Ces questionnements nous ont amenés à la réalisation de différents protocoles permettant de mesurer la dynamique du cycle de l’azote et également la composition fonctionnelle des communautés de microorganismes du sol. Entre le début du printemps et la fin de l’automne 2013 des mesures de la dynamique du cycle de l’azote à partir de résines insérées dans le sol captant l’ammonium et l’ammoniac du sol ont été réalisées dans chacune des cages de l’expérimentation (voir Annexe 3 du Chapitre 3 ; Duran 2013). Ces données pourront être mises en relation avec la composition fonctionnelle des communautés de criquets et de plantes. Nous avons également réalisé des prélèvements de sol dans chacune des cages afin d’analyser (i) leur contenu en carbone et en azote (ii) la composition fonctionnelle des communautés de microorganismes du sol (bactéries, champignons) à l’aide d’une analyse de microrespiration et d’extraction d’ADN par qPCR. La méthode de la microrespiration consiste à mesurer la quantité de CO2 respirée par les microorganismes du sol lors de
la décomposition de substrats organiques. Les microorganismes constituant les communautés microbiennes du sol présentent différentes capacités de dégradation des substrats carbonés. Ainsi, en ajoutant différentes sources de carbone (acides aminées, acides gras, glucides…) dans des échantillons de sol, il est possible de connaitre le type de microorganismes présents à l’aide d’une analyse colorimétrique reflétant la présence de CO2 rejeté lors de la respiration (Campbell 2003).
Cette nouvelle perspective permettrait de révéler comment les changements de biodiversité affectent le fonctionnement d’écosystèmes naturels complexes en considérant les écosystèmes sous leurs différentes facettes et en incluant les relations entre les différents compartiments abiotiques et biotiques aériens et du sol.
4 - Conclusion
Ce travail de thèse constitue une avancée dans l’étude des liens fonctionnels entre des communautés appartenant à différents niveaux trophiques. Les traits ont permis de capturer la complexité des relations trophiques que ce soit à l’échelle spécifique ou des communautés et leur effet sur le fonctionnement d’un écosystème prairial ainsi que les mécanismes de régulation des communautés de plantes envers les herbivores. Les étapes futures de ce travail seraient d’élargir cette approche fonctionnelle aussi bien aux communautés de prédateurs qu’aux communautés de microorganismes du sol afin d’obtenir une vision plus intégrative et réelle de la complexité des systèmes naturels. Ceci permettrait également de tenir compte de l’effet des changements des globaux sur la biodiversité à des échelles multitrophiques et sur leur effet sur de multiples processus écosystémiques.
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