Air Pollutant Emissions from the Energy Sector

The inventory of emitted air pollutants has been carried out systematically in Croatia since 1990. An annual report on air pollut-ant emissions is obligatory according to the Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollutant Convention (LRTAPC), as well as on green-house gases in keeping with the United Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Obligatory emission inventory also follows the Air Protection Law (National Gazette, NN 48/95).

The Republic of Croatia joined the UNFCC Convention in 1996 based on ratification decision of the Croatian Parliament (NN 55/

96), thus accepting the scope of the responsi-bilities included in Appendix I of the Con-vention. Thereby, Croatia undertook to keep the greenhouse gas emissions under the 1990 level. Croatia also signed the Kyoto Protocol, which, after being ratified by the Parliament and upon entering into force, presumes the reduction of greenhouse gases by 5 percent from 2008 to 2012 compared to the refer-ence year.

Numerous protocols important for the energy sector have been elaborated within the LRTAP Convention, while here the Protocol on Further Sulphur Emission Reduction and the Pollutant Multi-Effect Protocol are mentioned and com-mented upon. The obligation of Croatia according to the ratified Protocol on Further Sulphur Emission Reduction is to keep the SO, emission below 117 kt till 2010, i.e. to reduce the emission by 35 percent according to the level from 1990. The non-ratified Multi-Pollutant Multi-Effect (MPME) Protocol simultaneously limits the emissions of SO,, NO^x, NMVOC and NH³ (Multi-Pollutant), thereby influencing the acidifica-tion, eutrification and ground ozone (Multi-Effect). Should Croatia ratify the MPME Protocol, it will be necessary to reduce the emission of SO2 by 61 percent, of NMVOC by 14 percent, of NH3 by 19 percent till 2010 compared to 1990, whilst the emission of NO^x is to be kept on the 1990 level.

This report brings a short review of pollut-ant emissions having primary influence on the energy sector, i.e. SO², NO^x, and CO,, with the remark that the results quoted for 2000 are preliminary. The emissions of SO, and NO^x are determined according to the EMEP/CORINAIR methodology, while the

dok se emisija stakleničkog plina CO² određuje uporabom IPCC faktora emisije.

Pregled emisija SO„ NO^x i CO² na teritoriju Hrvatske u posljednjih 5 godina dan je na slici 3.3.1. Prikazane su emisije iz

stacionarnih i mobilnih energetskih izvora te emisije iz drugih ne-energetskih sektora (industrijski procesi, poljoprivreda, otpad...), a naznačene su i međunarodne obveze koje slijede iz MPME i Kyoto protokola.

Preliminarni rezultati proračuna emisije iz energetike za 2000. godini prikazani su u tablici 3.3.1.

emission of greenhouse gas CO, follows the IPCC emission factors.

A review of SO,, NO^x and CO, emissions originating from stationary and mobile energy sources including emissions from other non-energy sectors (industrial proc-esses, agriculture, waste) at the territory of Croatia during the past five years are shown in Figure 3.3.1. compared to the interna-tional obligations in keeping with the MPME and Kyoto Protocols.

The preliminary emission calculation results referring to the energy sector in the year 2000 can be seen in Table 3.3.1.

Slika 3.3.1. Trend emisija SO„ NO i CO u Hrvatskoj

MPME

MPMEl

Kyoto

Figure 3.3.1. SO^ NO and CO Emissions Trend in Croatia

Tablica 3.3.1. Emisija SO# NO i CO iz energetskog sektora u 2000. godini (preliminarni rezultati)

SO, NO, CO,

Mg/god % Mg/god % Gg/god

Izgaranja u termoenergetskim objektima Thermal Power Plant Combustion Izgraranja u ne-industrijskim ložištima Non-industrial Furnace Combustion Izgaranja u industriji

industrial Combustion Cestovni promet Road Traffic Ostali mobilni izvori Other Mobile Sources UKUPNO

TOTAL

21182 31,7 9046 12,8 3544 21,2

6538 9,8 3874 5,5 2860 17,1

31826 47,6 12523 17,7 4967 29,8

3961 3306

5,9 28288 39,9 4074 24,4

4,9 17201 24,3 1247 7,5 66813 100 70932 100 16692 100 Table 3.3.1. SO , NO and CO² Energy Sector Emissions in 2000 (Preliminary Results)

Emisija SO, u 2000. godini je 25 posto manja u odnosu na emisiju iz prethodne godine, 43 posto je manja od ratificirane obveze iz Protokola o daljnjem smanjenju emisije sumpora, a ispod je i moguće obaveze po MPME protokolu. Osnovni razlog za smanjenje emisije SO, je

prepolovljena emisija iz elektroenergetskog sektora iako je novi blok TE Plomin 2 (210 MW) bio u pogonu. Do smanjenja emisije u 2000. godini došlo je zbog smanjenja proizvodnje električne energije iz termoelektrana za oko 17 posto, te povoljnije strukture i kvalitete izgaranog goriva. Smanjena je potrošnja lož ulja za čak 56 posto, u plominskim blokovima je izgarao uvozni kvalitetniji ugljen s 0,7 posto sumpora, a i prosječni sadržaj sumpora u izgaranom lož ulju je bio manji. Trend emisija SO² iz energetskog sektora za razdoblje od 1996. do 2000. godine prikazan je na slici 3.3.2.

