HAL Id: inria-00070324
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070324
Submitted on 19 May 2006
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Controlling and Scheduling Parallel I/O in Multi-application Environments
Adrien Lebre, Yves Denneulin, Thanh Trung Van
To cite this version:
Adrien Lebre, Yves Denneulin, Thanh Trung Van. Controlling and Scheduling Parallel I/O in Multi-
application Environments. [Research Report] RR-5689, INRIA. 2005, pp.19. �inria-00070324�
ISRN INRIA/RR--5689--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
Thème NUM
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Controlling and Scheduling Parallel I/O in Multi-application Environments
Adrien Lebre — Yves Denneulin — Thanh Trung Van
N° 5689
Septembre 2005
Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes
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T vir = 15 T vir = 20
Tr = M, T vir =13,33
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A1 A1 A1 A1 A1
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A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1
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Pre−processing (offset dependance) Processing Waiting
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q = 20, T = 20 q = 20, T = 25 q = 10, T = 5
A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A3
A1 A1 A1 A1
Pre−processing (offset dependance)
A3 A1 A2
A2
A2 A2 A2 A2 A3
A2 A2 A2 A2 A3
A2 A2 A2
q = 10, T = 20
A1
A1 A1 A2 A2
A2 A2 A2 A2 A3
A2 A2 A3 A3
A2 A2 A3 A3 A3
q = 40, T = 30 q = 20, T = 20
A2 A2 A2 A3 A3
A1 A1
A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A3
A1 A1 A1 A1
A1
A1 A2 A2 A2 A3
q = 10, T = 15 q = 10, T = 5
A3
A3 A3 Processing Waiting
Step 1
A3
Processing Waiting Step 2
Step 2
Scheduling
Pre−processing (offset dependance)
Scheduling
Pre−processing (offset dependance)
Processing Waiting Scheduling
A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A3
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A1 A1
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I/O Node 1
Node 1 I/O
Node 1 I/O
I/O Node 2
I/O Node 2
I/O Node 2 A1
A2
T vir = 10 A1
T vir = 15 T vir = 5 T vir = 10
A1 A2
A1 A2
T vir = 10 T vir = 15 A2 A1
A2 A1 T vir = 5 T vir = 5
I/O Node 2
A2
A1 A1
Processing Waiting
Pre−processing (offset dependance)
Scheduling (WSJF) Scheduling (WSJF)
Scheduling (SOJF) Scheduling (SOJF)
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I/O Node (e.g. NFS server)
Network
....
aIOLi client Process 1
aIOLi client Process n Node SMP ....
aIOLi client Process 1
aIOLi client Process n Node SMP
aIOLi "master"
I/O Node (e.g. NFS server)
aIOLi client ....
Process 1
aIOLi client Process n Node SMP
aIOLi client ....
Process 1
aIOLi client Process n Node SMP Network
aIOLi "master"
(b) : Deployement on larger cluster An hierarchycal approach could also be applied
Dedicated Node
(a) : Suggested deployement on small cluster
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