal'fishe ry.lind reguhtiDnB re quiring that all sealingeeeeeerebe,eqili pped' wit ha wi r e1 eBli, prompted!;l):"4larae1l?SlJ of Hf eintheliprlng••.In,addition, thecabine twas eIIIjlowereo:t-otake possessionoffoodBtuf fs" llDre aBOIJably .wit hheld" ,to procl a1JDa)I)Oratoriumon·all .debt s andto al,lt h9 r1z e bank

paymen t a 1n pape r rarh er thangold . .

,48

..

Wa rjeeeureeAct,1914).and. torete e a voluntee rforce. Several

.Warhaa tradi ti On8U ;:been:the

pretoga~ive

^otexeclltive

• '5"3" " " """ " .. ,' , ', . , The following diacu,s"dODin~olvingthele g~land,,:' te c~lc a1aspects'ofde l egilted IIlld aub..dele gat e dau th.orltyde r1'Ve~

fromF.R•.Lawaonand'».J .Bentley; Constitu tiona ls[\'dAdldda trative Law(Lond~: Buttlilrwort ha,1~61)'.pp.55-~ J;Bl a ckpDo1 Cor porat i on v.

r:;;cber (1948].1,AllEngland LawReports(Annot'ate d),85- 104; 'It wasnot until1947 t,hatBr i t]shcour t.e~?tmalIYruled~t~esema~~et'll.

" , '

.

^{' .} ~ .' - -:

and regula t ion,awhich were-bfn dfn g,'prov id"e d onlyth~ta p'rel:lm1nary ordll-r-in.,.co.utic,ilha d dul y constt,tutedand:c onf1 :rmed,them.' debate ,andatthe eodota~ive-daysessionthe house,adj ourned•

financialmes a ures were al s oIntroduc ed•.All passed vir t uallywit hout

", ', - "".'-' ,.

g;;;V~"rnmeilt" and hi.~-~lW:aya 1JllP11~~

"the^,i:1ght"of,t he'party

~~' po~r.td

.:'.

e:~~~~.8.~·w_l~e'.d~~c~~t~_:.n,~ty·,~ow:r~':~ in~l~d~~g~the,..r~~_~.·.t'~ ,~.r:o~:~~ ^{"> ", .}

[';lle s and,regulationllwbJ.chbave,theat Ee,ct'of law., Thi,a privll".ge , .

~aa fonaali~

conf e r red on;the

Ne",i,oundl~d. gove~ent'

^by,the

W ar

\\~ ~.

Measures Act_(passed.Septelllber·7.1914).whi chWaBlllodelled;.qna1lDU,a i:' British~ndCanadian,e eeeuees , Authoritycouldbe w1alded'diJ:"¢ctly, th r oughasedea-of ordera-l[\-~~cil,'or delegated to a tnirdbody or

"e" " ," -'

par t y , g1vingr1se tpa vLdevariety of-adhoec~it tees'and'bpards whichad~Uteted^key.aspec tJ,of 'thewa~.effo~t o~.be h a'if of'g overn- ment s

through~ut

^the

em~i·~~ .

'The majOrhY_,ofbh,e sebodie s"ve r e headed,

.

.

^{. .}

and staf f ed,'by boaaneeeeen,,'Theyah o 'pcssesaedth e powe'i:to maket).lles

"

nceever,the ri ght to eond'uctthe'wareffortwas never fOnDall)',"Quferre d on thePa tri ot i c.Co=i t tee . In.spiteof thea11- encOIIIps sBlng .range ofrnpontdbil i.t 1 uwhichbefel~the,PatdotLi:

,Comlir t ee"and

. 'Us

811c.ce~8or.^. the"Pa tril;ltic',' , 'As soci a t i. on , the" govenment chose

notto .reguiarize'it.,:lIt~~l,1ao~ funC~10~ ~ .~,w,,:r .~1n18try., f~t

^_

.feat•.W1doub te'.~lYI.of,selli u.

g

'l t8.ownautho~lti:110.ser1o...s~y':,ai:te_~u~ted.,'.