In 2000 the SO, emission was 25 percent lower compared to the emission from the previous year, 43 percent below the ratified obligation from the Protocol on Further Sulphur Reduction and also below the possible obligation according to the MPME Protocol. This reduction mainly resulted from the halved emission of the electricity sector although the new Plomin 2 TPP (210 MW) was in operation. In 2000, emission reductions occurred primarily owing to the cut in the electricity generation from thermal power plants by some 17 percent, but also because of a more favourable structure and quality of the combustion fuel. Fuel oil consumption fell down by as much as 56 -percent, while in the Plomin blocks the imported coal of good quality with 0.7 percent sulphur content was used, and the average fuel oil's sulphur content was also lower. SO, emission development trend from the energy sector for the period from 1996 to 2000 is shown in Figure 3.3.2.

Slika 3.3.2. Prikaz udjela pojedinih energetskih sektora u emisiji SO2

Figure 3.3.2. Individual Energy Sub-Sector Share in SO² Emissions

U emisiji NO^x u 2000. godini najveći udjel imaju mobilni energetski izvori (64 posto).

Emisija je u velikoj mjeri (oko 40 posto) posljedica izgaranja goriva u cestovnom prometu, a ovisi o tipu i starosti vozila te tehnološkim rješenjima za smanjenje emisije (vrsta i izvedba katalizatora). Emisija NO^x je nešto viša od emisije iz prethodne godine, ali još uvijek 17 posto niža od emisije iz 1990.

godine, što je moguća obveza Hrvatske po MPME Protokolu. Trend emisija NO^x, s udjelima pojedinih energetskih podsektora, prikazan je na slici 3.3.3.

As regards NO^x emission, in 2000 the most represented were mobile energy sources with 64 percent. The emission was primarily, i.e.40 percent, a consequence of fuel com-bustion in road traffic and depended on vehicle type and age as well as on the technological solutions for emission reduc-tion (kind and implementareduc-tion of catalytic converters). NO^x emission was somewhat higher than the emission from the previous year but still 17 percent lower than the 1990 emission, or the possible Croatian obligation according to the MPME Protocol. NO^x emission development trend with the shares of individual energy sub-sectors can be seen in Figure 3.3.3.

Slika 3.3.3. Prikaz udjela pojedinih energetskih sektora u emisiji NO

1S37 1938

Figure 3.3.3.lndividual Energy Sub-Sector Share in NOx Emissions Prema preliminarnim rezultatima proračuna

za 2000. godinu, emisija CO² iz energetike je oko 4 posto niža od emisije prethodne godine (slika 3.3.4.), a oko 14 posto niža od mogućeg Kyoto ograničenja. Budući je emisija CO² ovisna o količini i strukturi izgaranog goriva, smanjenje emisije je očekivana posljedica manje energetske potrošnje i to prije svega manje potrošnje lož ulja u elektroenergetskom sektoru. Udjel emisije CO² iz elektroenergetskog sektora u ukupnoj nacionalnoj emisiji je relativno mali (18 posto) u usporedbi s drugim zemljama, što je posljedica značajnog učešća

hidroenergije i prirodnog plina u proizvodnji električne energije, velikog uvoza, doprinosa kogeneracijske proizvodnje električne i toplinske energije te male potrošnje električne energije po stanovniku.

According to the preliminary calculation results for 2000, CO² emissions from energy sector were some 4 percent lower than in the previous year (see Figure.3.3.4), and around 14 percent lower than the possible Kyoto limitation. As the CO² emission depends on the quantity and structure of the combusted fuel, the emission reduction presents an expected consequence of the decreased energy consumption, primarily as regards fuel oil consumption within the electric energy sector. The electricity sector's CO, emission share within the total national emission is relatively low (18 percent) compared to other countries, a result of a considerable participation of hydro-power and natural gas in electricity generation, rather large import, co-generation of electric and thermal energy and low electricity consumption per capita.

Slika 3.3.4. Prikaz udjela pojedinih energetskih sektora u emisiji CO2

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Figure 3.3.4. Individual Energy Sub-Sector Share in CO2 Emissions