Compte tenu des fortes exigences de fiabilité, propres au secteur spatial, certains assemblages ont été testés dans des conditions opératoires extrêmes. Ainsi, des essais de cisaillement ont montré que la tenue mécanique de la brasure n’était pas altérée par une exposition à 200 chocs thermiques entre -55 et +125°C.
L’étude de l’interface or-argent a montré que celle-ci était relativement abrupte, avec une fine couche d’interdiffusion. Des mesures par EDX ont mis en évidence trois configurations: une diffusion de l’or vers l’argent sur environ 200 nm, une diffusion de l’argent vers l’or en périphérie des grains sur 500-600 nm et enfin, une interdiffusion plus avancée des deux éléments dans une épaisseur d’environ 800 nm.
Après l’exposition à 125°C pendant 432 h (représentant un essai de déverminage), la diffusion de l’or dans l’argent semble favorisée, ce qui aura un effet positif sur l’accroche de la brasure.
L’argent est sensible à la migration électrochimique sous l’effet conjugué de la température, de l’humidité et d’une différence de potentiel. Dans ces conditions, une croissance de filaments dendritiques a été observée, ce qui représente un risque potentiel de court-circuit. Ces conditions environnementales ne concernent pas la fabrication et le fonctionnement normal d’un hybride hermétique. Mais face au risque d’une exposition accidentelle, l’ampleur de ce phénomène ne peut pas être estimée dans un cas général et doit être étudiée par des essais sur des assemblages réels.
CONCLUSION GENERALE
Face au besoin de développer un nouveau matériau de report à forte conductivité thermique, l’étude bibliographique nous a orientés vers les solutions à base d’argent métallique, excellent conducteur thermique, mis en œuvre sous forme de nanoparticules. Cette voie n’a cependant pas été retenue en raison de contraintes liées à la manipulation de nanomatériaux dans le milieu industriel et de la difficulté pour assurer la stabilité des suspensions, nécessitant l’emploi de dispersants.
Alternativement, notre choix s’est porté sur la réalisation d’une brasure par décomposition thermique d’un précurseur chimique, l’oxalate d’argent, capable de former une couche d’argent métallique poreux à des températures modérées. Dans un premier temps, la réaction de la décomposition thermique de ce composé a été étudiée, avec observation de la formation et du frittage des nanoparticules d’argent.
Ce composé a ensuite été mis en suspension dans l’éthylène glycol pour utilisation dans divers assemblages, réalisés en dessous de 300 °C en salle blanche. Les échantillons obtenus ont permis de caractériser la brasure d’argent. Celle-ci possède une microstructure « enchevêtrée » avec une forte porosité, proche de deux tiers. D’un point de vue mécanique, les assemblages ont une résistance en cisaillement suffisante vis-à-vis des exigences de l’électronique spatiale et le matériau métallique en lui-même peut-être qualifié de « souple », avec un faible module d’Young, proche de certains polymères. Malgré les difficultés pour mesurer la conductivité thermique de la brasure, celle-ci semble approcher 100 W/m.K, ce qui représente un progrès considérable pour le dimensionnement des assemblages, par rapport à l’utilisation de la brasure or-étain.
Les assemblages brasés ne montrent pas de signe d’altération après 200 chocs thermiques entre -55 et +125 °C. Les interfaces argent-or formés sont parfaitement homogènes, bien que relativement abruptes avec une fine couche d’interdiffusion. Enfin, l’argent métallique est sensible à la migration électrochimique lors de fonctionnement en présence d’humidité et des essais doivent être réalisés pour prévoir l’ampleur de ce phénomène dans les conditions à risque (stockage au sol, par exemple).
Outre la possibilité de réaliser des joints très conducteurs à une température modérée, la brasure d’argent présente l’avantage d’être stable à des températures bien plus hautes que sa température de mise en œuvre.
En perspective de ce travail, des améliorations considérables peuvent être réalisées sur la mise en œuvre de la brasure. Le développement d’un procédé de dispense automatisée permettra d’obtenir des résultats beaucoup plus répétitifs, avec un bon contrôle de l’épaisseur de la brasure, de sa planéité et une amélioration probable des effets de bord. La possibilité de réaliser des préformes à partir d’oxalate d’argent partiellement décomposé, et ainsi de s’affranchir totalement d’une étape de dispense mérite également d’être développée. Enfin, l’utilisation d’une atmosphère hydrogénée, moyen efficace pour améliorer la compaction du matériau et par conséquent sa conductivité thermique, et mérite d’être systématiquement intégrée dans le procédé de brasage.
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