N~ith.e~ di~ th~--.g~~em~ot-. ·Ch~~s,e-:-~h7.'m'!re .:~~~~r~~.~':~~'!,&'d;~·:.~;~1&",,~:': :

aating'melllbe"l:8to,madvirory~apacity.·rende'ring,ea ~b.indlv.idual ,

d~~~~~O,~-.I·Jbj·ec~~tci: ~', e'~,ab'1~'~.~~~d_e~~~~e~~~i::·~1~~-~~;~~"~"~~~t~r ^.-,

.for'prolQllgedpoliticalde.bai'e~ Indeed.:,thea'dmi;:i:atrilt::Lon1i',exprea'sed' purpo ee.In,c'reati~g'^{the,i'at ri ot i c'}Com i tt"e eliasto'removepar~y po~it{C8 from theliar.and it wasby invOlving_{'Libe ra~}rep resenta t lves-ln both:

policyand·a dlllil?-18tra t.;l.Ve decisionsthat,l t

was ,

able to e~ure··colltin~:LD.g oppQsl tioq._I

supp~rt.

_. ^'Wit hout: this_{" .} ..:Support i treunlikel;\hatth e

~ov~ru.

eentco~ldhave carriedthro~i:h^ori.·it~own .

) , -'.: "

Once,thenec eaaeryapprovalforth.ewar effortha d ,been

.' 'j' ' '. ' " " "

ae cui-e dfr om t.he le,gi.ll iatu re,Davidsonxecoeeended that',thePat riotic

.'".' ". " " " .' ,," " , : 54

Com:mitt ee bereoame,d-t hePat r i oti cMsocla~ionof Ne\lfoun dland"

.

.

(c<)mmOnl yre f e rr edto u theNPA)~.e1g'oifYi~^its~ener&l:'~ccepeanCe'^by

. '. .

intended to reflectth eelaathat the Assodationrepresented,a llparts of

~~'

^i.land4qd

~&brad~~.

^frOm

ttLUil:_~""g~~a

^,i.tai.mPi

"

i~~. ,fed,·

by ,,",

^.,..ntJ.of

"p"'~ •

^.d,ar.

"i:i.••.

""'oh ,,;•••••

;.11, ",.p, ;'

as

pra ctical".j)e8c'ri.b:-U:g th~pr O,c Bas at alatii- data " Davl~ondeclar ed ;

50

The Patr ioticAssociationW88devisedto carry nati onal affalreourofthe dOlllainof politics.

'that done,ve just sorted ourselvesin tothejob s forwldch we' wete beatsuited••••·W'e got the best'

~~:i;:y~:gt;:~c;:~~;5in^{eve r y}spec~ll1^{line rlth-}

i

ThePatriot i.c'Auoc:l.ation~88p'r iMa rilyapolit i-c a l exp'edlent,desiglle-dat tho'oututoIwar,:by'the"gO-vemor'imd'pr iJlW,

,

.

: " " ',,', ," '"

ministerto'overeomeaer'ioUlJlil.1ita r y,f:i.nai'ldal.,adJd.nistraUveand

p'~~i~c~' 'Ollst~~~~~~,::p'~~t~.~~ 'tlui ,~i~y.'

^{. ,}

~a~e~~B. "i:L~~~~~'l ',~·~~~e. : l1i~ngside'G~e~·~r~t.Bi~ ;a:~ ;h~ 'o't~~" d~i~~,':~ B~tl1,

^the'

8ci~~rnie~t ,

. . .

vent1.ousofrespon s i b le gov ettlllll!n eand theAa~oc1.8tion's contitlui~g

" , .- " . ''!'. . ' , .. ,

ab~ence o~;legal f1anc tiOlld1.d not v",rry anyone >l8,'long,!,s.t.llewaref f,~rr 'enj o y e d the supll-Or tof thethree politicalpa t t i e s and llIajo roPlnion ieader,':

Al~~'ugn'~y w~re

8WS'r""of

' these' irrj'l.gU'~~ritieB " S 1

only a

;

.

^{. '}

.

~ ' '

..

"

fewFPU 8u p po r terfl objeot.."d.bllt·t hey qu1.clr.lyw!.thdrew, the i r'obj ect1~B..

550 8.11yStar ,aerobe>::21),'1917.,

5",

alsoPANL,'PS/B/9, file'2 2c , addressby Davidson, Decelliler13 ,1917 ; CO 194/293,Davids on

to~g,~rchI2'.1917. .o •

, 5651rLeonard

ciu~~~,bddge , 8on

^of

Si~ ;I08"ep~ ·Oute'.l:bridge.

inte.rview coodu,cted.bythe wdte r ceOctober12,1976;.Newfoundlat.d "

Quar t:e rly,"Su:aer,1911"p. 1,below,p, :;6and~.

5 7" ' " : ' " : . "

," ..: , See,'forax ampl e , PANL , P,B/B/9,fUe22ccontalningau"

addre ude1.1veredbyMorr isinLoudon oa..Dereme r1.3,,1917;s1sQ,below, pp.~83-64~ ,